Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Passiflora alata Curtis, comumente conhecida como maracujá-doce, é uma das espécies do gênero Passiflora cultivadas comercialmente, sendo consumida in natura devido ao seu gosto adocicado. Ela também é utilizada em todo o mundo como ornamental e na medicina popular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estabelecimento de diferentes estratégias para a cultura in vitro de P. alata e a análise da produção de substâncias antioxidantes nos materiais obtidos in vitro, em comparação com as plantas in vivo. Diferentes tratamentos visando à quebra da dormência das sementes foram avaliados para a germinação in vitro ou in vivo, além da incubação das sementes sob tipos distintos de luz. Para o estabelecimento das culturas primárias, apices caulinares e segmentos nodais das plântulas derivadas da germinação in vitro foram cultivados em meio MSM . A taxa de alongamento dos brotos e o número de nós por brotos das culturas primárias foram aumentados pela adição de água de coco ao meio. Plantas derivadas dessas culturas foram utilizadas como fontes de explantes nodais, internodais e foliares. O potencial morfogênico de sementes sem tegumento foi também avaliado. Calos friáveis foram induzidos a partir de segmentos nodais e foliares na presença de PIC, e aqueles obtidos a partir de folhas em meio suplementado com PIC a 28,9 μM foram selecionados para o estabelecimento de culturas de células em suspensão. Após o desenvolvimento de diferentes estratégias in vitro para P. alata, folhas de plantas in vivo foram utilizadas para a avaliação de parâmetros que afetam a extração de substâncias antioxidante. O potencial antioxidante foi determinado pelo ensaio DPPH e o conteúdo de fenóis totais foi determinado utilizando o método Folin-Ciocalteau. Após o desenvolvimento do protocolo de extração, a atividade antioxidante dos diferentes materiais in vitro foi também avaliada. A eficiência antirradicalar variou entre os sistemas de cultura estudados, sendo diretamente proporcional ao conteúdo de fenóis totais dos extratos. Esses resultados indicam que as estratégias para cultura in vitro de P. alata desenvolvidas neste trabalho representam alternativas para a multiplicação de plantas e produção de substâncias fenólicas com ação antioxidante. / Passiflora alata Curtis, commonly known as sweet passion fruit, is one of the commercially cultivated species of the genus Passiflora, being consumed in natura due to its sweet taste. It is also used worldwide as an ornamental and in folk medicine. The goal of this work was the establishment of different strategies for in vitro culture of P.alata and the analysis of the production of antioxidant substances by in vitro materials, in comparison with in vivo-grown plants. Different treatments aiming at seed dormancy breakage were evaluated for in vitro or in vivo germination, in addition to the incubation of seeds under distinct types of light. For the establishment of primary cultures, shoot tips and nodal segments excised from plantlets derived from in vitro germination were cultured on MSM . Shoot elongation rate and number of nodes per shoot of the primary cultures were improved by adding coconut water to the medium. Plants derived from these cultures were used as sources of nodal, internodal and leaf explants. The morphogenic potential of decoated seeds was also evaluated. Friable calluses were induced from nodal and leaf segments in the presence of PIC, and those obtained from leaves on medium supplemented with 28.9 μM PIC were selected for the establishment of cell suspension cultures. After the development of different in vitro strategies for P. alata, leaves of in vivo plants were used for the evaluation of the distinct parameters affecting the extraction of antioxidant substances. The antioxidant potential was determined by the DPPH assay and total phenolic content of the extract was determined using the Folin- Ciocalteau method. Following the development of the extraction protocol, the antioxidant activity of the different in vitro materials was also evaluated. The antiradicalar efficiency varied among the culture systems, being directly proportional to the total phenolic content of the extracts. These results indicate that the strategies of in vitro culture of P. alata developed in this study represent an alternative to plant multiplication and production of phenolic substances with antioxidant action.

This diploma thesis deals with comparison of the properties of chokeberry spreads of different origins, composition and different production technologies. The theoretical part contains a brief description of the chokeberry – Aronia melanocarpa, an overview of the most important substances contained in the chokeberry and examples of the use of aronia, not only in the food industry. Furthermore, the legislative requirements for the production of spreads and the production technology itself are described. In this thesis is also described a new patented technology of spread production using HTD technology. Another part of the theoretical part is a literature review of the determination of anthocyanins in chokeberry by HPLC method. The experimental part describes the laboratory procedures used for determination of dry matter, carbohydrates by HPLC with ELSD detector, anthocyanin dyes, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Another part of the work was a questionnaire survey and sensory analysis of selected chokeberry spreads. The panel members prefered the Lowicz chokeberry spread, for which was determined 29,39% dry matter, 15,15 mg.g-1 anthocyanins, 9,20 mg.g-1 total phenolic compounds, 158,42 mg.g-1 fructose and 151,26 mg.g-1 glucose and the antioxidant activity was determined to be 5,94 mg.g-1.

No description available.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to investigate the influence of different parameters (concentration of solvent, time, temperature and power) in extraction methods (focused microwave, conventional and ultrasound) bioactive compounds in blueberries, seeking higher yield of compounds biativos, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the extracts.The extracts were characterized regarding the phenolic compounds, flavonoid and anthocyanins content. The in vitro antioxidant activity was quantified by the methods of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and β-carotene, was calculed the IC50 and evaluated the antimicrobial activity.The results for focused microwave extraction generally indicated that the antioxidant activity (FRAP, ABTS and DPPH), total phenolics and total anthocyanins showed a positive linear trend in relation to the extraction temperature, with no significant difference between the solvent concentrations (60 and 80%). The IC50 and β-carotene showed the greatest inhibition at 60°C at solvent concentrations of 60% and 80%, respectively. The flavonoids showed no significant difference in terms of the extraction temperature or the concentration of solvent that was used. No antimicrobial activity was detected in the extracts in relation to the tested microorganisms. In the conventional method of extracting the best extraction conditions for phenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanin employed 60% solvent, 60 minutes at 40ºC; however, the anthocyanins did not suffer any influence from time and temperature. The best results for the antioxidant activity using the DPPH and FRAP methods were obtained with 60% solvent, 30 minutes at 30ºC, and the DPPH was not influenced by temperature. Regarding ABTS+ the best results were reached with 60% solvent, 120 minutes, at 40ºC, while the β-carotene required 80% solvent at 40ºC, regardless of the time. The different extracts tested did not show antimicrobial activity. Ultrasound provided better phenolic extraction conditions, flavonoids and anthocyanins using 60% solvent, 20 minutes and 80 watts of power, and phenolic compounds not influenced by the power and flavonoids were not affected by the solvent. The antioxidant activity by DPPH and IC50 showed the best results com 60% solvent, 60 minutes and 80 W of power, the same conditions were found for β-carotene, but with 20 minutes of extraction. FRAP methodology is presented more efficient solvent 60%, 60 minutes and 220W power, whereas for the ABTS assay was 80% solvent and 80 W of power, independent of the extraction time. The extracts obtained through different methods of extraction showed no antimicrobial activity. However, the study confirms the antioxidant capacity of blueberries, which can be used as a functional ingredient or as a natural antioxidant in the preparation of food products. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a influência de diferentes parâmetros (concentração de solvente, tempo, temperatura e potência) nos métodos de extração (assistida por micro-ondas focalizada, convencional e por ultrassom) de compostos bioativos de mirtilo, visando maior rendimento dos compostos biativos, atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos extratos. Os extratos foram caracterizados quanto o teor de fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais e antocianinas totais. As atividades antioxidante in vitro foram quantificadas pelos métodos de DPPH, ABTS, FRAP e β-caroteno, foi calculado o IC50 e avaliada a atividade antimicrobiana. Os resultados encontrados para a extração através das micro-ondas focalizadas apontam que as atividades antioxidantes medidas por FRAP, ABTS+ e DPPH, compostos fenólicos totais e antocianinas totais apresentaram uma tendência linear positiva em relação à temperatura de extração, sem diferença significativa entre as concentrações dos solventes (60 e 80%). O IC50 e o β-caroteno apresentaram maior inibição na temperatura de 60°C, porém estes somente nas condições de solvente 60% e 80%, respectivamente. Os flavonóides não tiveram diferenças significativas na temperatura de extração e nem no solvente utilizado. No método convencional de extração as melhores condições de extração para os compostos fenólicos, flavonóides e antocianinas foi utilizando 60% de solvente, 60 minutos e à 40ºC, porém as antocianinas, não sofreram influencia do tempo e da temperatura. O melhores resultados para as atividades antioxidantes, pelos métodos DPPH e FRAP, foram obtidos com solvente 60%, 30 minutos e à 30ºC, sendo que o DPPH não foi influenciado pela temperatura. Para o ABTS+ os melhores rendimentos foram com 60% solvente, 120 minutos e à 40ºC, enquanto que para o β-caroteno, 80% de solvente a 40ºC, independentemente do tempo. O ultrassom proporcionou melhores condições de extração de fenólicos, flavonóides e antocianinas utilizando 60% de solvente, 20 minutos e 80 W de potência, sendo que os compostos fenólicos não sofreram influência da potência e os flavonoides não foram influenciados pelo solvente. A atividade antioxidante pelo método DPPH e o IC50 apresentaram os melhores resultados com 60% de solvente, 60 minutos e 80 W de potência, as mesmas condições foram encontradas para o β-caroteno, porém com 20 minutos de extração. A metodologia de FRAP apresentou-se mais eficiente com solvente 60%, 60 minutos e 220W de potência, enquanto que para o método ABTS+ foi com 80% de solvente e 80 W de potência, independente do tempo de extração. Os extratos obtidos através das diferentes metodologias de extração não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana. Contudo, o estudo confirma a capacidade antioxidante do mirtilo, podendo este ser utilizado como ingrediente funcional ou como antioxidante natural na elaboração de produtos alimentícios.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-26T11:49:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carla da Silva Caetano.pdf: 782522 bytes, checksum: f2c222ad97acdbff5efc95970a75c528 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-26T11:49:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carla da Silva Caetano.pdf: 782522 bytes, checksum: f2c222ad97acdbff5efc95970a75c528 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The observation that the plants have biologically active substances, mainly polyphenols, that provide benefits to health, has driven studies on the antioxidant property. Thus, considering that the agri-industrial waste from acerola also contains phenolic compounds, this study was carried out to determine the procedure for extraction of polyphenols and the antioxidant activity of their extracts. Hyidroacetone, hydroethanolic, hydromethanolic and aqueous extracts, obtained by sequential extraction procedure, combining three extraction cycles (20 minutes each one) and two temperatures (25 ± 2ºC and 50 ± 2ºC), were submitted to the determination of total phenolic and screened for their free DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhidrazil) and ABTS•+ (2,2 '-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolina 6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity and their effect on the linoleic acid peroxidation by the ferric thiocyanate method.Soybean oil with the addition of the extracts (200ppm) were submitted to anaccelerated storage test in an oven at 60°C for 28 days, where sample were taken at time intervals and analyzed for peroxide value and conjugated dienes. The extracts showed high content of total polyphenols; however, the hydroacetone extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (5,954.2 μg catechin equivalent. mL-1). Hydroethanolic and hydromethanolic extracts exhibited good DPPH• scavenging activity (low value of EC50 and TEC50, high value of EA), good ABTS•+ scavenging capacity (1.445,1 e 1.145,5μMol TEAC/g, respectively), high percentage of inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid (96.12% and 91.84%, respectively). These extracts showed the ability to retard the formation of peroxides and conjugated dienes in soybean oil. The procedure involves aqueous-organic solvents, three cycles of extraction and temperature of 25°C is effective in the extraction of phenolic compounds. Although, the hydroacetone extract has exhibited the highest total phenolic content, the antioxidant action of this extract was less than shown by hydroethanolic and hydromethanolic extracts that, under the experimental conditions, exhibited the best antioxidant activity, both in model system and in soybean oil. Therefore, the agri-industrial waste from acerola can be considered as a source of natural antioxidants and can be useful in food applications in replace or in association with synthetic antioxidants. / A constatação de que os vegetais possuem substâncias biologicamente ativas, principalmente polifenóis, que trazem benefícios à saúde, tem impulsionado estudos sobre sua propriedade antioxidante. Assim, considerando que os resíduos gerados pela agroindústria de polpa de frutas, ainda, contém significante teores de compostos fenólicos, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o solvente e a temperatura mais eficiente para a extração destes fitoquímicos a partir de resíduos de acerola e avaliar o potencial antioxidante de seus extratos. Desta forma, extratos hidroacetônico,hidroetanólico, hidrometanólico e aquoso, obtidos por processo de extração seqüencial, em duas temperaturas (25 ± 2ºC e 50 ± 2ºC), foram avaliados quanto ao teor de compostos fenólicos, e a sua ação antioxidante em sistemas modelos, por meio do método da capacidade de seqüestro do radical DPPH• (1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil), do radical ABTS•+ (2,2’-azino-bis- (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfônico) e da inibição da peroxidação do ácido linoléico pelo método Tiocianato Férrico, bem como, em óleo de soja por meio do teste acelerado em estufa. Quanto ao teor de fenólicos, independente da temperatura usada no processo de extração, destacou-se o hidroacetônico por ter apresentado o mais elevado teor (5.954,2 μg em equivalente de catequina. mL-1). Os extratos hidroetanólicos e hidrometanólico exibiram forte capacidade de seqüestro do radical DPPH• (baixo valor de EC50 e de TEC50, alto valor de EA), elevada capacidade de seqüestro do radical ABTS•+ (1.445,1 e 1.145,5μMol TEAC/g, respectivamente), e forte proteção do ácido linoléico contra a peroxidação (96,12% e 91,84% respectivamente). Estes extratos, também, apresentaram boa capacidade em retardar formação de peróxidos e de dienos conjugados em óleo de soja. Os resultados obtidos permitem evidenciar que o procedimento envolvendo solventes orgânico-aquosos, três ciclos de extração e a temperatura de 25°C se mostrou eficaz na extração de fenólicos totais. O solvente hidroacetônico embora tenha propiciadoa extração de uma maior quantidade de fenólicos totais, a ação antioxidante deste extrato foi inferior a exibida pelos extratos hidroetanólico e hidrometanólico que, nas condições experimentais, exibiram a melhor ação antioxidante, tanto em sistema modelo como no teste acelerado em estufa. Desta forma, o resíduo agroindustrial de acerola apresenta-se como fonte de antioxidante natural, permitindo vislumbrar a sua utilização em alimentos em substituição ou em associação aos antioxidantes sintéticos.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study evaluated the use of different methods (focused microwave, ultrasound and conventional agitation) and varying parameters (concentration of solvent, time, temperature, power and pulse) in the extraction of bioactive compounds from red onion skin to obtain an extract with a high content of phenolic compounds, as well as high antioxidant capacity and antibacterial and antifungal activity. The total phenolic content, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, antibacterial capacity and antifungal activity, as well as the in vitro antioxidant capacity, of the extracts were determined by four different methods. The extracts obtained by conventional extraction using agitation had a higher content of total phenolics, flavonoids and total anthocyanins when they were extracted using a higher solvent concentration (80%). With regard to time, it was found that the lowest extraction time of (30 minutes) favored the extraction of compounds with higher antioxidant activity by the DPPH methods and low IC50, and the longest time of (240 minutes) obtained extracts with the highest antioxidant activities using the β-carotene and ABTS methods. The results for focused microwave extraction generally indicated that the highest solvent concentrations (60 to 80%) were more effective in extracting bioactive compounds and, consequently, to obtain extracts with higher antioxidant capacity. Regarding the extraction temperature, it was found that the extracts with highest content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were obtained at 70 °C. However, the content of total anthocyanins and the DPPH and FRAP methods antioxidant activity of the extracts were not influenced by the extraction temperature. The use of ultrasound to extract bioactive compounds from red onion skin indicated that the extraction of total flavonoids, total anthocyanins and antioxidant activity (FRAP and β-carotene) were efficient at 130 W, with pulsed mode and 60% solvent concentration. The DPPH methods antioxidant activity was only successful at 60% solvent concentration, and the ABTS methods values were highest with 80% solvent, pulsed mode and 130 W power. For the highest inhibiting power of 50% of the DPPH radical (IC50), the best conditions were 130 W, pulsed mode and 40% solvent. The extracts that were obtained through different extraction methods showed no antifungal or antibacterial activity in relation to the different tested microorganisms. However, it can be inferred that red onion skin is a good source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant action and that it can be used as a potential ingredient in the preparation of food products to inhibit lipid oxidation, as well as contributing to reducing agro-industrial waste. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o emprego de diferentes métodos (micro-ondas focalizada, ultrassom e convencional por agitação) variando parâmetros como concentração de solvente, tempo, temperatura, potência e pulsos na extração de compostos bioativos da casca de cebola roxa a fim de obter um extrato com alto teor de fenólicos totais, elevada capacidade antioxidante, atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica. Foi determinado o teor de fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais e antocianinas totais dos extratos obtidos, além da capacidade antioxidante in vitro por quatro métodos distintos e atividade antibacteriana. Os extratos obtidos através da extração convencional por agitação apresentaram maior teor de fenólicos totais, flavonoides e antocianinas totais quando extraídos com concentração maior do solvente (80%). Com relação ao tempo, verificou-se que o menor tempo de extração, (30 minutos) favoreceu a extração de compostos com maior atividade antioxidante pelo método DPPH e menor concentração inibinitória (IC50) e com o maior tempo (240 minutos) obteve-se extratos com maiores atividades antioxidantes pelo método β-caroteno e ABTS. Os resultados encontrados para a extração através das micro-ondas focalizadas, de modo geral, indicaram que as maiores concentrações de solvente (60 e 80%) foram mais eficazes na extração de compostos bioativos e consequentemente para obtenção de extratos com maior capacidade antioxidante. Em relação à temperatura de extração, verificou-se que os extratos com maiores teores de compostos fenólicos totais e flavonoides foram obtidos a 70°C. No entanto, o teor de antocianinas totais, atividades antioxidante pelos métodos DPPH e FRAP dos extratos não foram influenciadas pela temperatura de extração. A utilização do ultrassom na extração de compostos bioativos da casca de cebola roxa apontou que a extração de flavonoides totais, antocianinas totais, atividade antioxidante (FRAP e β-caroteno) foram eficientes em potência 130 W, modo pulsado e solvente 60%. A atividade antioxidante pelo método DPPH sofreu influência somente do solvente 60% e os valores pelo método ABTS foram maiores com solvente 80%, modo pulsado e 130 W. Para maior poder de inibição de 50% do radical DPPH (IC50) as condições necessárias são 130 W, modo pulsado e 40% de solvente. Os extratos obtidos através das diferentes metodologias de extração não apresentaram atividade antibacteriana para os diferentes micro-organismos testados. Contudo, pode-se inferir que a casca de cebola roxa é boa fonte de compostos bioativos com ação antioxidante, podendo ser ingrediente em potencial na elaboração de produtos alimentícios inibindo a oxidação lipídica, além de contribuir na redução de resíduos agro-industriais.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Botany)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of indigenous watermelon landraces (Citrullus lanatus) seeds grown in two districts in the Limpopo Province. Watermelon seeds are the most undermined oilseeds. The seeds have nutritional values that compare favourably with those of soybean, sunflower and ground nuts. Many cucurbit seeds such as watermelon seeds are rich in protein and oil, although none of these products have been used on an industrial scale. Nine indigenous watermelon landraces seeds (four from the Sekhukhune district and five from the Capricorn district) were examined. The landrace 06CDGM was found to have the highest mass per one hundred seeds (10.95 g per 100 seeds) with 07CDGM having the lowest mass (8.05 g per 100 seeds). The landrace 10CDGM was found to have the highest oil (41.5%), protein (20.39%) and fibre content (23.98%) with 01SDPW having the lowest oil yield (30.00%), 02SDPW was found to have the highest saponification value (184.57 mg KOH/g oil) and 09CDGM had the highest iodine value (138.575 g I2/100 g oil). The landrace 01SDPW had the highest total sugar content. All landraces were found to have the essential amino acid leucine. Antioxidant activity (66.95%) and total flavonoids (0.295 mg/g as catechin equivalents) were found to be highest in the 09CDGM landrace, and total phenolic content (0.91 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) was found to be highest in 05SDPW. The landrace 06CDGM was found to have the highest copper content (0.088 mg/g); 02SDPW was found to have the highest iron content (0.194 mg/g); 10CDGM had the highest zinc (0.312 mg/g) and sulphate content (0.129 mg/g); while both 10CDGM and 03SDPW had the highest content of calcium (9.13 mg/g). The landraces were found to differ slightly in the content and quality of components tested. Each of the landraces was found to have some qualities that render them superior to the other landraces. The qualities and content of the landraces compare favourably with those of commercial oil seeds such as the sunflower and soybean. Overall, the landraces from the Capricorn district were observed to have superior qualities than those from the Sekhukhune district. The findings indicated that the landraces from Capricorn district had more mean oil, mean protein, crude fibre content, total phenolics and total flavonoid content than those from the Sekhukhune district. The landraces from Sekhukhune district had high carbohydrate, ash content and high content of the minerals iron and calcium. The landrace 10CDGM was found to have overall high vi values with regard to most analyses, thus making the landrace superior to the others. The results indicate that landraces from both districts have complementary qualities to each other; however the landraces from the Capricorn are more superior in most aspects. The watermelon seeds have the potential to be used as a cost-effective and easily accessible source of nutrients and oil to meet nutritional challenges in developing countries. KEY CONCEPTS Citrullus lanatus; Landrace; Sekhukhune district; Capricorn district; Indigenous watermelon; Oil seeds; Essential amino acids; Antioxidant activity; Total phenolics; Total flavonoids; Mineral content; Total sugars; Crude fibre; Oil content; Saponification value; Iodine value.

This diploma project deals with antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of selected herbal and fruit teas commonly used in Czech population. Influence of different tea packaging (bag teas and loose leaf teas) on bioactive compound content was compared. Further, effect of long-term storage in common household conditions was studied. Antioxidant properties of teas were characterized using some group parameters - total antioxidant activity ("Randox Total Antioxidant Status Kit"), total phenolics and total flavonoids - as well as some individual representatives of low molecular weight antioxidants. Higher antixidant content was found in herbal teas than in fruit teas. Comparing bag teas with loose leaf teas higher antioxidant activity was shown in loose leaf teas. Individual antioxidants were analyzed using HPLC method with spectrophotometric detection and verified by on-line LC/MS. IN all tea samples catechins - catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate and other flavonoids - rutin, morin, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin and luteolin were determined. In most of teas high level of catechin and rutin was detected. The highest level of flavonoids was determined in herbal poured teas. Ascorbic acid content was also determined by HPLC method. Higher vitamine C level was found in most of fruit teas and in rose hip tea. Antimutagenicity of tea extracts was tested by in vitro test using Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 yeast. High antimutagenic activity showed mainly nettle tea, tutsan tea and most of fruit teas. During long-term storage (1 year, 20°C, darkness) a significant decrease of all analyzed antioxidant parameters was followed. Higher lost of antioxidants was found in fruit teas when compared with the herbal ones.

No description available.

No description available.