The purpose of this thesis is to, from an institutional approach, study how the Stockholm importers within the textile sector adapted their foreign trade to the change in economic policy 1720 through 1738. The focus is to investigate to what extent the introduction of new laws, regulations etc. can be an explanation for what happened to Stockholm’s foreign trade, mainly imports, particularly textile imports during the period. It is mainly the economic policies that had been enacted during the Hornian government and their effects that have been studied. This is a period that has seldom been studied in other research. This thesis begins when the Russian raids were over. This was a year when the foreign trade still was relatively free and was untouched by the 17th century’s regulations. After 1721 the policies that would be introduced to increase Sweden's level of self-sufficiency and strengthen ties with the North Sea area had several components. Besides the economic policy, the main sources for the thesis are the city toll records. The trade policies in the shape of tolls and fees, import and consumption bans etc. and the commercial policies together became different kinds of political tools used for several purposes. The conclusion of this thesis is that the economic policies made the Stockholm importers adapt their trade to the change. The import bans and sumptuary laws had an effect. The economic policies gave rise to an increase in the import of textile raw materials. The rise in toll costs and import fees contributed to displacing the foreign trade towards other areas. The change in the economic policies was successful in the sense that it gave rise to new conditions for domestic production within the textile sector and forced Stockholm's importers to adapt their foreign trade.

The master thesis emphasizes the economic relations between China and the United States. It gives an overview and theoretical background support on the significance of contemporary the economic relations between countries in today`s globalized era. Secondly, it analyzes how the theoretical background of economic and trade relations affect the empirical case study of the economic relations between China and the USA. The goal is to show how the economic and trade relations between China and the United States influence each other`s economies and what is the effect of such relations on the economic performance of both countries. More precisely, in order to answer the question above, the master thesis deals with complex analysis in regard of historical perspective concerning the economic relations between these countries, their ongoing cooperation in terms of balance of payments, the current and potential issues what both countries face and the existing challenges for the future. In order to complete the analysis and answer the research question, list of various sources will be used, starting from academic journals, books, literature reviews, reports from the World Trade Organization (hereafter WTO), reports from the respective countries on their economic progress, data available from the ministries of trade of respective countries and other sources related to the analysis of the contemporary economic and trade relations between the countries participating in the global economy.

Thesis (M. Commerce (Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the impact of the real effective exchange rate on South Africa‟s trade balance and whether the J-curve phenomenon and the Marshal-Lerner condition are satisfied in the economy. Using data spanning the period 1980Q1 – 2014Q4, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test as well as the Johansen cointegration test were employed to test for the long run cointegrating relationship between the variables. The ARDL approach was employed to estimate both the long run and short run models as well as to ascertain whether the Marshal – Learner condition as well as the J-curve phenomenon are satisfied in the RSA economy. The results from the cointegration tests show that there is a stable long run equilibrium relationship between the trade balance, real effective exchange rate, domestic GDP, money supply, terms of trade and foreign reserves. The results from the Autoregressive Distributed Lag long run model show that a depreciation of the ZAR improves the trade balance, thus confirming the MarshalLerner condition. The results further reveal that domestic GDP and money supply both have a significant negative impact on the trade balance in the long run with the terms of trade reported positive as well. Foreign reserves were not found to significantly affect the trade balance in the long run. In the short run, the ARDL error correction model shows that a ZAR depreciation leads to a deterioration of the trade balance, thus confirming the J-curve effect for the RSA economy. The terms of trade effect was reported positive in the short run, thus confirming the Harberger-LaursenMetzler effect (HLME) in the process. Money supply, domestic GDP and foreign reserves are also found to have a significant negative impact on the trade balance in the short run. Finally, the error correction model reveals that about 26% of the disequilibrium in the trade balance model is corrected in each quarter.

Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons travaillé sur l’impact d’une réévaluation réelle de la monnaie chinoise sur ses excédents commerciaux. Nous avons suggéré une nouvelle approche pour mesurer cet impact, en utilisant des données de panel relatives aux exportations et aux importations des entreprises à capitaux étrangers et domestiques implantées dans vingt-et-huit provinces chinoises. Nous avons constaté que l’effet d’une réévaluation du Yuan sur les exportations et les importations était plus accentué après l’accession de la Chine à l’OMC. Enfin, d’autres facteurs comme le taux de change nominal et les prix relatifs entrent en jeu dans l’explication de la dynamique des exportations et des importations de la Chine.Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons étudié les effets spatiaux sur les exportations et les importations provinciales des entreprises multinationales et domestiques. Nous avons utilisé trois différentes matrices de poids spatiales et maintenu la même division de période qu’au premier chapitre. La méthodologie d’estimation spatiale utilisée a révélé des effets spatiaux importants sur les exportations et les importations des deux types d’entreprises, mais a aussi permis de faire un état des lieux sur l’intégration du marché domestique de la Chine. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons étudié les flux de capitaux vers la Chine déguisés en valeur d’échanges commerciaux. Nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche en utilisant les prix des produits échangés les plus susceptibles à la manipulation et étudié leur sensibilité à l’anticipation d’une réévaluation future de la monnaie chinoise. Nous avons trouvé que la balance commerciale de la Chine était surestimée. / In the first chapter, we investigate the impact of a revaluation of the China’s Yuan on its trade balance. We use panel data on export and import of multinational and domestic firms, disaggregated at a regional level in the period 1996-2012.We find significant impact of a revaluation of the Yuan on export and import, the impact differs regionally, time period, and by firms. We also find that other factors like nominal exchange rate and relative prices play significant role in explaining China’s trade balance.In the second chapter, we investigate the spatial effects on China’s trade performance. In fact, we use the same data as in the first essay.We use three different weight matrices to take into account the dynamism in the China’s decentralization policies.We find significant spatial effects on export and import, varying between firms, regions and time period. This essay also reveals important facts on the China’s domestic market integration. In the last chapter, we put forth a new approach to measure capital inflows into China hidden in the regular trade flows. This phenomenon known as trade misinvoicing is suspected to actually overstate China’s trade surpluses.We measure the sensitivity of the prices for some commodities which are the most susceptible to trade misinvoicing to the non-deliverable forward exchange rate for the Yuan in Hong-Kong. We find that, in fact China’s trade balance is relatively overestimated.

The dissertation deals with the topic of the mutual trade balance between the Czech Republic and Japan. The main focus is to find the causes of contemporary state of the mutual trade balance. The dissertation research which factors influence it and which factors will influence it in the future and how will the mutual trade balance probably develop in the future. The partial aim of this thesis is to find the possibilities of a concrete company to enter the Japanese market with reference to the market barriers. The dissertation firstly provides the theoretical information includes the topics of the economical development of Japan, Japanese external trade and also the trade between the Czech Republic and Japan. Then there are analyzed various entry barriers of the Japanese market. All the barriers are considered firstly generally and afterward they are applied on the concrete company, which contemporary thinks to enter the Japanese market. There are also discussed other factors, which are important in regard to entry the Japanese market as is transport, the business risk etc. The next part covers the causes of the contemporary mutual trade balance and the possibilities of its future development and possible equalization. There are analyzed factors, which influence the most the mutual trade balance between the Czech Republic and Japan.

El presente trabajo de investigación analizará las variables determinantes y relacionadas en las exportaciones de espárragos congelados para la partida arancelaria 07.10.80.1000 de la Republica de Perú con destino al Estado del Japón, considerando como periodo de análisis de 2008 al 2018. La investigación toma relevancia desde el punto de vista del producto, considerando que el volumen exportado del esparrago fresco viene reduciéndose en los últimos años y a diferencia del esparrago congelado que viene ganando participación. Asimismo, el Estado de Japón resalta entre los demás mercados por el incremento sustancial para las importaciones de productos agroindustriales congelados. El presente trabajo tiene un enfoque cualitativo con una alcance descriptivo y explicativo bajo un diseño no experimental. Se establecieron dos variables principales para el presente trabajo de investigación, las medidas sanitaras y fitosanitarias y la competitividad. Dentro de las medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, el indicador con mayor relevancia son las exigencias del consumidor japonés, es decir el 37% de los entrevistados mencionan que el estándar del consumidor final es más riguroso para la aprobación de los productos a exportar. Dentro de la competitividad, el indicador con mayor relevancia es la calidad del producto, es decir el 32% de los entrevistados mencionan que el consumidor japonés por el estilo de vida que lleva y hábitos de consumo busca la practicidad y calidad de sus alimentos. En conclusión, la competitividad con un 62% es la variable determinante para el dinamismo de las exportaciones de espárragos congelados de Perú a Japón. Mientras que las medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias con un 38% es un variable relacionada. / This research work will analyze the determining and related variables in exports of frozen asparagus for tariff heading 07.10.80.1000 from the Republic of Peru to the State of Japan, considering the period of analysis from 2008 to 2018. The research becomes relevant from the product point of view, considering that the exported volume of fresh asparagus has been decreasing in recent years and unlike frozen asparagus, which has been gaining share. Likewise, the State of Japan stands out among the other markets for the substantial increase in imports of frozen agro-industrial products. The present work has a qualitative approach with a descriptive and explanatory scope under a non-experimental design. Two main variables were established for the present research work, sanitary and phytosanitary measures and competitiveness. Within sanitary and phytosanitary measures, the most relevant indicator is the demands of the Japanese consumer, that is, 37% of those interviewed mention that the final consumer standard is more rigorous for the approval of products to be exported. Within competitiveness, the most relevant indicator is the quality of the product, that is, 32% of the interviewees mention that the Japanese consumer, due to the lifestyle they lead and consumption habits, seeks the practicality and quality of their food. In conclusion, competitiveness with 62% is the determining variable for the dynamism of exports of frozen asparagus from Peru to Japan. While sanitary and phytosanitary measures with 38% is a related variable. / Tesis