Orientador: João Eduardo Guarnetti dos Santos / Banca: Luiz Gonzaga Campos Porto / Banca: Marizilda dos Santos Menezes / Banca: Antonio Gabriel Filho / Banca: Jair Rosas da Silva / Abstract: The introduction of new technologies in plantation fields, such as the use of tractors machines for agricultural activities, brought some problems to operators. The purpose of this research is to analyze the tractors and harvesters agricultural operator’s working place in order to avoid security and health problems that the use of new technologies may bring to them. For this research, eight tractors and two harvesters agricultural with average power of 66kw were used. All ten agricultural machines belong to the Universidade Estadual Paulista, city of Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The existing literature regarding to the diversity in ergonomics and agricultural tractors and harvesters was analyzed and discussed. Together with the ergonometry technical parameters and agricultural tractors and harvesters machines themselves, other researches were required such as those related to anthropometry, interface systems - information and action, human tiredness, noise, comfort - seats and conformities, biomechanics - control and handling, working environment and technology. At first, a demand analysis methodology was used by applying individual questionnaires to the operators of the agricultural machines in order to collect information, such as muscular and mental tiredness. The result of the demand analysis revealed the problem, and therefore, the need to apply an Ergonomic Analysis of the Work (AET) by using four approaches of this methodology. The approaches were: anthropometry, biomechanics, comfort and noise. In anthropometry, the method was applied by comparing the anthropometric measures to the measures of eight of the agricultural tractors machine 4 operators and two harvesters. In biomechanics the measures of control and handling location regarding two tractors and one harvester agricultural were taken, in that case, it was necessary a scientific method based on the existing... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Para o cenário da sustentabilidade da cana um dos problemas é o tráfego indiscriminado de rodados sobre as soqueiras, especialmente na colheita mecanizada, devido a desalinhamentos das fileiras de cana e dificuldade de manutenção dos veículos e composições devidamente afastados destas. Assim, as tecnologias de direcionamento automático estão ganhando espaço no setor sucroalcooleiro. No cenário da citricultura a implantação de um pomar é uma etapa de extrema importância econômica, uma vez que estão envolvidas diversas operações mecanizadas. O alinhamento das fileiras é feito manualmente, etapa que demanda a utilização de uma equipe composta por um topógrafo e cerca de 8 a 10 funcionários. A utilização de sistema de direcionamento automático (piloto automático) elimina esta operação consequentemente reduzindo o número de funcionários. A partir disso o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho da utilização de alguns modelos de piloto automático em cana-de-açúcar e citros. Na cultura da cana-de-açúcar o objetivo foi avaliar a acurácia de sistemas de piloto automático na operação de abertura de sulcos. Na cultura de citros o objetivo foi avaliar a acurácia do sistema de piloto automático na abertura de sulcos para transplantio e analisar o desempenho operacional e econômico do sistema de piloto automático confrontado como a prática usual, de alinhamento ótico e manual. No primeiro foram realizados ensaios combinando dois tipos de piloto automático (universal e integrado), na abertura de sulcos para plantio de cana, em diferentes tratores, com dois tipos de sinal de GPS (SF1 e RTK) na operação de abertura de sulcos em canade- açúcar para avaliar o erro de paralelismo dos equipamentos. Os ensaios foram realizados com três repetições em percursos retos e curvos. Para o cálculo dos erros de paralelismo utilisou-se um GPS com sinal RTK coletando os dados de cada percurso sendo possível determinar o posicionamento em relação à linha referencia A-B. A segunda parte do trabalho, com citros, foi dividida em duas etapas. A primeira consistiu em georreferenciar as plantas com sulcos feitos com e sem a utilização de piloto automático. Na segunda etapa do trabalho foi conduzida a avaliação da capacidade operacional da abertura de sulcos, com e sem a utilização de piloto automático coletando dados de tempos e de movimentos com um receptor de GPS. Para os ensaios em operação de abertura de sulcos no plantio de cana-de-açúcar com utilização do piloto automático o sistema integrado obteve melhor desempenho que o sistema universal tanto em percursos retos quanto em percursos curvos. Em percursos retos o sistema universal 200 obteve valores de erros médios menores que o sistema universal 100, o oposto ocorrendo em percursos curvos. O sinal RTK obteve melhor acurácia em relação ao sinal SF1. Na implantação de pomares de citros foi obtido um erro médio de desalinhamento de 0,08 m em sistema convencional de sulcagem contra um erro médio de 0,04 m do piloto automático. A operação de sulcagem utilizando o piloto automático apresentou uma eficiência de campo média menor. Porém, com piloto automático foi possível trabalhar com velocidades maiores, o que resultou numa maior capacidade de campo efetiva e consequentemente menor custo operacional. / For the sugarcane scenery one of the sustainability problems is the indiscriminate traffic of machinery wheels on the sugar cane, especially in the mechanical harvest, due to misalignment of the cane rows and difficulty of maintenance of the vehicles and compositions away of the crop rows. This is the reason the technologies of auto-guidance systems are succeeding in the sugar cane business. In the scenery of the citrus the implantation of an orchard is a stage of extreme economical importance due to the high cost, once several automated operations are involved. After the soil tillage, the manual alignment of the rows is accomplished for the transplanting, stage that demands the use of a team composed by a topographer and about 8 to 10 staffs. The use of auto-guidance systems provides the elimination of the manual alignment of the rows for transplanting and consequent reduction of the number of staffs. The technologies of autoguidance systems based on orientation through satellites intend to improve the alignment and the operational capacity of mechanized operations. The target of this work was to evaluate the performance of the use of some auto-guidance systems in sugarcane and citrus. In sugarcane the objective was to evaluate the accuracy of auto-guidance system in the furrows opening. In citrus the target was to evaluate the accuracy of auto-guidance systems in the opening furrows for transplanting and to analyze the operational and economical performance of an auto-guidance system compared to the usual practice, of optic and manual alignment. In the first test, on sugar cane, two types of guidance systems (universal and integrated) were involved, with two types of GPS signals (SF1 and RTK) and two types of tractors (Valtra BH 180 and John Deere 7815). Three replications were accomplished in the operation of opening furrows to evaluate parallelism errors of auto-guidance equipments in straight and curved tracks. The second part of the research was divided in two parts. The first stage consisted on georreferencing the plants in the field three months after the transplanting using both technologies for furrows opening, auto-pilot and manual alignment. In the second stage field capacities were evaluated by collecting data with a GPS receiver, with the tractor under the two conditions, with and without auto-guidance use. For the tests on opening furrows in sugarcane the integrated auto-guidance obtained better accuracy than the universal systems in straight tracks and in curved tracks, presenting lower aligning errors. In straight tracks the universal system 200 resulted in lower error values than the universal system 100. The universal system 100 resulted in lower errors in curved lines than the universal system 200. All the evaluated technologies obtained better performance in straight tracks. RTK signal had better accuracy when compared to SF1. In the implantation of citrus orchards the average aligning error on furrows opening was 0.08 m in the conventional system against 0.04 m for the auto-guidance systems. The opening of furrows operation using the auto-guidance presented lower field efficiency. However, with auto-guidance it was possible to work with higher speeds, what resulted in a higher field capacity and smaller operation cost.

Providing products that are customized to meet a specific customer's unique needs is challenging for companies. Product configuration systems are tools that enables parts of these activities to be performed automatically. However, there is a lack of systems designed to ensure that the configured products are based on customer needs. Decision support systems based on Multi-criteria decision making methods have the potential to solve this problem. Yet, there is a lack of knowledge regarding various multi-criteria decision making methods. Moreover, there is a need to reduce the complexity of the methods by incorporating them into user-friendly software’s. This research therefore investigates how the architecture of a decision support system based on multi-criteria decision making methods could be structured to include customer needs and suggest product configurations based on them. Through a literature review various methods are analyzed. In collaboration with an aircraft towing tractor manufacturer as a representative of customizable products the architecture of the system is developed. The study shows that a system based on a combination of Analytical Hierarchy Process, Quality Function Deployment and Expert system can solve the problem. This is to the authors knowledge the first study to use this combination. It provides an approach of how to ensure that product configurations can be aligned with customer needs and that the consistency of these needs is assured.

CNPq / As transformações que as indústrias vêm passando são uma representação de um novo período industrial também conhecido como Indústria 4.0. Neste cenário de inovações, os conceitos relacionados à Manufatura Inteligente fazem com que haja uma busca constante pela captura do conhecimento visando aprimorar a eficiência de produtos e processos. Portanto, alterações no projeto de produtos voltadas para a melhoria da confiabilidade devem ser realizadas nas etapas inicias do Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP) para que os impactos técnicos e econômicos sejam reduzidos. É neste contexto que a abordagem Design for Reliability (DfR) surge como o conjunto de atividades que tem como intuito garantir a confiabilidade de um produto durante todas as etapas do seu ciclo de vida. Analisando as pesquisas mais recentes acerca do assunto e informações fornecidas por uma empresa de maquinários agrícolas, observou-se que em nenhum caso houve uma implementação do DfR nas etapas iniciais do PDP para determinação do plano de testes a partir do perfil de uso de algum produto. Dessa forma, estabeleceu-se o objetivo desta pesquisa de acordo com a elaboração de um método, baseado em um modelo ontológico, que permita a determinação do plano de testes eficaz e adequado às características de uso dos produtos. Para que esse método fosse desenvolvido, a abordagem metodológica Design Science Research (DSR) foi adotada. Dessa maneira, seis etapas tiveram de ser percorridas: 1) identificação do problema e motivação; 2) definição dos objetivos e solução; 3) projeto e desenvolvimento; 4) demonstração; 5) avaliação e 6) comunicação dos resultados. A solução reproduzida atende as necessidades dos usuários por ser um método eficiente e de simples execução, bem como aprimora a confiabilidade dos produtos ao longo do ciclo de vida. Este trabalho pode ser aplicado no processo de criação de diversos produtos trazendo vantagens significativas para empresas. / The transformations that the industries are currently facing represent a new industrial period also known as Industry 4.0. In this scenario of innovations, concepts related to Smart Manufacturing make a constant search for knowledge capture to improve the efficiency of products and processes. Therefore, changes in product design aiming the improvement of reliability should be undertaken from the early stages of the New Product Development process (NPD) to reduce technical and economical impacts. It is in this context that the Design for Reliability (DfR) approach emerges as the set of activities that aims to ensure the reliability of a product during all stages of its life cycle. Analyzing the most recent research on the subject and some information provided by an agricultural machinery company, it was not observed any case of implementation of DfR in the initial stages of the NPD to determine the test plan taking into consideration the product usage profile. Thence, the main goal of this research was established according to the elaboration of a method, based on an ontological model, which allows the determination of the more appropriate test plan considering the usage characteristics of products. In order to develop this method, the methodological approach Design Science Research (DSR) was adopted. In this way, six stages had to be covered: 1) problem identification and motivation; 2) definition of objectives and solution; 3) design and development; 4) demonstration; 5) evaluation and 6) communication of results. The final solution meets users' needs by being an efficient and easy-to-run method, as well as by enhancing products’ reliability throughout their lifecycle. This work can be applied in the process of creating several products bringing significant advantages to companies.

CNPq / As transformações que as indústrias vêm passando são uma representação de um novo período industrial também conhecido como Indústria 4.0. Neste cenário de inovações, os conceitos relacionados à Manufatura Inteligente fazem com que haja uma busca constante pela captura do conhecimento visando aprimorar a eficiência de produtos e processos. Portanto, alterações no projeto de produtos voltadas para a melhoria da confiabilidade devem ser realizadas nas etapas inicias do Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP) para que os impactos técnicos e econômicos sejam reduzidos. É neste contexto que a abordagem Design for Reliability (DfR) surge como o conjunto de atividades que tem como intuito garantir a confiabilidade de um produto durante todas as etapas do seu ciclo de vida. Analisando as pesquisas mais recentes acerca do assunto e informações fornecidas por uma empresa de maquinários agrícolas, observou-se que em nenhum caso houve uma implementação do DfR nas etapas iniciais do PDP para determinação do plano de testes a partir do perfil de uso de algum produto. Dessa forma, estabeleceu-se o objetivo desta pesquisa de acordo com a elaboração de um método, baseado em um modelo ontológico, que permita a determinação do plano de testes eficaz e adequado às características de uso dos produtos. Para que esse método fosse desenvolvido, a abordagem metodológica Design Science Research (DSR) foi adotada. Dessa maneira, seis etapas tiveram de ser percorridas: 1) identificação do problema e motivação; 2) definição dos objetivos e solução; 3) projeto e desenvolvimento; 4) demonstração; 5) avaliação e 6) comunicação dos resultados. A solução reproduzida atende as necessidades dos usuários por ser um método eficiente e de simples execução, bem como aprimora a confiabilidade dos produtos ao longo do ciclo de vida. Este trabalho pode ser aplicado no processo de criação de diversos produtos trazendo vantagens significativas para empresas. / The transformations that the industries are currently facing represent a new industrial period also known as Industry 4.0. In this scenario of innovations, concepts related to Smart Manufacturing make a constant search for knowledge capture to improve the efficiency of products and processes. Therefore, changes in product design aiming the improvement of reliability should be undertaken from the early stages of the New Product Development process (NPD) to reduce technical and economical impacts. It is in this context that the Design for Reliability (DfR) approach emerges as the set of activities that aims to ensure the reliability of a product during all stages of its life cycle. Analyzing the most recent research on the subject and some information provided by an agricultural machinery company, it was not observed any case of implementation of DfR in the initial stages of the NPD to determine the test plan taking into consideration the product usage profile. Thence, the main goal of this research was established according to the elaboration of a method, based on an ontological model, which allows the determination of the more appropriate test plan considering the usage characteristics of products. In order to develop this method, the methodological approach Design Science Research (DSR) was adopted. In this way, six stages had to be covered: 1) problem identification and motivation; 2) definition of objectives and solution; 3) design and development; 4) demonstration; 5) evaluation and 6) communication of results. The final solution meets users' needs by being an efficient and easy-to-run method, as well as by enhancing products’ reliability throughout their lifecycle. This work can be applied in the process of creating several products bringing significant advantages to companies.

There are two transport systems used by agricultural businesses engaged in primary production. These are transport systems involving tractors and motorized vehicles. Transport systems involving tractors are made up of motorized vehicles and vehicles that are Toled Grand Super , or more specifically, a motor vehicle plus one or more vehicles that are towed along. A motorized vehicle refers to an agricultural traktor John Deere 6620. Motorized transport systems are comprised of Lorries Tatra 815 Agro. A lorry can only have one additional vehicle connected to itself. The transport systems mentioned above can be used in agricultural businesses engaged in primary production along with similar or identical productions. Motorized transport systems used in agricultural primary production are in the majority of cases applied to additional productions. This is the given transport system framework, which can be setup with adaptations for various uses. It therefore follows that the possibilities of comparing transport systems using universal undercarriages are increased. Expenditure associated with these transport systems, are easily compared. It is also possible to easily compare transport systems involving tractors with motorized transport systems as long as there is no need for more vehicles connected to them. It is obvious that the use of motorized transport systems for longer distances is preferable to transport systems involving tractors. Expenses for every driven kilometre with the comparable transport systems show a significant difference in cost. This difference is 36,85 Kč. On the other hand, it is preferable to use tractors for shorter distances involving a larger amount of material. he cost of one tonne of material transported is different about 11,55 Kč.

This diploma thesis is concerned with a comprehensive analysis of ZETOR TRACTORS a.s. company. The main goal and mission of the analysis is to depict an actual stage of the company by some procedures and methods from the financial statements and the strategy and financial analysis, and on the basis of these analysises suggest some solutions and recommendations, which could be the subject matter towards improvement of the current situation in the future.