In this paper, we examined the effects of real effective exchange rate (REER) changes on the Zambia´s trade balance, and whether the Marshal-Lerner condition (M-Lerner condition) and the Jcurve effect are satisfied in Zambia following the depreciation of the Zambian Kwacha (ZMK) against the U.S. dollar. Using annual time series data from 1990 through to 2019, the Johansen cointegration test results show that there is a long run relationship between the trade balance, the real effective exchange rate, the Zambia's GDP growth, the world´s GDP growth, and the Zambia´s terms of trade. A standard trade balance model was employed to estimate the long run and short run relationships between the trade balance and the variables in the trade balance model. The results from the trade balance show that the depreciation of the ZMK against the U.S. dollar improves the trade balance in the long run though the results could not validate the M-L condition since the coefficient value of REER was found to be far much less than unity (1). The results further uncover that the world´s GDP growth and the terms of trade both have a significant positive effect on the trade balance in the long run. The Zambia´s GDP growth was found to be statistically insignificant. In the short run, the results from the trade balance model show that the effects of the depreciation of the ZMK against the U.S. dollar on the trade balance were statistically insignificant, thus not consistent with the J-curve effect. The results from the Error Correction Model (ECM) on the other hand show that about 6.3% of the disequilibrium in the Zambia´s trade balance model is corrected every after one year.

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This thesis tries to determine some of the driving force behind Swedish foreign direct in-vestments into the Baltic counties. The analysis is performed in three steps, first we analyze global FDI into transitional economies, and afterwards we look at Swedish FDI and com-pare it with German FDI. The determinants examined are index of economic freedom, R&D intensity, trade balance, wage level and proximity. The analyzed period is form 1995 to 2005. The analysis use data on the following transition countries Latvia, Lithuania, Esto-nia, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria. The results show that the determinants vary across the countries. The motives of Swedish and German investors differ. Thus, for Swedish investors R&D, economical free-dom and trade balance are the influencing factors, but for Germany only trade balance and wage level are important. The conclusion is that different determinants triggers foreign di-rect investment in transitional economies in different ways.

<p>This thesis tries to determine some of the driving force behind Swedish foreign direct in-vestments into the Baltic counties. The analysis is performed in three steps, first we analyze global FDI into transitional economies, and afterwards we look at Swedish FDI and com-pare it with German FDI. The determinants examined are index of economic freedom, R&D intensity, trade balance, wage level and proximity. The analyzed period is form 1995 to 2005. The analysis use data on the following transition countries Latvia, Lithuania, Esto-nia, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria. The results show that the determinants vary across the countries. The motives of Swedish and German investors differ. Thus, for Swedish investors R&D, economical free-dom and trade balance are the influencing factors, but for Germany only trade balance and wage level are important. The conclusion is that different determinants triggers foreign di-rect investment in transitional economies in different ways.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-68).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-173).

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal examinar papel de diversas variáveis econômicas (taxa de câmbio efetiva real, renda interna, renda externa, termos de troca e produtividade total dos fatores) sobre o saldo da balança comercial do complexo agroindustrial brasileiro, considerado no agregado, no período de 1970 a 2002. Para essa análise, recorreu-se a um modelo teórico, denominado IS-TB, que fundamentou a especificação dos modelos econométricos. A ferramenta econométrica utilizada foi a regressão linear múltipla. Os modelos foram ajustados por mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO). As elasticidades encontradas apresentaram sinais e magnitudes coerentes com o modelo econômico proposto. A renda externa mostrou ser a variável mais variante na explicação (do ponto de vista estatístico) das variações relativas observadas no saldo da balança comercial do complexo agroindustrial brasileiro. Por outro lado, a renda interna e a produtividade total dos fatores não foram estatisticamente significantes. Em suma, os resultados confirmam a importância do setor agroindustrial no processo de ajustamento da balança comercial total. / The goal of this dissertation is to examine the role of selected economic variables (real effective exchange rate, domestic income, foreing income, terms of trade and total factor prodictivity) on the Brazilian agribusiness trade balance from 1970 to 2002. The analysis is based on a theoretical model, named IS-TB, which sustained the specification of econometric models. The econometric tool employed was a multiple linear regression. The models were adjusted by ordinary least squares (OLS). Signs and magnitudes of the estimated elasticities were according to ours expectations, based on the economic relations of the proposed model. The foreign income showed to have the greatest relative influence (from a stastistical point of view) on the Brazilian agribusiness trade balance. On the other hand, domestic income and total factor productivity were not statistically significant. Overall, the results support the relevance of agribusiness sector on adjusting total trade balance of the country.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal examinar papel de diversas variáveis econômicas (taxa de câmbio efetiva real, renda interna, renda externa, termos de troca e produtividade total dos fatores) sobre o saldo da balança comercial do complexo agroindustrial brasileiro, considerado no agregado, no período de 1970 a 2002. Para essa análise, recorreu-se a um modelo teórico, denominado IS-TB, que fundamentou a especificação dos modelos econométricos. A ferramenta econométrica utilizada foi a regressão linear múltipla. Os modelos foram ajustados por mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO). As elasticidades encontradas apresentaram sinais e magnitudes coerentes com o modelo econômico proposto. A renda externa mostrou ser a variável mais variante na explicação (do ponto de vista estatístico) das variações relativas observadas no saldo da balança comercial do complexo agroindustrial brasileiro. Por outro lado, a renda interna e a produtividade total dos fatores não foram estatisticamente significantes. Em suma, os resultados confirmam a importância do setor agroindustrial no processo de ajustamento da balança comercial total. / The goal of this dissertation is to examine the role of selected economic variables (real effective exchange rate, domestic income, foreing income, terms of trade and total factor prodictivity) on the Brazilian agribusiness trade balance from 1970 to 2002. The analysis is based on a theoretical model, named IS-TB, which sustained the specification of econometric models. The econometric tool employed was a multiple linear regression. The models were adjusted by ordinary least squares (OLS). Signs and magnitudes of the estimated elasticities were according to ours expectations, based on the economic relations of the proposed model. The foreign income showed to have the greatest relative influence (from a stastistical point of view) on the Brazilian agribusiness trade balance. On the other hand, domestic income and total factor productivity were not statistically significant. Overall, the results support the relevance of agribusiness sector on adjusting total trade balance of the country.

World regions are becoming more connected by every day and as a consequence of that dependence rises among states. The states become specialised in production of certain type of the product, services etc. Subsequently they turn to be even more dependent. One does not need to go further back then real-estate crisis in USA that spilled over worldwide. The world is turn out to be "smaller place". America and Europe are exploiting raw material less and less and become dependant on the import of those from around the world. Former exploitation and production became ballast to the environment [environment burdens]. One day factories and mines were closed or reorganised to different production activity and doing so reduced burden to the environment. The consumption of the product remained or was increased even more. In other words, some one else is producing that product. The production shifted among states moving the environment burdens with it. The aim of this document is to provide an overview of impacts relevant to the use of metals zinc, aluminium, nickel, iron and tin; quantification of physical import and export and calculation of international trade balance of before mentioned metals and analysis of six ores. Those aims are supposed to assist us on answering questions to which extent Czech...

This paper examines the effects of the exchange rate on bilateral industry trade in Sweden's trade with the Euro area. This is done by examining whether the J-curve effect exists using quarterly data from 1995 until 2022. Since becoming floating in the 1990s, the Swedish Krona has weakened significantly and recently, the discussion about the weakness of the Swedish Krona has gained renewed attention. Since Sweden is a small and open economy highly dependent on international trade, changes in the exchange rate may have large effects on the Swedish economy. The J-curve effect implies that the trade balance following a depreciation may initially worsen before later improving. The ARDL-approach is employed to obtain both short- and long-run effects of a depreciation on Swedish trade balance. In the 66 industries studied, little support can be found for a J-curve effect in Sweden's trade with the Euro area. Although 27 industries present short-run effects of a depreciation only five lasts until the long-run. Similarly, the results indicate that industries with a lower share of foreign inputs in their exports are affected more favourable than those with a higher share in the short run. No such results are found in the long run.