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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Avaliação preliminar do tratamento de pacientes portadoras de câncer de ovário avançado com nanopartícula lipídica associada ao quimioterápico paclitaxel / Preliminary evaluation of treatment of patients with advanced ovarian cancer with lipid nanoparticle associated with chemotherapy paclitaxel

Vital, Carolina Graziani 17 January 2017 (has links)
Introdução: O câncer de ovário é frequentemente diagnosticado em estágios avançados e é pouco responsivo aos tratamentos empregados atualmente. O tratamento de primeira linha consiste em esquemas incluindo cirurgia citorredutora seguido de quimioterapia adjuvante por derivados de platina e taxano. Os esquemas de segunda linha são baseados em gemcitabina e doxorrubicina lipossomal. Em seguida, a doença tende a progredir rapidamente e a quimioterapia não é indicada pela ausência de resposta e pela alta toxicidade desses medicamentos. Anteriormente, mostramos que nanopartículas lipídicas semelhantes à composição química da LDL, porém sem proteína, e associadas à agentes antineoplásicos são captadas por células neoplásicas. Objetivos: Testamos a hipótese se o paclitaxel associado à nanopartícula poderia beneficiar com segurança pacientes com câncer de ovário avançado e refratário ao tratamento, e portanto, não mais elegíveis para quimioterapia convencional. Métodos: Quatorze mulheres com câncer de ovário avançado de 61 ± 10 anos, com estadiamento clínico IV e TqNqM1 (FIGO e TNM Scale, respectivamente) que não eram responsivas à quimioterapia em terceira linha foram incluídas no estudo. O tratamento consistiu com o paclitaxel associado à nanopartícula na dose 175 mg/m2 de superfície corporal, a cada 3 semanas. As pacientes foram submetidas a exames clínicos antes de cada ciclo de quimioterapia. Determinações bioquímicas séricas e exames de imagem foram realizados para acompanhamento de novas lesões ou progressão da doença. Resultados: Foi realizado o total de 74 ciclos, e não foram observadas toxicidades laboratoriais e clínicas. Em quatro pacientes a doença permaneceu estável. Conclusões: A notável ausência de toxicidade, não registrada na literatura até hoje nos vários sistemas de veiculação descritos abre uma nova perspectiva de tratamento da doença. Evita-se o desconforto e os riscos da quimioterapia convencional, podem ser incluídos pacientes muito idosos ou com outras fragilidades que contraindiquem a quimioterapia e não há limite para a continuação do tratamento. / Introduction: Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages and is poorly responsive to standard treatment. First-line treatment consists in schemes including citorreductive surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy schemes with platinum and taxane derivatives. Second-line regimens are based in gemcitabine and liposomal doxorubicin. Thereafter, the disease progresses rapidly and chemotherapy is no longer indicated for lack of response rate together with high toxicity of antineoplastic agents. Previously, we showed that non-protein lipid nanoparticles resembling chemical structure of LDL, however without protein and associated with antineoplastic agents are uptaken by neoplastic cells. Aims: We tested the hypothesis whether paclitaxel associated to the nanoparticle could safely benefit patients with advanced ovarian cancer refractory to previous treatment, thus not eligible for further conventional chemotherapy. Methodology: Fourteen women with advanced ovarian cancer aged 61 ± 10 years were included, with clinical stage IV and TqNqM1 (FIGO and TNM Scale, respectively) that were unresponsive for third line chemotherapy treatments. Treatment consisted with paclitaxel associated to the nanoparticle at 175 mg/m2 body surface dose, every 3 weeks. Patients were submitted to clinical examinations before each chemotherapy cycle. Serum biochemistry determinations and imaging exams were performed to monitoring new lesions or disease progression. Results: Total of 74 cycles of chemotherapy was performed, clinical and laboratorial toxicities were not observed. Four patients stayed with stable disease. Conclusions: The notable absence of toxicity, not recorded in the oncology literature to date described in various drug delivery systems, opens a new perspective on the treatment of cancer. Avoiding the discomfort and risks of conventional chemotherapy, can be included very aged patients or with other weaknesses, that chemotherapy is contraindicated, and there is no limit for continued treatment.
2

Avaliação preliminar do tratamento de pacientes portadoras de câncer de ovário avançado com nanopartícula lipídica associada ao quimioterápico paclitaxel / Preliminary evaluation of treatment of patients with advanced ovarian cancer with lipid nanoparticle associated with chemotherapy paclitaxel

Carolina Graziani Vital 17 January 2017 (has links)
Introdução: O câncer de ovário é frequentemente diagnosticado em estágios avançados e é pouco responsivo aos tratamentos empregados atualmente. O tratamento de primeira linha consiste em esquemas incluindo cirurgia citorredutora seguido de quimioterapia adjuvante por derivados de platina e taxano. Os esquemas de segunda linha são baseados em gemcitabina e doxorrubicina lipossomal. Em seguida, a doença tende a progredir rapidamente e a quimioterapia não é indicada pela ausência de resposta e pela alta toxicidade desses medicamentos. Anteriormente, mostramos que nanopartículas lipídicas semelhantes à composição química da LDL, porém sem proteína, e associadas à agentes antineoplásicos são captadas por células neoplásicas. Objetivos: Testamos a hipótese se o paclitaxel associado à nanopartícula poderia beneficiar com segurança pacientes com câncer de ovário avançado e refratário ao tratamento, e portanto, não mais elegíveis para quimioterapia convencional. Métodos: Quatorze mulheres com câncer de ovário avançado de 61 ± 10 anos, com estadiamento clínico IV e TqNqM1 (FIGO e TNM Scale, respectivamente) que não eram responsivas à quimioterapia em terceira linha foram incluídas no estudo. O tratamento consistiu com o paclitaxel associado à nanopartícula na dose 175 mg/m2 de superfície corporal, a cada 3 semanas. As pacientes foram submetidas a exames clínicos antes de cada ciclo de quimioterapia. Determinações bioquímicas séricas e exames de imagem foram realizados para acompanhamento de novas lesões ou progressão da doença. Resultados: Foi realizado o total de 74 ciclos, e não foram observadas toxicidades laboratoriais e clínicas. Em quatro pacientes a doença permaneceu estável. Conclusões: A notável ausência de toxicidade, não registrada na literatura até hoje nos vários sistemas de veiculação descritos abre uma nova perspectiva de tratamento da doença. Evita-se o desconforto e os riscos da quimioterapia convencional, podem ser incluídos pacientes muito idosos ou com outras fragilidades que contraindiquem a quimioterapia e não há limite para a continuação do tratamento. / Introduction: Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages and is poorly responsive to standard treatment. First-line treatment consists in schemes including citorreductive surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy schemes with platinum and taxane derivatives. Second-line regimens are based in gemcitabine and liposomal doxorubicin. Thereafter, the disease progresses rapidly and chemotherapy is no longer indicated for lack of response rate together with high toxicity of antineoplastic agents. Previously, we showed that non-protein lipid nanoparticles resembling chemical structure of LDL, however without protein and associated with antineoplastic agents are uptaken by neoplastic cells. Aims: We tested the hypothesis whether paclitaxel associated to the nanoparticle could safely benefit patients with advanced ovarian cancer refractory to previous treatment, thus not eligible for further conventional chemotherapy. Methodology: Fourteen women with advanced ovarian cancer aged 61 ± 10 years were included, with clinical stage IV and TqNqM1 (FIGO and TNM Scale, respectively) that were unresponsive for third line chemotherapy treatments. Treatment consisted with paclitaxel associated to the nanoparticle at 175 mg/m2 body surface dose, every 3 weeks. Patients were submitted to clinical examinations before each chemotherapy cycle. Serum biochemistry determinations and imaging exams were performed to monitoring new lesions or disease progression. Results: Total of 74 cycles of chemotherapy was performed, clinical and laboratorial toxicities were not observed. Four patients stayed with stable disease. Conclusions: The notable absence of toxicity, not recorded in the oncology literature to date described in various drug delivery systems, opens a new perspective on the treatment of cancer. Avoiding the discomfort and risks of conventional chemotherapy, can be included very aged patients or with other weaknesses, that chemotherapy is contraindicated, and there is no limit for continued treatment.
3

Hochdosischemotherapie bei Hodentumoren

Krusch, Andreas 24 November 2000 (has links)
Die Hochdosischemotherapie (HDCT) wurde als Therapiestrategie zur Verbesserung des Therapieansprechens bei Patienten mit rezidivierten und/oder refraktären Keimzelltumoren entwickelt. Im Zeitraum von August 1989 bis September 1995 wurden insgesamt 150 Patienten mit rezidivierten und/oder refraktären Keimzelltumoren in konsekutive Therapieprotokolle mit einer konventionell-dosierten Chemotherapie gefolgt von einem Zyklus HDCT mit Carboplatin in der Dosierung 1500-2000 mg/m², Etoposide in der Dosierung 1200-2400 mg/m² und Ifosfamid in der Dosierung 0-10 g/m² eingeschlossen und retrospektiv ausgewertet. Nach einem medianen Follow-up von 55 Monaten (Spanne 21-88 Monate) lebten 51/150 (34%) Patienten und waren tumorfrei. Das berechnete ereignisfreie Überleben lag bei 29%, das Gesamtüberleben bei 39%. Die Bedeutung von Prognosefaktoren für das Therapieansprechen auf HDCT wurden prospektiv bestätigt. Persistierende Toxizitäten traten bei gut einem Drittel der Langzeitüberlebenden auf. Die intensivierte Behandlung mit HDCT resultierte in einem signifikanten Anteil an Langzeitüberlebenden bei Patienten mit rezidivierten und/oder refraktären Keimzelltumoren. Klinische Studien zur prospektiven Evaluierung der HDCT als frühe Therapieintervention scheinen gerechtfertigt. / High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) has evolved as a strategy to improve treatment outcome in patients with relapsed and/or refractory germ cell tumors. Between August 1989 and September 1995, 150 consecutive patients with relapsed and/or refractory germ cell tumors were treated with conventional-dose salvage chemotherapy followed by one cycle of HDCT with carboplation 1500-2000 mg/m², etoposide 1200-2400 mg/m² and ifosfamide 0-10 g/m² and were retrospetively analysed. With a median follow-up time of 55 month (range 21-88 month) 51/150 (34%) patients were alive and disease free. The projected event-free and overall survival are 29% and 39% respectively. The relevance of prognostic variables for long-term survival after HDCT were prospectively confirmed. Persisting toxicities occured in approximately one third of long-term survivors. Treatment intensification with HDCT resulted in a significant proportion of long-term survivors in patients with relapsed and/or refractory germ cell tumors. Trials to prospetively evaluate HDCT as an early intervention in these patients semm justified.
4

A Questionnaire Study to Assess the Value of the Vulnerable Elders Survey, G8, and Predictors of Toxicity as Screening Tools for Frailty and Toxicity in Geriatric Cancer Patients

Hentschel, Leopold, Rentsch, Anke, Lenz, Felicitas, Hornemann, Beate, Schmitt, Jochen, Baumann, Michael, Ehninger, Gerhard, Schuler, Markus 22 May 2020 (has links)
Background: The aim of this study was to identify an appropriate screening instrument for the identification of frail elderly patients in a tertiary cancer center. In order to improve cancer care for older patients, the use of a geriatric assessment (GA) has been proposed to identify frail patients or those who are at a higher risk for chemotherapy-related toxicities. In busy clinical routine, an appropriate screening instrument could be used to spare time- and resource-consuming application of GA. Patients and Methods: We administered the Vulnerable Elders Survey (VES-13), G8 questionnaire, and Predictors of Toxicity (POT) as well as a GA at the first visit of 84 consecutive patients at a single Comprehensive Cancer Center. Analysis for patients’ characteristics as well as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value (npv) was conducted. Results: The median age of the patients was 73 years (range 63–93 years), 61.9% were male, most (63%) suffered from gastrointestinal tumors, 39.3% had a multiple cancer diagnosis, and 53.6% had metastasis. 30 (35.7%) individuals were classified as ‘frail’ by the GA. Sensitivity of G8 was 38.3%, and the npv was 63.8%. Sensitivity for VES-13 was 57.1%, and npv was 76.3%. Sensitivity of POT was 72.7%, and the npv was 80.6%. Conclusion: For the first time, the VES13, G8, and POT are compared in a sample of older German patients. The POT seems to be a sufficient screening tool to identify frail patients in a tertiary referral cancer center and helps to save time and resources compared with a complete GA.
5

Évaluation de l'effet de la radiothérapie sur la fonction pulmonaire avec la tomodensitométrie à double-énergie

Zhang, Shen 04 1900 (has links)
La radiothérapie est une modalité importante dans le traitement de néoplasie telle que le cancer pulmonaire. Cependant, les poumons sont susceptibles à des toxicités radio-induites comme la pneumonie radique et la fibrose pulmonaire radique. Plusieurs patients souffrant du cancer pulmonaire ont aussi des comorbidités tel la maladie obstructive pulmonaire chronique, qui affecte déjà leur fonction respiratoire. Actuellement, la planification de la radiothérapie tient compte de l’anatomie mais non de la fonction différentielle des poumons. La planification de la radiothérapie guidée par la fonction aurait pour but d’inclure cette fonction différentielle dans le processus de planification, évitant l’irradiation du parenchyme sain et améliorant le profil de toxicités du traitement. Différentes techniques d’imagerie fonctionnelle sont présentement à l’étude. La tomodensitométrie à double-énergie (DECT, dual-energy computed tomography) est une technique qui utilises des rayons-X d’énergie différente, permettant une meilleure différentiation du matériel. L’article présenté dans ce mémoire étudie une technique préalablement décrite de décomposition de matériaux qui utilise des cartographies d’iodine dérivées des images de DECT avec contraste. Nous avons réalisé une étude longitudinale de la perfusion pulmonaire, un indicateur de la fonction respiratoire. Des patients avec un cancer pulmonaire traités avec radiothérapie stéréotaxique ou conventionnelle ont été recrutés de façon prospective et ont eu un DECT avec contraste avant le début des traitements et 6 et 12 mois post-traitement. Des réponses fonctionnelles normalisées ont été calculées à 6 et 12 mois pour 3 catégories de dose d’irradiation : moins de 5 Gray, 5-20 Gray et plus de 20 Gray. Aux analyses statistiques, nous avons observé une corrélation de cette réponse avec la dose de radiation reçue. Les régions qui ont reçu le plus de dose ont démontré une plus grande baisse de fonction. La réponse fonctionnelle normalisée est également corrélée avec le temps écoulé post-radiothérapie. Nous avons conclu que la cartographie d’iodine dérivée du DECT permet d’évaluer l’effet de la dose de radiation sur les changements fonctionnels du parenchyme pulmonaire post-radiothérapie. Ainsi, le DECT permet d'évaluer les changements de fonction pulmonaire post-radiothérapie et pourrait être utilisé pour évaluer les dommages post-radiques. / Radiotherapy is an important modality in the treatment of malignancies such as lung cancer. However, the lungs are susceptible to radiation-induced lung injury such as radiation pneumonitis and radiation fibrosis. In addition, many lung cancer patients also suffer from comorbidities such as chronic obstructive lung disease, which affect their baseline respiratory function. Current standard of care for radiotherapy planning considers the anatomy but not the differential function of the lungs. Function-guided radiotherapy planning would seek to include the differential function of the lungs, avoiding the irradiation of healthy parenchyma, therefore improving the toxicity profile of the treatment. Currently, different functional imaging techniques are being studied for this purpose. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is a technique which uses two X-rays of different energy, allowing improved material differentiation. The article presented in this thesis studies the use of a previously described 2-material decomposition technique using iodine maps derived from contrast-enhanced DECT images. This allows for the longitudinal evaluation of lung perfusion, a surrogate for respiratory function. Lung cancer patients who were treated with stereotactic radiotherapy or conventional radiotherapy were prospectively enrolled and underwent a contrast-enhanced DECT before the treatment and at 6 and 12 months post-treatment. Normalized functional responses were calculated at 6 and 12 months for three dose ranges: less than 5 Gray, 5-20 Gray and more than 20 Gray. This normalized functional response was found to correlate with the dose received. The regions receiving the most radiation dose demonstrate the greatest decrease in function. It was also found be correlated with the time elapsed after radiotherapy. We concluded that DECT-derived iodine maps can be used to evaluate the dose-response effect of radiation on lungs. DECT can therefore be an interesting technique to study post-treatment pulmonary parenchymal changes and can be used to assess post-radiation damage.
6

Estudo farmacognóstico e toxicológico de Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Anacardiaceae) Clone CCP-76 / Pharmacognostic and toxicological study of Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Anacardiaceae) Clone CCP-76

Konan, N'Zi André 05 May 2006 (has links)
Os extratos totais, assim como os compostos fenólicos isolados de diferentes partes de Anacardium occidentale conhecido popularmente no Brasil como cajueiro mostraram atividades antiúlcera e antibacteriana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a verificação destas atividades nas folhas, estudo farmacobotânico, químico e toxicológico. Para a analise anatômica foram utilizados cortes do terço mediano inferior da lâmina fotiar. Nesta, as epidermes em vista frontal apresentam cutícula estriada, na face abaxial, a epiderme é constituída de células de formato poligonal, com paredes bem justapostas. Na face adaxial, as células são de paredes espessas, ligeiramente onduladas. A mesma é constituída de estômatos de tipo anomocítico e de tricomas glandulares de forma ovóide. O mesófilo é constituído de duas camadas de parênquima paliçádico, espessas, de forma quase regular e de parênquima lacunoso com células de forma irregular, envolvendo os feixes vasculares de nervuras secundarias. Extensões de fibras são observadas no mesófilo. A nervura mediana possui um colênquima desenvolvido e ductos são encontrados no floema assim como no parênquima medular. Drusas são encontradas no parênquima lacunoso assim como no parênquima fundamental e no colênquima. A partir da triagem fitoquímica, da cromatografia em camada delgada, cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência e cromatografia liquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa, verificou-se a presença nas folhas de cajueiro de compostos polifenólicos, particularmente de heterosídeos flavonóidicos. As estruturas de flavonóide que parecem ser mais evidentes, de acordo com a cromatografia liquida acoplada a massa, são principalmente os heterosídeos da quercetina. O extrato etanol 70% liofilizado das folhas do cajueiro foi submetido ao modelo agudo da úlcera gástrica em ratos e a ensaio antibacteriano, ensaiando as linhagens de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escheríchía coli ATCC 35218 e ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aerugínosa ATCC 27853 e de Campylobacter coli. Na úlcera aguda, a área relativa de lesão ulcerativa foi diminuída de 98% na dose 400mg/kg, em relação ao controle. A partir de um estudo de doses crescentes sobre a inibição de úlcera, a DE50 foi calculada como 150 mg/kg e as doses de extrato maiores ou iguais a 100 mg/kg exibiram uma inibição de lesão ulcerativa melhor que o lansoprazol 30mg. A fração metanólica, que inibiu as ulcerações de 88,20%, deve conter alguns dos princípios ativos da atividade antiúlcera. Quanto ao teste antimicrobiano, foram obtidas concentrações inibitória mínima e bactericida mínima, iguais a 320 &#181;g/mL, particularmente com a linhagem Staphylococcus aureus, a partir do extrato bruto e da sua fração rica em flavonóides. A partir de ensaio de toxicidade aguda em camundongos e ratos, a DL50 do extrato bruto foi considerada superior a 2000 mg/kg. Foi feito um estudo de toxicidade de administração reiterada em 30 e 90 dias. Baseados em analises bioquímicas para avaliação da função renal e da função hepato-biliar, os parâmetros uréia, creatinina, transaminases, proteína total, albumina, colesterol e cálcio tendem a comprovar que o produto é bem tolerado pelo organismo dos ratos. Este fato é também confirmado pelo estudo hematológico e pela histopatologia, não ocorrendo alterações, após administração subaguda do extrato em ratos. O potencial mutagênico foi avaliado através do teste de Ames e do teste do micronúcleo de medula óssea em camundongo. Foi obtido indício de indução de \"frameshift\" e substituição de pares de bases. Na dose de 2000mg/kg, o extrato de cajueiro parece induzir danos nos cromossomos porém, o fenômeno parece ser extremamente inferior (p<0,001) ao efeito clastogênico induzido pela ciclofosfamida, utilizada como agente mutagênico de referência. / Crude extracts as well as phenolics isolated from the bark or the fruit of Anacardium occidentale popularly known as cajueiro in Brazil, showed antiulcer and antibacterial effects. The aim of this work was to verify those effects in the leaf, botanical, chemical and toxicological studies. Ultrastructure of the leaf was carried on. Cross-sections from the third inferior part of the leaf blade were used. Cashew leaf contains uniseriate epidermis with a sub-eperdimic layer, anomocytic stomata and glandular ovoid trichomes on the inferior surface. The mesophyll exhibits two cell layers of palisadic parenchyma and a lacunose parenchyma containing vascular bundles of the secondary nervures. The median nervure contains a developed collenchyma. Several druses of calcium oxalate are present in the fundamental parenchyma, lacunose parenchyma and in the collenchyma. Resin ducts are also observed in the phloem as well as in the medullar parenchyma. Extensions of sclerenchymatous fibres are observed in the mesophyll. By phytochemical analyses using TLC, HPLC-DAD and positive ions LC-ESIMS, we verified the presence of polyphenols in cashew leaves particularly heterosids of flavonoids. From LC-ESI-MS, evident structures of flavonoids seemed to be heterosids of quercetin. Ethanol 70% extract of cashew leaves was used for antiulcer and antibacterial essays. With extract dose 400mg/kg, ulcer lesions induced by HCL/ethanol 60% in rats, decreased about 98%. By a dose-response effect study, ED50 was evaluated about 150 mg/kg. Extract doses higher than 100mg/kg showed potential of lesion inhibition superior to lansoprazol 30mg. Extract methanolic fraction that gave 88,20% of ulcer inhibition likely contains the principie active of the antiulcer effect. Using bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and a clinical isolate Campylobacter coli, for antibacterial essay, the ethanolic extract and one fraction rich in flavonoids were only active in S. aureus with MIC and MBC equal to 320 &#181;g/mL. Acute, 30-day and 90-day subacute toxicity studies were carried out. Crude extract DL50 was superior to 2000mg/kg. Based on biochemical analyses for the evaluation of renal and hepato-biliary functions, level of urea, creatinine, transaminases, total protein, albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol and calcium proved that the extract is biologically tolerated by rat organismo This result was also confirmed by studies in hematology and histopathology. Genotoxity was accessed by Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102 and bone marrow micronucleus test in mice. The extract exhibited sign of frameshift and base pairs substitution. Extract dose 2000mglkg seemed to induce damage in the chromosomes however; the activity was extremely inferior to the c1astogenic effect induced by ciclophosphamide.
7

Estudo farmacognóstico e toxicológico de Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Anacardiaceae) Clone CCP-76 / Pharmacognostic and toxicological study of Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Anacardiaceae) Clone CCP-76

N'Zi André Konan 05 May 2006 (has links)
Os extratos totais, assim como os compostos fenólicos isolados de diferentes partes de Anacardium occidentale conhecido popularmente no Brasil como cajueiro mostraram atividades antiúlcera e antibacteriana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a verificação destas atividades nas folhas, estudo farmacobotânico, químico e toxicológico. Para a analise anatômica foram utilizados cortes do terço mediano inferior da lâmina fotiar. Nesta, as epidermes em vista frontal apresentam cutícula estriada, na face abaxial, a epiderme é constituída de células de formato poligonal, com paredes bem justapostas. Na face adaxial, as células são de paredes espessas, ligeiramente onduladas. A mesma é constituída de estômatos de tipo anomocítico e de tricomas glandulares de forma ovóide. O mesófilo é constituído de duas camadas de parênquima paliçádico, espessas, de forma quase regular e de parênquima lacunoso com células de forma irregular, envolvendo os feixes vasculares de nervuras secundarias. Extensões de fibras são observadas no mesófilo. A nervura mediana possui um colênquima desenvolvido e ductos são encontrados no floema assim como no parênquima medular. Drusas são encontradas no parênquima lacunoso assim como no parênquima fundamental e no colênquima. A partir da triagem fitoquímica, da cromatografia em camada delgada, cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência e cromatografia liquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa, verificou-se a presença nas folhas de cajueiro de compostos polifenólicos, particularmente de heterosídeos flavonóidicos. As estruturas de flavonóide que parecem ser mais evidentes, de acordo com a cromatografia liquida acoplada a massa, são principalmente os heterosídeos da quercetina. O extrato etanol 70% liofilizado das folhas do cajueiro foi submetido ao modelo agudo da úlcera gástrica em ratos e a ensaio antibacteriano, ensaiando as linhagens de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escheríchía coli ATCC 35218 e ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aerugínosa ATCC 27853 e de Campylobacter coli. Na úlcera aguda, a área relativa de lesão ulcerativa foi diminuída de 98% na dose 400mg/kg, em relação ao controle. A partir de um estudo de doses crescentes sobre a inibição de úlcera, a DE50 foi calculada como 150 mg/kg e as doses de extrato maiores ou iguais a 100 mg/kg exibiram uma inibição de lesão ulcerativa melhor que o lansoprazol 30mg. A fração metanólica, que inibiu as ulcerações de 88,20%, deve conter alguns dos princípios ativos da atividade antiúlcera. Quanto ao teste antimicrobiano, foram obtidas concentrações inibitória mínima e bactericida mínima, iguais a 320 &#181;g/mL, particularmente com a linhagem Staphylococcus aureus, a partir do extrato bruto e da sua fração rica em flavonóides. A partir de ensaio de toxicidade aguda em camundongos e ratos, a DL50 do extrato bruto foi considerada superior a 2000 mg/kg. Foi feito um estudo de toxicidade de administração reiterada em 30 e 90 dias. Baseados em analises bioquímicas para avaliação da função renal e da função hepato-biliar, os parâmetros uréia, creatinina, transaminases, proteína total, albumina, colesterol e cálcio tendem a comprovar que o produto é bem tolerado pelo organismo dos ratos. Este fato é também confirmado pelo estudo hematológico e pela histopatologia, não ocorrendo alterações, após administração subaguda do extrato em ratos. O potencial mutagênico foi avaliado através do teste de Ames e do teste do micronúcleo de medula óssea em camundongo. Foi obtido indício de indução de \"frameshift\" e substituição de pares de bases. Na dose de 2000mg/kg, o extrato de cajueiro parece induzir danos nos cromossomos porém, o fenômeno parece ser extremamente inferior (p<0,001) ao efeito clastogênico induzido pela ciclofosfamida, utilizada como agente mutagênico de referência. / Crude extracts as well as phenolics isolated from the bark or the fruit of Anacardium occidentale popularly known as cajueiro in Brazil, showed antiulcer and antibacterial effects. The aim of this work was to verify those effects in the leaf, botanical, chemical and toxicological studies. Ultrastructure of the leaf was carried on. Cross-sections from the third inferior part of the leaf blade were used. Cashew leaf contains uniseriate epidermis with a sub-eperdimic layer, anomocytic stomata and glandular ovoid trichomes on the inferior surface. The mesophyll exhibits two cell layers of palisadic parenchyma and a lacunose parenchyma containing vascular bundles of the secondary nervures. The median nervure contains a developed collenchyma. Several druses of calcium oxalate are present in the fundamental parenchyma, lacunose parenchyma and in the collenchyma. Resin ducts are also observed in the phloem as well as in the medullar parenchyma. Extensions of sclerenchymatous fibres are observed in the mesophyll. By phytochemical analyses using TLC, HPLC-DAD and positive ions LC-ESIMS, we verified the presence of polyphenols in cashew leaves particularly heterosids of flavonoids. From LC-ESI-MS, evident structures of flavonoids seemed to be heterosids of quercetin. Ethanol 70% extract of cashew leaves was used for antiulcer and antibacterial essays. With extract dose 400mg/kg, ulcer lesions induced by HCL/ethanol 60% in rats, decreased about 98%. By a dose-response effect study, ED50 was evaluated about 150 mg/kg. Extract doses higher than 100mg/kg showed potential of lesion inhibition superior to lansoprazol 30mg. Extract methanolic fraction that gave 88,20% of ulcer inhibition likely contains the principie active of the antiulcer effect. Using bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and a clinical isolate Campylobacter coli, for antibacterial essay, the ethanolic extract and one fraction rich in flavonoids were only active in S. aureus with MIC and MBC equal to 320 &#181;g/mL. Acute, 30-day and 90-day subacute toxicity studies were carried out. Crude extract DL50 was superior to 2000mg/kg. Based on biochemical analyses for the evaluation of renal and hepato-biliary functions, level of urea, creatinine, transaminases, total protein, albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol and calcium proved that the extract is biologically tolerated by rat organismo This result was also confirmed by studies in hematology and histopathology. Genotoxity was accessed by Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102 and bone marrow micronucleus test in mice. The extract exhibited sign of frameshift and base pairs substitution. Extract dose 2000mglkg seemed to induce damage in the chromosomes however; the activity was extremely inferior to the c1astogenic effect induced by ciclophosphamide.
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Rôle de la tomodensitométrie à double énergie/double source pour la personnalisation des traitements de radiothérapie

Bahig, Houda 09 1900 (has links)
No description available.

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