This study examines Hawaiʻi government's role in Japanese ownership of Hawaiʻi hotel, 1970 through 1990. In particular, two questions are analyzed. The two questions are: (1) were Hawaii's government policies immaterial in motivating Japanese hotel investment and (2) were Hawaii's government policies counterproductive to Hawaii's overall economy. With the vast number of state-sponsored studies and with the State Plan becoming law, it would appear that the State was very active in promoting tourism development and the Hawaiʻi economy. However, the research indicates that the Japanese investors were motivated by other factors than by the actions of the State of Hawaiʻi. Although the state's economy grew, the individual tourism worker's income was less than the income in other industries in the state. Thus, the study addresses the effect of tourism on the residents of Hawaiʻi. Even though the State Plan mentioned the importance of the residents, the growth of tourism in the State had negative consequences on many residents. These problems were seen not only in income levels but also in the sociocultural and environmental impacts on the residents. In sum, this study found that the State's policies were inconsequential to Japanese hotel investment, and while the State promoted positive consequences from tourism, there were negative consequences, especially in the long run. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 236-264). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / x, 264 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

This thesis argues that landscapes are products of language, that the meaning of a landscape depends upon how it is presented and interpreted in the course of human communication. It is also argued that the field of rhetoric—as a body of theory, ideas, and methods for interpreting the persuasive use of language—can assist human geographers in their attempts to interpret landscapes. These positions are put to work in a study of the promotion of tourist landscapes by the British Columbia government. Two time periods are examined: first, presentations of landscape during the 1920s and 1930s, and second the 1970s and 1980s. These periods are similar in that they are periods of transition—periods in which the tourism industry underwent significant change. The first period is associated with the development of mass tourism, and specifically with the emergence of the state as a major player in the tourist industry. The second period concerns the recent development of postmodern (alternative environmental and cultural) tourism. Postmodern tourism is characterized by the rejection of mass tourism and by the quest for real places and experiences. The thesis uses both qualitative and quantitative (computer-assisted content analysis) methods to examine how the state has rhetorically responded to these changes in its presentations of landscape. Changes are found in both periods, but they are gradual and incomplete. It is consequently argued that the state’s character as an author limits its audience and the strategies it may use for presenting tourist landscapes. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

“The Political and Cultural Economy of Sightseeing” examines how personnel within the state tourism bureaucracy struggled to balance the use of foreign tourism as a form of political, historical, and cultural representation with the demands of developing a revenue-generating service industry in a socialist economy. I argue that tourism, particularly the practice of sightseeing, played an important role in the creation of the “New China”: a re-imagination of the Chinese nation-state as a political, economic, social, and cultural entity under socialism. By focusing on particular elements of the state’s production of the tourist experience, including the formulation of itineraries, the regulation of tourist photography, and changing notions of customer service, this dissertation reexamines the ways the political and economic goals of the state converged during the Mao era (1949-1976) and through the early period of market reforms under Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s. This dissertation traces the development of tourism infrastructure in the first three decades after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, locating this history at the intersection of public diplomacy and economic development. It will help further our understanding of modern Chinese political and economic history, as well as the broader history of socialism in the twentieth century. “The Political and Cultural Economy of Sightseeing” focuses on the production of tourism rather than the consumption of it. It follows three main groups of actors in the tourism industry of the New China: tourism industry officials; the rank-and-file workers who fed, transported, and guided the tourists; and, to a lesser extent, the tourists themselves. Tourism officials, tourism workers, and tourists all had their own conceptions of the New China and the place of tourism in it. Tourism officials needed to know what the tourism industry meant for the politics and economy of the New China before they could show that new nation to others. Tourism workers needed to understand where their labor fit into the narrative of the New China in order to serve the tourists and serve “the people.” Finally, foreign tourists gazed upon the landscape of the New China in ways that tourism planners, guides, and service workers often struggled to anticipate and manage. Together, these three groups built a tourism industry and contributed to the establishment of a new national narrative.

The Kruger National Park (KNP) management has recently made considerable progress in enacting new policies to address biodiversity conservation and management challenges. However, the interlinkages among the new policies to support biodiversity conservation and management have not been evaluated, particularly the principles and approaches, and how these interact in terms of policy decision-making at the economic and political levels. This study seeks to evaluate the interlinkages among the new policies and how they affect one another, as an avenue to promote a more integrated and comprehensive policy implementation. These policies include the tourism policy, the elephant management policy, and the water provision policy. At policy-making level, the integration of these three policies enhances the possibilities for balancing and controlling the pressures exerted on environmental resources. At the implementation level, it offers a framework for the coordination of the interventions of the policies in space so as to recognise and capitalize on their synergies. Given the inevitably multifarious and departmentalized nature of policy formulation in the KNP, there is a need for the analysis of interlinkages amongst policies. The conceptual framework underpinning this study derives much from Briassoulis’ (2004) policy integration. The research utilizes both qualitative and quantitative research methods, and focuses on selected camp sites within the Park. The findings indicate that current procedures for tourism policy-making and implementation are weak, and little is done by way of impact assessment. This has been attributed to the lack of capacity at the KNP. The findings also reconfirm that policy-making is too fragmented. As a result, policy coordination and cooperation among park managers is weak. This study suggests that an environmental policy integration approach can lead to improved policy-making and implementation. Informed by the data collected from interviews, questionnaires and document analyses, a management framework has been developed to demonstrate how an integrated approach to Environmental Policy Integration (EPI) or management can help sustain the practice of wildlife tourism and support biodiversity conservation. It is concluded that greater realisation of integrated policy-making and implementation in the KNP can be achieved by establishing a formal coordinating office. However, a special feature of KNP policy-making is its widespread consultation system that can provide a fertile ground for enhancing EPI.

Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Information on tourism trends and visitor numbers is often lacking at a local level. Municipalities and stakeholders are often unaware of important tourism trends that affect their businesses. This is especially true for the rural town of Underberg in KwaZulu-Natal. To address this lack of information an exploratory study has been conducted to estimate the economic impact of tourism in the district. Surveys and interviews were used to gain insight into the behaviour and expenditure of visitors and into the business of accommodation establishments. The findings of these surveys allow for estimations of tourism impact to be calculated for different levels of occupancy in the district. These provide an indication of the magnitude of the tourism sector in the district. The calculations also take into account the secondary effects of tourism through the use of applicable tourism multipliers that provide an idea of the total effect of tourism on the economy. The study demonstrates that certain segments spend more than others and confirms the notion that nature and adventure tourism activities are the major contributors to the tourism economy. The effect of events, timeshare and the ownership of property is also taken into account in these estimations as they have a tangible impact on the economy. While only an estimation, the results indicate quite clearly that tourism is a significant contributor to the district’s economy. An analysis of employment created by tourism, along with an applicable tourism multiplier, suggests that up to 30 per cent of the employed people in the district are directly or indirectly employed by tourism activities. Key to the development of tourism in the district is the need for proper destination management that will lead to an increase in visitor days as well as an increase in tourism revenue. The information generated here will assist in devising strategies for proper destination management. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inligting oor toerismetendense en besoekergetalle is gewoonlik gebrekkig op ’n plaaslike vlak. Munisipaliteite en rolspelers is dikwels onbewus van belangrike tendense wat hul ondernemings beïnvloed. Dit geld veral vir die landelike dorp Underberg in KwaZulu-Natal. Om aandag te skenk aan hierdie gebrek aan inligting word ’n verkennende studie onderneem om die ekonomiese impak van toerisme in die distrik te bepaal. Vraelyste en onderhoude is ingespan om insig te verkry in die gedrag en besteding van besoekers, en die ondernemings van akkommodasieverskaffers. Die bevindinge van hierdie opnames maak dit moontlik om die geraamde toerisme-impak vir verskillende vlakke van okkupasie in die gebied te bereken. Dit verskaf ’n aanduiding van die omvang van die toerismesektor in die distrik. Die berekeninge neem ook die sekondêre uitwerking van toerisme in ag en gebruik toepaslike toerismevermenigvuldigers om beter insig in die algehele uitwerking van toerisme op die ekonomie te verkry. Die studie toon aan dat sekere segmente meer as ander spandeer en bevestig die vermoede dat natuur- en avontuur-toerismeaktiwiteite die vernaamste bydrae tot die toerisme-ekonomie lewer. Die uitwerking van spesifieke byeenkomste, deeltitel en die eienaarskap van eiendom word ook in ag geneem omdat dit ’n tasbare uitwerking op die ekonomie het. Hoewel die berekening slegs ’n beraming is, toon die resultate baie duidelik dat toerisme ’n beduidende bydrae tot die distrik se ekonomie lewer. ’n Ontleding van werkskepping deur toerisme tesame met ’n toepaslike toerismevermenigvuldiger dui daarop dat tot 30 persent van die werknemers in die omgewing direk of indirek van toerisme-aktiwiteite vir werk afhanklik is. Die behoefte aan behoorlike bestemmingsbestuur is van deurslaggewende belang vir die ontwikkeling van toerisme, ’n toename in die aantal besoekerdae en ’n toename in inkomste uit toerisme. Die inligting wat uit hierdie navorsingsverslag voortspruit, sal help om strategieë vir behoorlike bestemmingsbestuur te ontwikkel.

Over the past few decades, the development of coastal areas has become an increasingly contested arena. For many years, tourism in remote coastal areas has been the preserve of a few intrepid campers, surfers and recreational fishers. More recently, however, numbers along parts of the coast have increased rapidly, not only contributing to an expansion of camping activity, but also pressure for more commercially oriented tourism. This has contributed to concerns about the environmental sustainability of tourism in remote coastal areas. Governments have increasingly been faced with the challenge of balancing ecological concerns with the pursuit of economic development. Adding to the complexity are the differing needs and demands of various segments of the tourism market all looking to enjoy particular places. Balancing the demands of campers, backpackers, package tourists and others in a single place is often wrought with conflict. This study explores some of these issues in a remote coastal area in Western Australia. The Ningaloo coast has evolved from a difficult to reach destination used by a small number of campers, to one of Western Australia's most popular tourist destinations in just two decades. The thesis examines the factors underlying the growth and change of tourism in the region, tracing its evolution from a few small rudimentary campsites to proposals for large scale resort developments. Of particular interest to this thesis is how planning and policy processes aim to address developmental pressures and resource use/planning conflicts. Additionally, this study provides an insight into the issues facing the informal, long term camper as the traditional segment of Ningaloo's tourism market. It examines how current planning and policy for the Ningaloo coastline affects this group by reshaping traditional tourism use of the area.

Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Tourism is regarded as the world’s largest industry. The various contributions the industry can make towards the global economy and towards creating employment has been acknowledged. In South Africa, sport has been used as a method of nation building and a way of building the country’s national prestige since its re-entry into the global community. The two sectors, tourism and sports, accompany with them the potential to create employment and generate economic spin-offs, as well as enhancing the quality of life for citizens. In light of the many benefits that sport and tourism can generate, South Africa has attempted to host and participate in numerous sports events. Since the end of apartheid, it has hosted several international sporting events, which include the Rugby World Cup in 1995 and the Cricket World Cup in 2003 as well as continental sporting events such as the Africa Cup of Nations in 1996. South Africa has also hosted international events of a smaller degree, which include the Presidents Cup 2003, held in George in the Western Cape. Golf tourism in the Garden Route in particular has escalated to a large degree. Some of the top golf courses can be found there and thus the Western Cape province is closely linked to the golf industry. The main focus of this study is to explore the impact that the Presidents Cup had on the town of George, its community members as well as its contribution towards the tourism industry. It attempts to investigate whether the event generated economic spin offs and whether it has resulted in development for the town and its people. Through a series of face- to- face interviews, the study explores what the perceptions are among key stakeholders in the community concerning the economic and other spin offs. One of the key findings is that the event has contributed to the escalation of various new golf estates in and around George and these has left community members disgruntled. This has resulted in provincial government placing a moratorium on any further development of golf estates along the Garden Route. It has also amounted to property values rising, making it difficult for the locals to afford proper housing. In an attempt to adequately address the issues that have been raised and to preserve and maintain the natural environment for future generations, it is the contention of this study that sustainable development is pivotal. If implemented in a proper way it can have far reaching benefits for all.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

MA (Political Science) / Department of Development Studies / See the attached abstract below