Idag används GNSS eller totalstation till nästan all detaljmätning.Fotogrammetri har länge använts inom lantmäteri men då främst somflygburen fotogrammetri. En inte lika vanlig metod är att mäta i bilderterrestert, det vill säga markbunden fotogrammetri. Inom arkitektur användstekniken för visualisering och dokumentation. Syftet med denna studie är attundersöka om terrester fotogrammetri med multistation är en pålitlig metodför detaljmätning. Den huvudsakliga utrustning som använts för studien är:Leica Nova MS50, Leica Nova MS60 och programvaran Leica Infinity. Testergenomfördes i kontrollerad miljö för att se hur låg avvikelse metoden fick,samt ute i fält för att kunna redogöra avvikelser på långa avstånd och för attavgöra hur användarvänlig metoden är. Multistationen etablerades med fristationsetablering mot befintliga stompunkter i den kontrollerade miljön ochgenom integrerad stationsetablering med GNSS ute i fält. Sedan mättes LeicaHDS signaler samt ett antal synbara detaljer in reflektorlöst och fotograferadesmed multistationens teleskopkamera. Efterberäkningarna gjordes i LeicaInfinity där gemensamma detaljer i bilderna mättes in för att kunna beräknakoordinater för signalerna och objekten. De bildberäknade inmätningarnajämfördes mot de reflektorlöst inmätta för att kunna se hur stor avvikelsemetoderna hade mot varandra. I den kontrollerade miljön var avvikelserna påmillimeternivå och ute i fält på centimeternivå.Som alternativ metod till traditionell detaljmätning eller som komplementfungerar metoden bra. Vinklarna mellan stationerna och detaljen som skallmätas verkar vara viktigare än avstånd till detaljen när det kommer tillkvaliteten på koordinaterna.

O nivelamento trigonométrico com estação total é uma técnica que tem sua aplicação revigorada em situações que até pouco tempo atrás, por razões de precisão, somente podiam ser atendidas com uso de nivelamento geométrico. A NBR 13.133 inclui este tipo de nivelamento em uma única classe e estabelece tolerâncias muito altas, e por essa razão limita a sua especificação por empresas contratantes. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a precisão do nivelamento trigonométrico usando estações totais de baixa e média precisão, comparando as diferenças de níveis obtidos por nivelamento geométrico. Na avaliação foram consideradas as influências de alguns fatores na propagação dos erros: a obtenção da altura do instrumento, os efeitos atmosférico, o posicionamento e altura dos alvos, a precisão dos equipamentos e as distâncias de visadas. Os resultados possibilitaram definir as distâncias máximas de visada nas condições avaliadas, em que alcança a tolerância do nivelamento geométrico IIN / The trigonometrical leveling with total station is a technique that has been increased in situations in that even some time, for reasons of precision, the use of the leveling was demanded. The NBR 13.133 includes this trigonometrical leveling in a single class and it establishes very high tolerances, and for that reason it limits its specification for contracting companies. The precision of the trigonometrical leveling was evaluated using total stations of low and intermediate precision, comparing the differences of levels obtained by leveling. In the evaluation the influences of some factors were considered in the propagation of the errors: the instrument height determination, the atmospheric effects, the positioning and staff height determination, the precision of the equipments and the distances of staff. The results made possible to define the sight maximum distances in the evaluated conditions, in that it reaches the IIN tolerance leveling

O nivelamento trigonométrico com estação total é uma técnica que tem sua aplicação revigorada em situações que até pouco tempo atrás, por razões de precisão, somente podiam ser atendidas com uso de nivelamento geométrico. A NBR 13.133 inclui este tipo de nivelamento em uma única classe e estabelece tolerâncias muito altas, e por essa razão limita a sua especificação por empresas contratantes. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a precisão do nivelamento trigonométrico usando estações totais de baixa e média precisão, comparando as diferenças de níveis obtidos por nivelamento geométrico. Na avaliação foram consideradas as influências de alguns fatores na propagação dos erros: a obtenção da altura do instrumento, os efeitos atmosférico, o posicionamento e altura dos alvos, a precisão dos equipamentos e as distâncias de visadas. Os resultados possibilitaram definir as distâncias máximas de visada nas condições avaliadas, em que alcança a tolerância do nivelamento geométrico IIN / The trigonometrical leveling with total station is a technique that has been increased in situations in that even some time, for reasons of precision, the use of the leveling was demanded. The NBR 13.133 includes this trigonometrical leveling in a single class and it establishes very high tolerances, and for that reason it limits its specification for contracting companies. The precision of the trigonometrical leveling was evaluated using total stations of low and intermediate precision, comparing the differences of levels obtained by leveling. In the evaluation the influences of some factors were considered in the propagation of the errors: the instrument height determination, the atmospheric effects, the positioning and staff height determination, the precision of the equipments and the distances of staff. The results made possible to define the sight maximum distances in the evaluated conditions, in that it reaches the IIN tolerance leveling

<p>Den nya mätningstekniken på marknaden kallas terrester laserskanning. Tekniken bygger på att ett instrument, monterat på ett stativ, sänder ut en laserstråle vilken avlänkas i vertikalled av en spegel samtidigt som det roterar. Laserstrålen reflekteras mot de objekt som befinner sig inom laserskannerns synfält och resulterar i ett punktmoln. Punktmolnet innehåller ofta flera miljoner punkter vilka alla erhåller xyz-koordinater. Tekniken har visat sig lämplig vid dokumentation av byggnader och vid modellering samt kartläggning av industrier och tunnelbyggen.</p><p>Denna studie har genomförts på Sweco VBB i Karlstad i syfte att ta reda på hur lämplig terrester laserskanning är vid vardaglig inmätning och kartering av objekt i stadsmiljö. Metoden har jämförts med traditionell inmätning med totalstation utifrån ett antal frågeställningar. I studien laserskannades två korsningar i Vasastaden, Stockholm. Instrumentet som användes var en IMAGER 5006 av märket Zoller+Fröhlich. De totalt sex stycken skanningarna resulterade i punktmoln vilka georefererades genom att måltavlor mättes in med totalstation. Efterbearbetningen bestod av registrering, redigering och reducering av punktmolnen. Genom manuell tolkning av punktmolnen och med hjälp av verktyget Virtual Surveyor i Leica Geosystems programvara Cyclone, kunde olika objekt mätas in och kartläggning av de båda korsningarna ske.</p><p>En generell jämförelse mellan terrester laserskanning och totalstation visar att laserskanning är en snabb metod som ger stora mängder data med hög detaljrikedom, medger en större säkerhet i fält och ger enorma möjligheter för visualisering, modellering och skapande av terrängmodeller. Laserskanning är dock en dyr metod som ger en något sämre noggrannhet och som ännu inte klarar att mäta sträckor över hundra meter. Metoden kräver också totalstation (eller GPS) för georeferering. Studien har också visat att tidsvinsten som uppkommer i fält förloras genom tidsödande efterbearbetning och manuell tolkning av punktmolnet. Trots detta använder idag ett flertal företag denna metod vid inmätning. Slutsatserna pekar främst på att laserskanning som inmätningsmetod lämpar sig bäst över små områden där antalet objekt är högt och där säkerheten i fält är viktig. Dock ses metoden mer som ett komplement till totalstationen genom de möjligheter som erbjuds via visualisering och modellering och därmed inte en ersättare för den senare.</p> / <p>A new technique for surveying is the terrestrial laser scanning. The technique is based on an instrument, mounted on a tripod, emitting a laser pulse which is vertically deflected by a mirror while rotating. The laser pulse is reflected by the objects within the field of view of the laser scanner. The laser scan results in a point cloud most often containing several millions of points which all have XYZ-coordinates. The technique has proven its benefits when documenting buildings, modelling and surveying of industries and tunnels.</p><p>This study has been carried out at Sweco VBB in Karlstad in purpose of finding out how suitable terrestrial laser scanning is for everyday surveying in urban environment. The method has been compared with traditional surveying with total station from a number of questions. In the study two crossings in Vasastaden, Stockholm, were scanned. The instrument used was an IMAGER 5006 from Zoller+Fröhlich. The 6 scannings resulted in point clouds which were georeferenced by using targets and a total station. The post processing consisted of registering, editing and reducing the point clouds. Through manual interpretation of the point clouds and by using the tool Virtual Surveyor in the program Cyclone by Leica Geosystems it was possible to survey different objects at the crossings.</p><p>A general comparison between terrestrial laser scanning and total station shows that laser scanning is a rapid method producing large amounts of data with a high level of details, allows higher security in field and gives enormous possibilities for visualisation, modelling and creating of terrain models. However, laser scanning is an expensive method which gives a slightly lower accuracy and yet cannot be used for longer distances. The method also demands total station (or GPS) for georeferencing. The study has also shown that the saving of time in field is lost by time consuming post processing and manual interpretation of the point cloud. Nonetheless this method is used by several companies for everyday surveying. The conclusions advert mostly that laser scanning is best suitable for small areas where the number of objects is high and where security in field is important. Nevertheless, the method should be seen more as a compliment to the total station because of the possibilities offered by visualisation and modelling and therefore not as a replacement for the latter.</p>

Den nya mätningstekniken på marknaden kallas terrester laserskanning. Tekniken bygger på att ett instrument, monterat på ett stativ, sänder ut en laserstråle vilken avlänkas i vertikalled av en spegel samtidigt som det roterar. Laserstrålen reflekteras mot de objekt som befinner sig inom laserskannerns synfält och resulterar i ett punktmoln. Punktmolnet innehåller ofta flera miljoner punkter vilka alla erhåller xyz-koordinater. Tekniken har visat sig lämplig vid dokumentation av byggnader och vid modellering samt kartläggning av industrier och tunnelbyggen. Denna studie har genomförts på Sweco VBB i Karlstad i syfte att ta reda på hur lämplig terrester laserskanning är vid vardaglig inmätning och kartering av objekt i stadsmiljö. Metoden har jämförts med traditionell inmätning med totalstation utifrån ett antal frågeställningar. I studien laserskannades två korsningar i Vasastaden, Stockholm. Instrumentet som användes var en IMAGER 5006 av märket Zoller+Fröhlich. De totalt sex stycken skanningarna resulterade i punktmoln vilka georefererades genom att måltavlor mättes in med totalstation. Efterbearbetningen bestod av registrering, redigering och reducering av punktmolnen. Genom manuell tolkning av punktmolnen och med hjälp av verktyget Virtual Surveyor i Leica Geosystems programvara Cyclone, kunde olika objekt mätas in och kartläggning av de båda korsningarna ske. En generell jämförelse mellan terrester laserskanning och totalstation visar att laserskanning är en snabb metod som ger stora mängder data med hög detaljrikedom, medger en större säkerhet i fält och ger enorma möjligheter för visualisering, modellering och skapande av terrängmodeller. Laserskanning är dock en dyr metod som ger en något sämre noggrannhet och som ännu inte klarar att mäta sträckor över hundra meter. Metoden kräver också totalstation (eller GPS) för georeferering. Studien har också visat att tidsvinsten som uppkommer i fält förloras genom tidsödande efterbearbetning och manuell tolkning av punktmolnet. Trots detta använder idag ett flertal företag denna metod vid inmätning. Slutsatserna pekar främst på att laserskanning som inmätningsmetod lämpar sig bäst över små områden där antalet objekt är högt och där säkerheten i fält är viktig. Dock ses metoden mer som ett komplement till totalstationen genom de möjligheter som erbjuds via visualisering och modellering och därmed inte en ersättare för den senare. / A new technique for surveying is the terrestrial laser scanning. The technique is based on an instrument, mounted on a tripod, emitting a laser pulse which is vertically deflected by a mirror while rotating. The laser pulse is reflected by the objects within the field of view of the laser scanner. The laser scan results in a point cloud most often containing several millions of points which all have XYZ-coordinates. The technique has proven its benefits when documenting buildings, modelling and surveying of industries and tunnels. This study has been carried out at Sweco VBB in Karlstad in purpose of finding out how suitable terrestrial laser scanning is for everyday surveying in urban environment. The method has been compared with traditional surveying with total station from a number of questions. In the study two crossings in Vasastaden, Stockholm, were scanned. The instrument used was an IMAGER 5006 from Zoller+Fröhlich. The 6 scannings resulted in point clouds which were georeferenced by using targets and a total station. The post processing consisted of registering, editing and reducing the point clouds. Through manual interpretation of the point clouds and by using the tool Virtual Surveyor in the program Cyclone by Leica Geosystems it was possible to survey different objects at the crossings. A general comparison between terrestrial laser scanning and total station shows that laser scanning is a rapid method producing large amounts of data with a high level of details, allows higher security in field and gives enormous possibilities for visualisation, modelling and creating of terrain models. However, laser scanning is an expensive method which gives a slightly lower accuracy and yet cannot be used for longer distances. The method also demands total station (or GPS) for georeferencing. The study has also shown that the saving of time in field is lost by time consuming post processing and manual interpretation of the point cloud. Nonetheless this method is used by several companies for everyday surveying. The conclusions advert mostly that laser scanning is best suitable for small areas where the number of objects is high and where security in field is important. Nevertheless, the method should be seen more as a compliment to the total station because of the possibilities offered by visualisation and modelling and therefore not as a replacement for the latter.

Stationsetablering innebär bestämning av ett mätinstruments fysiska läge och orienterad riktning. I dagens bygg- och anläggningsbransch används nästan uteslutande fri station för att etablera en stationspunkt för mätningar. På en byggplats är tillgången till referensobjekt ofta begränsad. Instrumentets placering blir därför en kompromiss mellan tillgång till referensobjekt och tillgång till den plats där inmätning respektive utsättning skall ske. Denna kompromiss ger upphov till skiftande geometriska konfigurationer hos referensobjekten, vilka påverkar mätresultatet. Studiens syfte är att undersöka om simuleringar av fria stationsuppställningar i Svensk Byggnadsgeodesis (SBG:s) programvara Geo verifieras av fältmätningar och efterföljande beräkningar av osäkerhetsparametrar orsakade av konfiguration och mätta längder och riktningar. Delmål var att etablera ett testnät för att sedan genomföra simulering och fältmätning av fri stationsetablering mot. Analysen av fri stationsuppställning innefattade endast simulering och fältmätning i plan, med parametrarna X, Y och riktning. I samtliga konfigurationer verifieras simuleringarna av fältmätningarna genom att redovisade osäkerhetsellipser, till form och utbredning, överensstämmer. Detta innebär att genom simulering i SBG Geo kan svagheter i konfigurationer upptäckas och undvikas vid fältmätning, vilket är både tids- och resurssparande. Studiens slutsats är; Simulera mera. Simulering i SBG Geo visar god överensstämmelse med fältmätning och är där med ett effektivt planeringsverktyg för mätning samt att vid etablering av fri station bör referensobjekten placeras så att stationspunkten interpoleras för lägst osäkerhet. Faktorer att beakta vid fri station är, enligt studien: konfigurationen, mätningarnas kvalitet och att tillräcklig kontrollerbarhet (k-tal) föreligger / Station setup involves determination of the measuring instruments physical location and orientation. In today's construction industry free station is almost exclusively used to establish a station point for measurements. On a construction site, access to reference objects is often limited. The instruments placement therefore becomes a compromise between access to the reference objects and access to the site where surveying will take place. This compromise results in varying geometric configurations of the reference objects, which affect the results of the survey. This study aims to investigate whether the simulations of free station setups in Svensk Byggnadsgeodesis ( SBG's ) software Geo is verified by field measurements and subsequent calculations of uncertainty parameters caused by configuration and surveyed distances and directions. One objective of this study was to establish a test network of reference objects, which simulation and field measurement of free station were established against. The analysis of free station setup included only simulation and field measurement of plane surveying, with the parameters X, Y and direction. In all configurations, the simulations were verified by the field measurements by consistent corresponding of the shape of the error ellipses. This means that by simulation of SBG Geo, weaknesses in configurations can be detected and avoided during field survey, which saves both time and resources. Factors to consider when establishing free station is, according to the study: configuration, quality of the measurements and sufficient controllability (K-tal). The study concludes; simulate more. Simulation in SBG Geo show good representation of field measurements and is therefore an effective planning tool for field surveying. When establishing free station reference objects should be positioned so that the station point is interpolated for the lowest uncertainty

The objective of this thesis is to check the preciseness of the total station Leica TC(R) 407 ser. No.660021 by using the defined methods. The data collected through measurements and by the computation procedures according to the relevant standards and the proceedings described by the professional literature were compared with the data stated by the manufacturer. The accuracy of the telemeter and the goniometric part of the device was tested. The theoretical part of this thesis is focused on the basic measurement methods and distance determination, principle of the electronic direction measuring and the error theory. The practical part of the thesis is focused on checking the accuracy of the measured horizontal direction and the zenith angle, as well as checking the preciseness of the telemetric part of the device. As a result the standard deviations of the measured distances and directions have been determined.

No description available.

This diploma thesis presents a design solution of a total station. The proposal is processed especially with regard to technical, ergonomic and aesthetic requirements. The main inovation of the proposal lies in a complex ergonomic and aesthetic solution that better reflects modern trends in the field of surveying technology. In comparison to current designs of the device, new proposal of the total station perfectly integrates certain parts of the device, such as a control panel. Since it is a relatively small device, it is important to design all details properly, especially the form and arrangement of controls. The thesis also suggests a number of alternative solutions to particular problems. The proposal of a total station is suitable for various types of work and methods of surveying.

The ability of fast and accurate acquiring of large 3D spatial data is the main benefit for consideration of a terrestrial laser scanner in deformation monitoring. The objective of this paper is to discuss this technique with support of practical experiments performed inside a laboratory. It also includes measuring changes from millimetre to sub millimetre level and a comparison of measurements from a terrestrial laser scanner with measurements of other instruments. Various areas of applications are reviewed. The report discusses a surface modeling method to estimate deformation parameters of objects, such as planar, spherical and cylindrical surface representations. Illustrative numerical examples are performed by simulating randomly generated sample point coordinates for estimation of changes of modeled planar and cylindrical surfaces. The practical experiments were performed using a scan of a carton box, a ball and a rounded paper holder, which correspond to the planar, spherical and cylindrical surfaces, respectively. Independent measurements were performed using a total station and a measuring tape to make a comparison with the scanner measurements. A statistical test was performed independently for the changes obtained from each type of modeled surface in order to check whether the movement is real or due to measurement noises.  A significant change of the normal of a plane was detected between epochs, and similar results were obtained from both scanner and total station measurements. The normal of the plane was rotated by  between scan epochs. A translation of 3.2 and 3.7 millimetres were detected between scan epochs for the center of the sphere and axis of the cylinder, respectively. Only the scanner data was used in this case. From the scanner measurement changes in radii of the sphere and the cylinder were obtained as 1.6 and 3.1 millimetres, respectively between scan epochs. The measurement of the scanner was verified by performing independent measurements using measuring tape. And hence the change in radii of the sphere and the cylinder were obtained as 2.5 and 4 millimetres, respectively.