This dissertation examines the impact of the 1992 Georgia Tort Claims Act on educators in court decisions involving liability cases against Georgia school districts and/ or their respective employees. By examining pertinent court cases in which Georgia educators were, for the first time, subjected to potential litigation, the researcher outlines circumstances in which educators can and should be held liable for their actions. Additionally, the researcher analyzes the Tort Claims Acts of Texas, Oklahoma, and Mississippi as well. This analysis allows the researcher to contrast the types of litigious actions that educators in each of these states are held liable. Findings include the types of actions in which educators in each of the respective states are subject to liability. Case study analysis of randomly selected court cases involving tort liability, provides the infrastructure for in-depth research allowing the following questions to be addressed: (1) How have Georgia courts interpreted the Georgia Tort Claims Act in litigation against school personnel and school districts? (2) How do tort liability rulings, involving school personnel or districts, in other states within the United States compare with similar cases filed in Georgia since 1992? The Georgia Tort Claim Act of 1992 propelled an array of circumstances in which educational entities would be held liable for their actions. This research clearly explains the types of actions in which educators in the state of Georgia are subject to suit and to what degree they are subsequently held liable. Case study research also uncovered specific areas in which Georgia educators can be held liable. Specific research involving actions deemed either ministerial or discretionary are detailed specifically through case analysis. Additionally, the degree to which liability insurance provides protection for educational entities or their respective employees is also addressed in this research in order that state-by-state comparisons can be understood.

This dissertation analyzed court decisions in injuries on school grounds cases under the Louisiana Governmental Claims Act. The question addressed was: How have the Louisiana courts interpreted the Louisiana Governmental Claims Act in litigation against Louisiana school districts and their employees? The intent of this study was to show how Louisiana's legal system has evolved, and how that evolution affected tort cases involving school boards and school board employees. Doctrinal legal research was the methodology used to answer the research question. To limit the number of cases analyzed, this study only focused on tort claims involving injury on school property. In order to gain a broad perspective, tort claims cases filed prior to the 1974 Louisiana Constitution, cases filed after the 1974 Louisiana Constitution, and cases filed after the 1995 Louisiana Liability Limits Amendment, and the Louisiana Governmental Claims Act of 1996 were analyzed. By analyzing the tort claims brought against Louisiana school districts and employees during the various time-periods, it was clear to see how the case rulings reflected the frequent changes of the Louisiana Constitution and its' laws. In the end, the state continued to control who could sue them and how much they would pay in damages.

A responsabilidade civil vem sofrendo constante evolução no sentido de aumentar o campo de reparação do dano injusto, o que provocou uma ruptura paradigmática em seus pressupostos, centrando suas preocupações na indenização à vítima. Nesse contexto, vem ganhando relevo a teoria da perda de uma chance, consistente na possibilidade de reparar o dano causado pela privação da oportunidade de obter um benefício ou de evitar um prejuízo. Outrora irreparável, por ser considerado um prejuízo meramente hipotético, a chance passou a ser reputada, pela jurisprudência, uma entidade própria, substantiva em si mesma, e dotada de valor econômico. O Direito modificou a maneira de interagir com a álea, antes, repelindo-a, e, agora, absorvendo-a e levando-a em consideração no julgamento. O trabalho, uma das maiores fontes de afirmação e expressão da cidadania, também merece uma tutela especial, de modo a resguardar os princípios constitucionais da dignidade da pessoa humana, do valor social do trabalho e da livre iniciativa. Diante disso, não há como o Direito do Trabalho ficar alijado da doutrina das oportunidades perdidas, pois ambos os sujeitos da relação capital e trabalho podem sofrer essa modalidade de ofensa, cuja reparação se impõe como conquista sintomática da evoluçãosocial. Portanto, a análise da imbricação epistemológica entre esses dois fenômenos a perda de uma chance e o Direito do Trabalho , com a explicação dos seus condicionamentos, a sistematização das suas relações, o esclarecimento dos seus vínculos, e a avaliação dos seus resultados e aplicações, constitui o objeto desse estudo, cuja importância se revela, desde logo, a partir do acentuado descompasso entre o atual estado de ebulição jurisprudencial que o tema experimenta e a absoluta escassez de material doutrinário específico. / Tort liability has been in constant evolution by way of increasing the field of unfair damage recovery, which has caused a paradigmatic breach in its presupposition, centralizing on its concern for the indemnity of the victim. In this context, the loss-of-achance- doctrine has been gaining importance. This theory consists of the possibility of repairing the damage caused by the privation of the opportunity to obtain a benefit or avoid a loss. Formerly irreparable for being considered merely a hypothetical loss, the chance became reputed by jurisprudence, a personal entity, substantive in itself and endowed with economic value. The law changed the way of interacting with the alea, formerly repelling it, and now, absorbing it and taking it into consideration in the trial. The labor, one of the greatest sources of affirmation and expression of the citizen, also deserves special defense so as to protect the constitutional principles of the dignity of the human being, the social value of labor and free initiative. Thus, there is no way for the Labor Law to be disabled of the doctrine of lost opportunities, because both subjects of the capital and labor relation can suffer this modality of injury, whose reparation instills itself as a symptomatic conquest of the social evolution. Therefore, an analysis of the epistemological imbrications between these two phenomena the loss-of-a-chance and the Labor Law , with the explanation of their contingents , and the systemization of their relations, the enlightenment of their bonds, and the evaluation of their results and applications, constitute the objective of this study, whose importance is revealed, as of now, from the accentuated disorder between the current state of ebullient jurisprudence that the theme has been undergoing and the absolute scarcity of specific doctrinal material.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Mannheim.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Bayreuth, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 378-411).

A responsabilidade civil vem sofrendo constante evolução no sentido de aumentar o campo de reparação do dano injusto, o que provocou uma ruptura paradigmática em seus pressupostos, centrando suas preocupações na indenização à vítima. Nesse contexto, vem ganhando relevo a teoria da perda de uma chance, consistente na possibilidade de reparar o dano causado pela privação da oportunidade de obter um benefício ou de evitar um prejuízo. Outrora irreparável, por ser considerado um prejuízo meramente hipotético, a chance passou a ser reputada, pela jurisprudência, uma entidade própria, substantiva em si mesma, e dotada de valor econômico. O Direito modificou a maneira de interagir com a álea, antes, repelindo-a, e, agora, absorvendo-a e levando-a em consideração no julgamento. O trabalho, uma das maiores fontes de afirmação e expressão da cidadania, também merece uma tutela especial, de modo a resguardar os princípios constitucionais da dignidade da pessoa humana, do valor social do trabalho e da livre iniciativa. Diante disso, não há como o Direito do Trabalho ficar alijado da doutrina das oportunidades perdidas, pois ambos os sujeitos da relação capital e trabalho podem sofrer essa modalidade de ofensa, cuja reparação se impõe como conquista sintomática da evoluçãosocial. Portanto, a análise da imbricação epistemológica entre esses dois fenômenos a perda de uma chance e o Direito do Trabalho , com a explicação dos seus condicionamentos, a sistematização das suas relações, o esclarecimento dos seus vínculos, e a avaliação dos seus resultados e aplicações, constitui o objeto desse estudo, cuja importância se revela, desde logo, a partir do acentuado descompasso entre o atual estado de ebulição jurisprudencial que o tema experimenta e a absoluta escassez de material doutrinário específico. / Tort liability has been in constant evolution by way of increasing the field of unfair damage recovery, which has caused a paradigmatic breach in its presupposition, centralizing on its concern for the indemnity of the victim. In this context, the loss-of-achance- doctrine has been gaining importance. This theory consists of the possibility of repairing the damage caused by the privation of the opportunity to obtain a benefit or avoid a loss. Formerly irreparable for being considered merely a hypothetical loss, the chance became reputed by jurisprudence, a personal entity, substantive in itself and endowed with economic value. The law changed the way of interacting with the alea, formerly repelling it, and now, absorbing it and taking it into consideration in the trial. The labor, one of the greatest sources of affirmation and expression of the citizen, also deserves special defense so as to protect the constitutional principles of the dignity of the human being, the social value of labor and free initiative. Thus, there is no way for the Labor Law to be disabled of the doctrine of lost opportunities, because both subjects of the capital and labor relation can suffer this modality of injury, whose reparation instills itself as a symptomatic conquest of the social evolution. Therefore, an analysis of the epistemological imbrications between these two phenomena the loss-of-a-chance and the Labor Law , with the explanation of their contingents , and the systemization of their relations, the enlightenment of their bonds, and the evaluation of their results and applications, constitute the objective of this study, whose importance is revealed, as of now, from the accentuated disorder between the current state of ebullient jurisprudence that the theme has been undergoing and the absolute scarcity of specific doctrinal material.

This study examined perceptions of student legal issues confronting metropolitan institutions of higher education. The data for the study were collected using a modified version of Bishop's (1993) legal survey. The sample for the study consisted of 44 chief student affairs officers and 44 chief legal affairs officers employed with the 44 institutions affiliated with the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities. Frequency counts and percentage distributions were employed to analyze the data. Chief student affairs officers and chief legal affairs officers have very different perception as to the most likely student legal issues to be litigated in the next ten years. Chief student affairs officers found few student legal issues highly likely to be litigated in the next 10 years. Affirmative action, sex/age discrimination, fraternities and sororities, and disabled students were the only student legal issues at least 20 percent of chief student affairs officers believed to be highly likely of litigation in the next ten years. Chief legal affairs officers believed many student legal issues would be litigated in the next 10 years. At least 20 percent of the chief legal affairs officers believed admission criteria, affirmative action, reverse discrimination, sex/age discrimination, athletic tort liability, Title IX, defaulting student loans, defamation, negligence, academic dismissals, academic dishonesty, cyberspace issues, and disabled students to be highly likely of litigation in the next ten years. Chief student affairs officers and chief legal affairs officers prepare very similarly for future student legal issues they may confront in the future. There is a large amount of crossover between professional conferences of chief student affairs officers and chief legal affairs officers. Student affairs and legal affairs officers will attend professional conferences of both groups in order to stay abreast of student legal issues. It appears chief student affairs officers are not prepared to confront many of the student legal issues highly likely to be litigated in the next ten years.

La tesi di dottorato fornisce una ricostruzione, sotto il profilo civilistico, del ruolo di standard e certificazioni nel mercato agro-alimentare europeo. Nel primo capitolo viene ricostruita la natura delle certificazioni e la loro evoluzione da strumento di competitività delle imprese a mezzo per colmare le asimmetrie informative presenti nel mercato. Nel secondo capitolo viene analizzato il “Sistema Qualità”, nel quale sono coinvolti quattro attori fondamentali: l’ente di normazione, l’ente di accreditamento, il certificatore e, infine, l’impresa che richiede la certificazione, e sono analizzate le varie problematiche sottese al suo funzionamento. Nella terza parte si è indagata la natura giuridica del contratto di certificazione di qualità e la rilevanza delle certificazioni di qualità sotto il profilo civilistico. Infine, nella quarta parte, si sono analizzate le conseguenze giuridiche scaturenti da una certificazione non veritiera, con particolare riguardo alla possibilità o meno di configurare una responsabilità extra-contrattuale del certificatore per i danni causati a consumatori e terzi in generale a seguito del rilascio di una certificazione non veritiera. / The dissertation examines the role of certification marks in the european food- sector. The first chapter analyses the function of certification and their development from instruments of competitive advantages within firms to a tool for fulfilling the information asymmetry between business and consumer. The second chapter deals with the “Quality System”: a system which involves four players: the standardization body, the accreditation body, the certification body and, finally, the producer seeking the certification. The third chapter analyses the certification activity and the obligations of the parties of the contract. The last chapter deals with the tort liability of certification bodies.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1995. / Title from title page screen, viewed May 10, 2006. Dissertation Committee: John R. McCarthy (chair), Marcilene Dutton, Edward R. Hines, David L. Tucker. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-153) and abstract. Also available in print.

This study explored the legal parameters of sovereign immunity and its waivers for employees of public institutions of higher education in the state of Texas. This empirical study examined the decisions of the Texas Judiciary concerning public university litigation in the area of sovereign immunity, with a review of major state court decisions. Legal research methodology was used in this study. The data for this study included case study review of six cases decided by the Texas judiciary. Information about each of the cases and the important legal inferences from the cases was discussed. A review of the history of sovereign immunity and the current status of the application of the Texas Tort Claims Act was also included. Based on the review of the relevant case law and scholarly commentary, the study findings suggest that a) Texas courts recognize and apply the doctrine of sovereign immunity, unless the application of the doctrine is restricted by the Texas Tort Claims Act; b) the Texas Tort Claims Act establishes limited waivers to sovereign immunity applicable only under specified circumstances and subjects; c) Texas courts were consistent in applying the circumstances by which an institution or its actors waived sovereign immunity. Practice recommendations are included for education professionals at Texas state institutions of higher education.