The general method of Reshetikhin and Turaev is followed to develop topological invariants of closed, connected, orientable 3-manifolds from a new class of algebras called pseudomodular Hopf algebras. Pseudo-modular Hopf algebras are a class of Z_2-graded ribbon Hopf algebras that generalise the concept of a modular Hopf algebra. The quantum superalgebra Uq(osp(1|2n)) over C is considered with q a primitive Nth root of unity for all integers N &gt = 3. For such a q, a certain left ideal I of U_q(osp(1|2n)) is also a two-sided Hopf ideal, and the quotient algebra U^(N)_q(osp(1|2n)) = U_q(osp(1|2n))/I is a Z_2-graded ribbon Hopf algebra. For all n and all N &gt = 3, a finite collection of finite dimensional representations of U^(N)_q(osp(1|2n)) is defined. Each such representation of U^(N)_q(osp(1|2n)) is labelled by an integral dominant weight belonging to the truncated dominant Weyl chamber. Properties of these representations are considered: the quantum superdimension of each representation is calculated, each representation is shown to be self-dual, and more importantly, the decomposition of the tensor product of an arbitrary number of such representations is obtained for even N. It is proved that the quotient algebra U(N)^q_(osp(1|2n)), together with the set of finite dimensional representations discussed above, form a pseudo-modular Hopf algebra when N &gt = 6 is twice an odd number. Using this pseudo-modular Hopf algebra, we construct a topological invariant of 3-manifolds. This invariant is shown to be different to the topological invariants of 3-manifolds arising from quantum so(2n+1) at roots of unity.

The general method of Reshetikhin and Turaev is followed to develop topological invariants of closed, connected, orientable 3-manifolds from a new class of algebras called pseudomodular Hopf algebras. Pseudo-modular Hopf algebras are a class of Z_2-graded ribbon Hopf algebras that generalise the concept of a modular Hopf algebra. The quantum superalgebra Uq(osp(1|2n)) over C is considered with q a primitive Nth root of unity for all integers N &gt = 3. For such a q, a certain left ideal I of U_q(osp(1|2n)) is also a two-sided Hopf ideal, and the quotient algebra U^(N)_q(osp(1|2n)) = U_q(osp(1|2n))/I is a Z_2-graded ribbon Hopf algebra. For all n and all N &gt = 3, a finite collection of finite dimensional representations of U^(N)_q(osp(1|2n)) is defined. Each such representation of U^(N)_q(osp(1|2n)) is labelled by an integral dominant weight belonging to the truncated dominant Weyl chamber. Properties of these representations are considered: the quantum superdimension of each representation is calculated, each representation is shown to be self-dual, and more importantly, the decomposition of the tensor product of an arbitrary number of such representations is obtained for even N. It is proved that the quotient algebra U(N)^q_(osp(1|2n)), together with the set of finite dimensional representations discussed above, form a pseudo-modular Hopf algebra when N &gt = 6 is twice an odd number. Using this pseudo-modular Hopf algebra, we construct a topological invariant of 3-manifolds. This invariant is shown to be different to the topological invariants of 3-manifolds arising from quantum so(2n+1) at roots of unity.

Among a number of fundamental issues, the origin of inertial mass remains one of the major open problems in particle physics. Furthermore, topological effects related to non perturbative field configurations are poorly understood in those gauge theories of direct relevance to our physical universe. Motivated by such issues, this Thesis provides a deeper understanding for the appearance of topological effects in abelian gauge field theories, also in relation to the existence of a mass gap for the gauge interactions. These effects are not accounted for when proceeding through gauge fixings as is customary in the literature. The original Topological-Physical factorisation put forth in this work enables to properly identify in topologically massive gauge theories (TMGT) a topological sector which appears under formal limits within the Lagrangian formulation. Our factorisation then allows for a straightforward quantisation of TMGT, accounting for all the topological features inherent to such dynamics. Moreover dual actions are constructed while preserving the gauge symmetry also in the presence of dielectric couplings. All the celebrated mass generation mechanisms preserving the gauge symmetry are then recovered but now find their rightful place through a network of dualities, modulo the presence of topological terms generating topological effects. In particular a dual formulation of the famous Nielsen-Olesen vortices is constructed from TMGT. Within a novel physically equivalent picture, these topological defects are interpreted as dielectric monopoles.

ARAUJO, H. R. M. Sobre invariantes topológicos de folheações holomorfas com singularidade isolada. 2017. 62 f. Dissertação (Mestrado Acadêmico em Matemática) – Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017. / Submitted by Andrea Dantas (pgmat@mat.ufc.br) on 2017-05-25T20:23:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_hrmaraujo.pdf: 556971 bytes, checksum: 9f274c4a5c917004f3b67a3fc72c5547 (MD5) / Rejected by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br), reason: Boa tarde, Conferi a Dissertação de HAMILTON REGIS MENEZES DE ARAUJO, e constatei apenas dois erros na formatação no trabalho que dever ser alterados pelo autor: 1- Epígrafe ( a estrutura desse elemento deve ser a que se segue, com alinhamento à direita: "O sucesso é ir de fracasso em fracasso sem perder o entusiasmo." (Winston Churchill) 2- Títulos das seções (os títulos das seções que se encontram no sumário e ao longo do texto estão incorretos. As normas da ABNT recomendam que apenas a primeira letra do título das seções esteja em maiúscula, com exceção de nomes próprios. Ex.: 2.2 Índice de um Campo em uma Singularidade Isolada deve ser alterado para: 2.2 Índice de um campo em uma singularidade isolada Atenciosamente, on 2017-05-26T16:04:16Z (GMT) / Submitted by Andrea Dantas (pgmat@mat.ufc.br) on 2017-05-29T13:43:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_hrmaraujo.pdf: 556572 bytes, checksum: cae2a014846c47e96be936dd25bbd9da (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br) on 2017-05-29T14:07:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_hrmaraujo.pdf: 556572 bytes, checksum: cae2a014846c47e96be936dd25bbd9da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T14:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_hrmaraujo.pdf: 556572 bytes, checksum: cae2a014846c47e96be936dd25bbd9da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-19 / Considering the foliation induced by a complex holomorph vector field, we will look for topological invariants in the neighborhood of a singular point. At first, the Milnor Number of a vector field becomes important, in the sense that this number is topological invariant. In another discussion, we will emphasize vector fields in dimension two, in which case the leaves, whose foliation is induced by the field, will be integral curves of a 1-form. In this sense, we will deal with Desingularization, that is, after a finite number of processes, which we will call Blow-ups or explosions, we will turn the initial foliation into a foliation whose singularities are all simple. Finally, the Desingularization process of a field will give us tools that make it possible to relate the data obtained in this process to the objects treated throughout the work, with this we will present other topological invariants of foliations. / Considerando a folheação induzida por um campo vetorial complexo holomorfo, buscaremos exibir invariantes topológicos na vizinhança de um ponto singular. Num primeiro momento, ganha importância o Número de Milnor de um campo vetorial, no sentido desse número ser invariante topológico. Em outra discussão, daremos ênfase a campos vetoriais em dimensão dois, nesse caso, as folhas, cuja folheação é induzida pelo campo, serão curvas integrais de uma 1-forma. Nesse sentido, trataremos de Desingularização, ou seja, após um número finito de processos, que chamaremos de Blow-ups, ou explosões, transformaremos a folheação inicial em uma folheação cujas singularidades são todas simples. Por fim, o processo de Desingularização de um campo nos dará ferramentas que possibilitam relacionar os dados obtidos nesse processo com os objetos tratados ao longo de todo o trabalho, diante disto apresentaremos outros invariantes topológicos de folheações.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la conception et sur la caractérisation expérimentale de résonateurs opto-phononiques. Ces structures permettent le confinement simultané de modes optiques et de vibrations mécaniques de très haute fréquence (plusieurs dizaines jusqu’à plusieurs centaines de GHz). Cette étude a été effectuée sur des systèmes multicouches à l’échelle nanométrique, fabriqués à partir de matériaux semiconducteurs de type III-V. Ces derniers ont été caractérisés par des mesures de spectroscopie Raman de haute résolution. Grâce aux méthodes expérimentales et aux outils numériques développés, nous avons pu explorer de nouvelles stratégies de confinement pour des phonons acoustiques au sein de super-réseaux nanophononiques, à des fréquences de résonance de l’ordre de 350 GHz. En particulier, nous avons étudié les propriétés acoustiques de deux types de résonateurs planaires. Le premier est basé sur la modification adiabatique du diagramme de bande d’un cristal phononique unidimensionnel. Dans le deuxième système, nous utilisons les invariants topologiques caractérisant ces structures périodiques, afin de créer un état d’interface entre deux miroirs de Bragg phononiques. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à l’étude de cavités opto-phononiques permettant le confinement tridimensionnel de la lumière et de vibrations mécaniques de haute fréquence. Nous avons mesuré par spectroscopie Raman les propriétés acoustiques de résonateurs phononiques planaires placés à l’intérieur de cavités optiques tridimensionnelles, de type micropiliers. Enfin, la dernière partie de cette thèse porte sur l’étude théorique des propriétés optomécaniques de micropiliers GaAs/AlAs. Nous avons effectué des simulations numériques par éléments finis, nous permettant d’expliquer les mécanismes de confinement tridimensionnel de modes acoustiques et optiques dans ces systèmes, et de calculer les principaux paramètres optomécaniques. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que les micropilier GaAs/AlAs possèdent des caractéristiques prometteuses pour de futures expériences en optomécanique, telles que des fréquences de résonance acoustiques très élevées, de hauts facteurs de qualités mécaniques et optiques à température ambiante, ou encore de fortes valeurs pour les facteurs de couplage optomécaniques et pour le produit Q • f / The work carried out in this thesis addresses the conception and the experimental characterization of opto-phononic resonators. These structures enable the confinement of optical modes and mechanical vibrations at very high frequencies (from few tens up to few hundreds of GHz). This study has been carried out on multilayered nanometric systems, fabricated from III-V semiconductor materials. These nanophononic platforms have been characterized through high resolution Raman scattering measurements. The experimental methods and the numerical tools that we have developed in this thesis have allowed us to explore novel confinement strategies for acoustic phonons in acoustic superlattices, with resonance frequencies around 350 GHz. In particular, we have studied the acoustic properties of two nanophononic resonators. The first acoustic cavity proposed in this manuscript enables the confinement of mechanical vibrations by adiabatically changing the acoustic band-diagram of a one-dimensional phononic crystal. In the second system, we take advantage of the topological invariants characterizing one dimensional periodic structures, in order to create an interface state between two phononic distributed Bragg reflectors. We have then focused on the study of opto-phononic cavities allowing the simultaneous confinement of light and of high frequency mechanical vibrations. We have measured, by Raman scattering spectroscopy, the acoustic properties of planar nanophononic structures embedded in three-dimensional micropillar optical resonators. Finally, in the last sections of this manuscript, we investigate the optomechanical properties of GaAs/AlAs micropillar cavities. We have performed numerical simulations through the finite element method that allowed us to explain the three-dimensional confinement mechanisms of optical and mechanical modes in these systems, and to calculate the main optomechanical parameters. This work shows that GaAs/AlAs micropillars present very interesting properties for future optomechanical experiments, such as very high mechanical resonance frequencies, large optical and mechanical quality factors at room temperature, and high values for the vacuum optomechanical coupling factors and for the Q • f products

Cette thèse est le point d’intersection entre deux facettes de l’étude des arrangements de droites : la combinatoire et la topologie. Dans une première partie nous avons étudié l’inclusion de la variété bord dans le complémentaire d’un arrangement. Nous avons ainsi généralisé le résultat d’E. Hironaka au cas de tous les arrangements complexes. Pour contourner les problèmes provenant des arrangements non réels, nous avons étudié le diagramme de câblage, dit wiring diagram, qui code la monodromie de tresses sous forme de tresse singulière. Pour pouvoir l'utiliser, nous avons implémenté un programme sur Sage permettant de calculer ce diagramme en fonction des équations de l’arrangement. Cela nous a permis de d’obtenir deux descriptions explicites de l’application induite par l’inclusion de la variété bord dans le complémentaire sur les groupes fondamentaux. Nous obtenons ainsi deux nouvelles présentations du groupe fondamental du complémentaire d’un arrangement. L’une d’entre elle généralise le théorème de R. Randell au cas des arrangements complexes. Pour continuer ces travaux, nous avons étudié l’application induite par l’inclusion sur le premier groupe d’homologie. Nous obtenons deux descriptions simples de cette application. En s’inspirant des travaux de J.I. Cogolludo, nous décrivons une décomposition canonique du premier groupe d’homologie de la variété bord comme produit de la 1-homologie et de la 2-cohomologie du complémentaire, ainsi qu'un isomorphisme entre la 2-cohomologie du complémentaire et la 1-homologie du graphe d’incidence. Dans la seconde partie de notre travail nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude des caractères du groupe fondamental du complémentaire. Nous partons des résultats obtenus par E. Artal sur le calcul de la profondeur d’un caractère. Cette profondeur peut être décomposée en un terme projectif et un terme quasi-projectif. Un algorithme pour calculer la partie projective a été donné par A. Libgober. Les travaux de E. Artal concernent la partie quasi-projective. Il a obtenu une méthode pour la calculer en fonction de l’image de certains cycles particuliers du complémentaire par le caractère. En utilisant les résultats obtenus dans la première partie, nous avons obtenu un algorithme complet permettant le calcul de la profondeur quasi-projective d’un caractère. A travers l’étude de cet algorithme, nous avons obtenu une condition combinatoire pour admettre une profondeur quasi-projective potentiellement non combinatoire. Nous avons ainsi défini la notion de caractère inner-cyclic . Cette notion nous a permis de formuler des conditions fortes sur la combinatoire pour qu’un arrangement n’ait que des caractères de profondeur quasi-projective nulle. Enfin pour diminuer le nombre d’exemples à considérer nous avons introduit la notion de combinatoire première. Si une combinatoire ne l’est pas, alors les variétés caractéristiques de ses réalisations sont définies par celles d’un arrangement avec moins de droites. En parallèle à cette étude, nous avons observé que la composition de l’application induite par l’inclusion sur le premier groupe d’homologie avec un caractère nous fournit un invariant topologique de l'arrangement obtenu en désingularisant les points multiples (blow-up). De plus, nous montrons que cet invariant n’est pas de nature combinatoire. Il nous a ainsi permis de découvrir deux nouvelles nc-paires de Zariski. / This thesis is the intersection point between the two facets of the study of line arrangements: combinatorics and topology. In the first part, we study the inclusion of the boundary manifold in the complement of an arrangement. We generalize the results of E. Hironaka to the case of any complex line arrangement. To get around the problems due to the case of non complexified real arrangement, we study the braided wiring diagram. We develop a Sage program to compute it from the equation of the complex line arrangement. This diagram allows to give two explicit descriptions of the map induced by the inclusion on the fundamental groups. From theses descriptions, we obtain two new presentations of the fundamental group of the complement. One of them is a generalization of the R. Randell Theorem to any complex line arrangement. In the next step of this work, we study the map induced by the inclusion on the first homology group. Then we obtain two simple descriptions of this map. Inspired by ideas of J.I. Cogolludo, we give a canonical description of the homology of the boundary manifold as the product of the 1-homology with the 2-cohomology of the complement. Finally, we obtain an isomorphism between the 2-cohomology of the complement with the 1-homology of the incidence graph of the arrangement. In the second part, we are interested by the study of character on the group of the complement. We start from the results of E. Artal on the computation of the depth of a character. This depth can be decomposed into a projective term and a quasi-projective term, vanishing for characters that ramify along all the lines. An algorithm to compute the projective part is given by A. Libgober. E. Artal focuses on the quasi-projective part and gives a method to compute it from the image by the character of certain cycles of the complement. We use our results on the inclusion map of the boundary manifold to determine these cycles explicitly. Combined with the work of E. Artal we obtain an algorithm to compute the quasi-projective depth of any character. From the study of this algorithm, we obtain a strong combinatorial condition on characters to admit a quasi-projective depth potentially not determined by the combinatorics. With this property, we define the inner-cyclic characters. From their study, we observe a strong condition on the combinatorics of an arrangement to have only characters with null quasi-projective depth. Related to this, in order to reduce the number of computations, we introduce the notion of prime combinatorics. If a combinatorics is not prime, then the characteristics varieties of its realizations are completely determined by realization of a prime combinatorics with less line. In parallel, we observe that the composition of the map induced by the inclusion with specific characters provide topological invariants of the blow-up of arrangements. We show that the invariant captures more than combinatorial information. Thereby, we detect two new examples of nc-Zariski pairs.

Nesta tese estudamos os sistemas integráveis definidos em superfícies compactas possuindo uma integral primeira que é uma função Morse-Bott a valores em R. Estes sistemas são aqui chamados de sistemas integráveis Morse-Bott. Classificamos as curvas fechadas e oitos associados a pontos de selas imersos em superfícies compactas. Essa classificação é aplicada ao estudo das folheações Morse-Bott em superfícies e nos permite definir um invariante topológico completo para a classificação topológica global destas folheações. Como uma aplicação desse estudo obtemos a classificação dos sistemas Morse-Bott assim como a classificação topológica das funções Morse-Bott em superfícies compactas e orientáveis. Demonstramos ainda um teorema da realização baseado em duas transformações e numa folheação geradora. Para o caso das funções Morse-Bott também obtivemos um teorema de realização. Finalmente, investigamos a generalização de alguns dos resultados anteriores para sistemas definidos em superfícies não orientáveis. / In this thesis we study integrable systems on compact surfaces with a first integral as a Morse-Bott function with target R. These systems are called here integrable Morse-Bott systems. Initially we present the classification of closed curves and eights associated to saddle points on compact surfaces. This classification is applied to the study of Morse- Bott foliations on surfaces allowing us to define a complete topological invariant for the global topological classification of these foliations. Then as an application of this study we obtain the classification of integrable Morse-Bott systems as well as the topological classification of Morse-Bott functions on compact and orientable surfaces. We also prove a realization theorem based on two transformation and a generating foliation (the foliation on the sphere with two centers). In the case of Morse-Bott functions we also obtain a realization theorem. Finally we investigate generalizations of previous results for systems defined on non-orientable surfaces.

Nesta tese estudamos os sistemas integráveis definidos em superfícies compactas possuindo uma integral primeira que é uma função Morse-Bott a valores em R. Estes sistemas são aqui chamados de sistemas integráveis Morse-Bott. Classificamos as curvas fechadas e oitos associados a pontos de selas imersos em superfícies compactas. Essa classificação é aplicada ao estudo das folheações Morse-Bott em superfícies e nos permite definir um invariante topológico completo para a classificação topológica global destas folheações. Como uma aplicação desse estudo obtemos a classificação dos sistemas Morse-Bott assim como a classificação topológica das funções Morse-Bott em superfícies compactas e orientáveis. Demonstramos ainda um teorema da realização baseado em duas transformações e numa folheação geradora. Para o caso das funções Morse-Bott também obtivemos um teorema de realização. Finalmente, investigamos a generalização de alguns dos resultados anteriores para sistemas definidos em superfícies não orientáveis. / In this thesis we study integrable systems on compact surfaces with a first integral as a Morse-Bott function with target R. These systems are called here integrable Morse-Bott systems. Initially we present the classification of closed curves and eights associated to saddle points on compact surfaces. This classification is applied to the study of Morse- Bott foliations on surfaces allowing us to define a complete topological invariant for the global topological classification of these foliations. Then as an application of this study we obtain the classification of integrable Morse-Bott systems as well as the topological classification of Morse-Bott functions on compact and orientable surfaces. We also prove a realization theorem based on two transformation and a generating foliation (the foliation on the sphere with two centers). In the case of Morse-Bott functions we also obtain a realization theorem. Finally we investigate generalizations of previous results for systems defined on non-orientable surfaces.