Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this thesis was to carry out a study comparing actual utilization in rural businesses of soy and rice to that which is determined by agricultural mechanization planning. In this context, the specific objectives were as follow: to gather information about the composition of the agricultural machinery market; to establish a relationship between the number of tractors distributed over areas and crops; to determine the mechanization index (kW. ha-1) of rural businesses in relation to area and crop, thus establishing a comparison between that which is planned technically and that which actually occurs; to analyze the lifetime of the fleet of tractors; to verify the state of conservation of existent agricultural tractors in the rural businesses used in this study and develop a worksheet for dimensioning and selection of agricultural machines. Twenty-two rural businesses in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul with areas greater than 50 hectares that exclusively developed rice or soy crops were sampled. The systematic random technique was utilized for localization of data gathering points. The adapted method of Schlosser (1998), called Step by step was used for the dimensioning of the machines and planning of activities. This method is developed on worksheets, and in this case, utilizing Microsoft Excel. It was concluded that the market of agricultural tractors is led by Massey Ferguson, followed by New Holland, Valtra and John Deere, respectively. Rice businesses presented a greater number of tractors per area and a mechanization index superior to that of soy businesses. The mean real mechanization index was superior to that for technical planning, both for rice and soy businesses, proving the existence of an excess of potency and demonstrating the viability of adopting planning tools in the selection of agricultural machinery, in order to optimize the use of machinery in these crops. The fact that rice crops presented a greater number of tractors per area when compared to soy crops was due to the fact that there are a greater number of operations involved and these are concentrated during the period close to harvest. The mean lifetime tractors in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul was 14.82 years. The state of conversation of the tractors decreased with the age of the tractor. In rice businesses, this wear-out is anticipated because of the operating conditions. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um estudo comparativo entre a utilização real e a determinada pelo planejamento técnico da mecanização agrícola em empresas rurais de soja e arroz. Neste cenário buscou-se, especificamente, conhecer a composição do mercado de máquinas agrícolas; estabelecer uma relação entre o número de tratores distribuídos por áreas e culturas; determinar o índice de mecanização (kW. ha-1) das empresas rurais em função da área e da cultura, estabelecendo um comparativo entre o tecnicamente planejado e o real existente; analisar o tempo de utilização da frota de tratores; verificar o estado de conservação dos tratores agrícolas existentes nas empresas rurais amostradas e desenvolver uma planilha para dimensionamento e seleção de máquinas agrícolas. Foram amostradas 22 empresas rurais, na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com áreas superiores a 50 hectares que, dentre suas atividades, desenvolvem a cultura do arroz ou da soja, exclusivamente. A técnica de amostragem utilizada para a localização dos pontos de tomada de dados foi aleatória sistemática. O método selecionado para o planejamento das atividades e o dimensionamento das máquinas foi proposto por Schlosser (1998), denominado Passo a passo . Este método é desenvolvido em planilha de cálculos e, neste caso, utilizada no Microsoft Office Excel. Ao final deste trabalho concluiu-se que, o mercado de tratores agrícolas tem maior participação da marca Massey Ferguson, seguido pelas marcas New Holland, Valtra e John Deere, respectivamente. As empresas orizícolas apresentam maior número de tratores por área e índice de mecanização superior em relação às sojicultoras. O índice de mecanização médio real foi superior ao tecnicamente planejado, tanto para a cultura do arroz como para a soja, comprovando a existência de um excesso de potência e demonstrando a viabilidade de adoção de ferramentas de planejamento e seleção para a mecanização agrícola, com vistas à otimização do uso do maquinário nesses cultivos. A cultura do arroz apresentou maior número de tratores por área em relação à cultura da soja, em função de ocorrer maior número de operações e estas se concentrarem no período próximo a semeadura. O tempo de uso médio dos tratores na região central do Rio Grande do Sul foi de 14,82 anos. O estado de conservação dos tratores é decrescente, conforme ficam mais velhos. E, na orizicultura, o desgaste é antecipado, em função das condições das operações.

Orientadores: Nelson Luís Cappelli, Angel Pontin Garcia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T23:36:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_FabricioTheodoro_M.pdf: 2400954 bytes, checksum: 4a1e02ac967af05d5cfed7087bfc3bf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O acionamento de máquinas e implementos agrícolas normalmente é efetuado por sistemas mecânicos e hidráulicos. No entanto, a demanda da indústria agrícola por operações de maior complexidade impulsiona o desenvolvimento de alternativas para o acionamento destas máquinas, como a utilização de implementos elétricos. Visando o fornecimento de energia elétrica para o uso em implementos agrícolas, este trabalho propõe um sistema que utiliza a tomada de potência do trator para acionar um gerador síncrono, utilizando um controlador com lógica fuzzy, projetado para regular o nível de tensão gerada. Foram testadas e avaliadas, por simulações, diferentes arquiteturas de controle. Na primeira etapa avaliaram-se controladores fuzzy PI, PD e PID de múltiplas entradas e única saída e o erro da tensão gerada como variável de estado. Posteriormente avaliou-se um controlador fuzzy PI de única entrada e múltiplas saídas com uma base de regras modificada para o sistema. Na terceira etapa incluiu-se a velocidade angular de acionamento como variável de estado do controlador. O comportamento de cada arquitetura foi analisado por meio de índices de desempenho. Os resultados mostram a capacidade do sistema e o controlador fuzzy PI modificado em operar frente aos distúrbios aplicados, mantendo as variáveis de operação dentro dos limites estabelecidos / Abstract: The drive of agricultural machinery and implements is normally done by mechanical and hydraulic systems. However, the demand of the agricultural industry by more complex operations motivates the development of alternative drives for these machines, such as the use of electrical implements. Aiming an electrical supply for use by agricultural implements, this paper proposes a system that uses the tractor power take-off to drive a synchronous generator, using a fuzzy logic controller designed to regulate the generated voltage level. Different control architectures were tested and evaluated by simulations. In the first stage were evaluated PI, PD and PID fuzzy controllers of multiple inputs and single output and the error of the generated voltage as state variable. Subsequently, it was evaluated a PI fuzzy controller of single input and multiple outputs with a modified rule base for the system. In the third step, the angular drive speed was included as state variable of the controller. The behavior of each architecture was analyzed by means of performance indicators. The results show the system capability and the modified PI fuzzy controller to operate front of the applied disturbances, keeping the operation variables within the established limits / Mestrado / Maquinas Agricolas / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 R43 / Master of Science / Biological and Agricultural Engineering

During monitoring of rear-mounted equipment, frequent rearward turning of tractor drivers in awkward postures can cause musculoskeletal disorders related to the back, neck, and shoulders. A camera-based monitoring system, consisting of one or more cameras placed on the implement and a monitor placed inside the tractor cab, has potential ergonomic benefits compared with traditional implement monitoring strategies by reducing the rearward turning and twisting movements of tractor drivers. A camera-based monitoring system was compared with two traditional monitoring strategies (direct looking and using rear-view mirrors) in a lab environment using a Tractor Air-Seeder Driving Simulator. The operator’s reaction time and response errors, head/neck movement (acceleration), and neck muscle temperature were compared for the three monitoring strategies. The camera-based monitoring system yielded significantly (α=0.05) better outcomes in terms of acceleration and muscle temperature values. No significant difference was observed for response errors.

During monitoring of rear-mounted equipment, frequent rearward turning of tractor drivers in awkward postures can cause musculoskeletal disorders related to the back, neck, and shoulders. A camera-based monitoring system, consisting of one or more cameras placed on the implement and a monitor placed inside the tractor cab, has potential ergonomic benefits compared with traditional implement monitoring strategies by reducing the rearward turning and twisting movements of tractor drivers. A camera-based monitoring system was compared with two traditional monitoring strategies (direct looking and using rear-view mirrors) in a lab environment using a Tractor Air-Seeder Driving Simulator. The operator’s reaction time and response errors, head/neck movement (acceleration), and neck muscle temperature were compared for the three monitoring strategies. The camera-based monitoring system yielded significantly (α=0.05) better outcomes in terms of acceleration and muscle temperature values. No significant difference was observed for response errors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:42:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rossi_ma_dr_botfca.pdf: 1978510 bytes, checksum: 3ccb830eb4adf611b4323655ceeb3092 (MD5) / The introduction of new technologies in plantation fields, such as the use of tractors machines for agricultural activities, brought some problems to operators. The purpose of this research is to analyze the tractors and harvesters agricultural operator s working place in order to avoid security and health problems that the use of new technologies may bring to them. For this research, eight tractors and two harvesters agricultural with average power of 66kw were used. All ten agricultural machines belong to the Universidade Estadual Paulista, city of Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The existing literature regarding to the diversity in ergonomics and agricultural tractors and harvesters was analyzed and discussed. Together with the ergonometry technical parameters and agricultural tractors and harvesters machines themselves, other researches were required such as those related to anthropometry, interface systems - information and action, human tiredness, noise, comfort - seats and conformities, biomechanics - control and handling, working environment and technology. At first, a demand analysis methodology was used by applying individual questionnaires to the operators of the agricultural machines in order to collect information, such as muscular and mental tiredness. The result of the demand analysis revealed the problem, and therefore, the need to apply an Ergonomic Analysis of the Work (AET) by using four approaches of this methodology. The approaches were: anthropometry, biomechanics, comfort and noise. In anthropometry, the method was applied by comparing the anthropometric measures to the measures of eight of the agricultural tractors machine 4 operators and two harvesters. In biomechanics the measures of control and handling location regarding two tractors and one harvester agricultural were taken, in that case, it was necessary a scientific method based on the existing... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Paulo S. G. Magalhães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T22:28:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Serpa_FabioMarcelo_M.pdf: 3262573 bytes, checksum: c7a35a0ab37b487969889f07c0065ea1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 / Resumo: O objetivo foi desenvolver um aplicativo computacional, capaz de estimar os esforços em implementos agrícolas e avaliar o seu desempenho comparando com resultados de campo de diferentes conjuntos trator-implemento. Estudou-se os modelos para cálculo de esforços em ferramentas de preparo de solos, diferenciando-se entre ferramentas largas como arados e grades e estreitas, como escarificadores e subsoladores, buscando o modelo mais adequado às condições brasileiras. Os modelos escolhidos foram alterados com base em estudos apresentados na literatura específica, na tentativa de torná-los mais abrangentes. Com a escolha dos modelos, iniciou-se a programação em linguagem C++, obtendo uma versão preliminar onde todas as informações necessárias para os cálculos são introduzidas pelo usuário. Uma segunda versão, elaborada com o aplicativo MicroSoft Fox Pró 2.6, foi elaborada, tendo como base bancos de dados com os parâmetros necessários ao cálculo, definidos na primeira versão. Estes dados incluem, além das propriedades mecânicas dos solos, características ponderais e dimensionais de tratores e implementos obtidos junto aos fabricantes. Como segunda etapa, realizaram-se testes de campo com três diferentes modelos de tratores, 6 implementos e três tipos de solos, buscando avaliar os resultados obtidos com o uso do programa. De forma geral, o aplicativo apresentou resultados satisfatórios, com excessão das grades de discos, cujo desvio médio observado superou 50 %. Este aplicativo pode ser utilizado como uma ferramenta de auxílio na tomada de decisões por agricultores, cooperativas, revendedores de equipamentos agrícolas e como uma ferramenta didática em treinamentos no setor agrícola e universidades / aAbstract: A software was developed to estimate soU tillage draught forces and the performance of the tractor-implement combination. Draught force models for narrow and wide tillage tools were studied. The objetive was to find the most adequate model for a large range BrazUian field conditions. Input data for the first version of the software, written in C++ language was manual. A later version of the software, written in MicroSoft Fox Pró 2.6, includes a data base for soU mechanical properties and tractor dimensional and ponderal information, as well as tool dimensions, obtained from trator and implement manufactures. Field validation of the models included three different tractors, five implements and three different soils. The results obtained with the software predictions are in an acceptable divergence from those from the field tests. This programme can be an useful tool for Agricultural Machinery mamagement as well as for educational purposes / Mestrado / Maquinas Agricolas / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the company ZETOR TRACTORS a.s. The diploma thesis is divided into two parts. The first one - theoretical part contains the terms, procedures and methods that must be defined before the actual valuation. It includes more detailed information about strategic analysis and its components, financial analysis, the procedure for making financial plan and the various valuation methods. The second part - practical part contains methods applied to the company ZETOR TRACTORS a.s. In the conclusion of the thesis the company is valued using DCF entity method and EVA.

<p>Agricultural tractors make massive use of hydraulic control technology. Being fuel con-sumption a big concern for agricultural applications, tractors typically use the state-of-the-art technology, load-sensing (LS) architecture, to allow good controllability in systems withmultiple actuators while promoting higher energy efficiency. Several variants of LS systemshave been proposed over the years, and research on cost-effective methods to further increasetheir efficiency is of high interest for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and the fluidpower community. In this work, several energy-efficient solutions are proposed and demon-strated for the reference agricultural tractor hydraulic system, aiming at reducing the fuelconsumption and increasing the system efficiency, but without affecting the functionalityof the hydraulic control system. More importantly, facing the more stringent regulationson the CO2emission and the rising consciousness of a greener environment in society, bothindustry and academia have investigated the use of electricity as energy carrier and storage.This report also carries out the study on the possibility of electrification of the referencemachine, focusing on the auxiliary hydraulic supply to the planter.</p> <p>To begin with, the quantification of the energy loss within the hydraulic system representsan important step to drive the development of cost-effective solutions. For this purpose, acombined approach of simulation and experimental testing has been undertaken to character-ize the power distribution in the high-pressure circuit. After learning that the remote controlvalves are responsible for up to 25% of power loss in the system, two different energy-efficientsolutions are proposed on the tractor circuit. Both methods target at lowering the pumpdelivery pressure through incorporating electronic proportional pressure reducing valves (ep-PRVs). To support the development of the technology, the research takes into considerationthe circuit of a 400 hp tractor, simulation and experimental results show that among themain working conditions the solution can reach up to 15.6% power saving over the standardLS system.</p> <p>Moreover, the primary purpose of a tractor is to providing power to and controllingvarious implements. Most of their mechanical actuation is performed also with the electro-hydraulic fluid power system that is highly power-dense and versatile, but that has a low energy transmission efficiency. A new control approach of the hydraulic supply units thatpower the implement functions through the hydraulic remote is proposed, which switches thetraditional flow control methodology to an impressed pressure methodology. With a 16-rowplanter connected to the tractor understudy, a simulation model of the two vehicles is imple-mented and validated against experiments. Experiments on the proposed solutions appliedto the reference tractor and planter confirmed how an overall 38% efficiency improvementwas achieved during actual tests.</p> <p>On top of the IPSC strategy, more intelligent control algorithm is explored by proposinga new system architecture to fully incorporate both of the LS pumps with all of the EHRs,to achieve dynamic regrouping control (DRC) or static regrouping control (SRC). The DRCalgorithm determines the best supply configuration to all of the functions with minimumpower loss in time, which eventually leads to 44% power reduction compared to the base-line. On the other hand, the SRC algorithm targets at providing the best planter groupinglayout when connected to the tractor supply to contribute to least throttling losses duringrepresentative planting operations. The restuls from the SRC configuration can serve as asuggestive layout for the OEM when promoting such machines to the market.</p> <p>Last but not least, different scenarios of both selective purely electrification architectureand selective e-pump supply architecture are considered to discover the potential futuredirection of electrification to follow for the reference machine. From the power saving pointof view, replacing the fertilizer and vacuum hydraulic motors with the electric ones couldlead to 72% power reduction from the engine. However, more study on the cost analysiscould be useful to balance the saving and the cost added in the system.</p>

Para o cenário da sustentabilidade da cana um dos problemas é o tráfego indiscriminado de rodados sobre as soqueiras, especialmente na colheita mecanizada, devido a desalinhamentos das fileiras de cana e dificuldade de manutenção dos veículos e composições devidamente afastados destas. Assim, as tecnologias de direcionamento automático estão ganhando espaço no setor sucroalcooleiro. No cenário da citricultura a implantação de um pomar é uma etapa de extrema importância econômica, uma vez que estão envolvidas diversas operações mecanizadas. O alinhamento das fileiras é feito manualmente, etapa que demanda a utilização de uma equipe composta por um topógrafo e cerca de 8 a 10 funcionários. A utilização de sistema de direcionamento automático (piloto automático) elimina esta operação consequentemente reduzindo o número de funcionários. A partir disso o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho da utilização de alguns modelos de piloto automático em cana-de-açúcar e citros. Na cultura da cana-de-açúcar o objetivo foi avaliar a acurácia de sistemas de piloto automático na operação de abertura de sulcos. Na cultura de citros o objetivo foi avaliar a acurácia do sistema de piloto automático na abertura de sulcos para transplantio e analisar o desempenho operacional e econômico do sistema de piloto automático confrontado como a prática usual, de alinhamento ótico e manual. No primeiro foram realizados ensaios combinando dois tipos de piloto automático (universal e integrado), na abertura de sulcos para plantio de cana, em diferentes tratores, com dois tipos de sinal de GPS (SF1 e RTK) na operação de abertura de sulcos em canade- açúcar para avaliar o erro de paralelismo dos equipamentos. Os ensaios foram realizados com três repetições em percursos retos e curvos. Para o cálculo dos erros de paralelismo utilisou-se um GPS com sinal RTK coletando os dados de cada percurso sendo possível determinar o posicionamento em relação à linha referencia A-B. A segunda parte do trabalho, com citros, foi dividida em duas etapas. A primeira consistiu em georreferenciar as plantas com sulcos feitos com e sem a utilização de piloto automático. Na segunda etapa do trabalho foi conduzida a avaliação da capacidade operacional da abertura de sulcos, com e sem a utilização de piloto automático coletando dados de tempos e de movimentos com um receptor de GPS. Para os ensaios em operação de abertura de sulcos no plantio de cana-de-açúcar com utilização do piloto automático o sistema integrado obteve melhor desempenho que o sistema universal tanto em percursos retos quanto em percursos curvos. Em percursos retos o sistema universal 200 obteve valores de erros médios menores que o sistema universal 100, o oposto ocorrendo em percursos curvos. O sinal RTK obteve melhor acurácia em relação ao sinal SF1. Na implantação de pomares de citros foi obtido um erro médio de desalinhamento de 0,08 m em sistema convencional de sulcagem contra um erro médio de 0,04 m do piloto automático. A operação de sulcagem utilizando o piloto automático apresentou uma eficiência de campo média menor. Porém, com piloto automático foi possível trabalhar com velocidades maiores, o que resultou numa maior capacidade de campo efetiva e consequentemente menor custo operacional. / For the sugarcane scenery one of the sustainability problems is the indiscriminate traffic of machinery wheels on the sugar cane, especially in the mechanical harvest, due to misalignment of the cane rows and difficulty of maintenance of the vehicles and compositions away of the crop rows. This is the reason the technologies of auto-guidance systems are succeeding in the sugar cane business. In the scenery of the citrus the implantation of an orchard is a stage of extreme economical importance due to the high cost, once several automated operations are involved. After the soil tillage, the manual alignment of the rows is accomplished for the transplanting, stage that demands the use of a team composed by a topographer and about 8 to 10 staffs. The use of auto-guidance systems provides the elimination of the manual alignment of the rows for transplanting and consequent reduction of the number of staffs. The technologies of autoguidance systems based on orientation through satellites intend to improve the alignment and the operational capacity of mechanized operations. The target of this work was to evaluate the performance of the use of some auto-guidance systems in sugarcane and citrus. In sugarcane the objective was to evaluate the accuracy of auto-guidance system in the furrows opening. In citrus the target was to evaluate the accuracy of auto-guidance systems in the opening furrows for transplanting and to analyze the operational and economical performance of an auto-guidance system compared to the usual practice, of optic and manual alignment. In the first test, on sugar cane, two types of guidance systems (universal and integrated) were involved, with two types of GPS signals (SF1 and RTK) and two types of tractors (Valtra BH 180 and John Deere 7815). Three replications were accomplished in the operation of opening furrows to evaluate parallelism errors of auto-guidance equipments in straight and curved tracks. The second part of the research was divided in two parts. The first stage consisted on georreferencing the plants in the field three months after the transplanting using both technologies for furrows opening, auto-pilot and manual alignment. In the second stage field capacities were evaluated by collecting data with a GPS receiver, with the tractor under the two conditions, with and without auto-guidance use. For the tests on opening furrows in sugarcane the integrated auto-guidance obtained better accuracy than the universal systems in straight tracks and in curved tracks, presenting lower aligning errors. In straight tracks the universal system 200 resulted in lower error values than the universal system 100. The universal system 100 resulted in lower errors in curved lines than the universal system 200. All the evaluated technologies obtained better performance in straight tracks. RTK signal had better accuracy when compared to SF1. In the implantation of citrus orchards the average aligning error on furrows opening was 0.08 m in the conventional system against 0.04 m for the auto-guidance systems. The opening of furrows operation using the auto-guidance presented lower field efficiency. However, with auto-guidance it was possible to work with higher speeds, what resulted in a higher field capacity and smaller operation cost.