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Free Trade Agreements and particularly Asymmetric ones have been discussed controversially for several decades now. The Latin American region has increased their efforts to integrate their economies in the international arena. The Andean Community being a customs union in Latin America signed a Free Trade Agreement with the European Union in 2013. Being an asymmetric trade deal, this thesis examined whether it has resulted in trade creation and trade diversion effects already. Looking at the results, I can clearly reject the notion of negative effects as a consequence of the trade agreement. Considering the entire, but also the agricultural and manufactured economic sectors, I found statistically significant trade creation effects. Concerning trade diversion effects, the results were not statistically significant and additional research in the future seems required. Keywords Gravity Model, Asymmetric Free Trade Agreement, Trade creation, Trade diversion, Andean Community, EU, Panel Econometrics Title Comprehensive Trade Agreement between Asymmetric Partners

Supporters of free trade argue that one of its benefits is to increase wellbeing and enhance respect for workers’ rights. Nevertheless, this will not happen unless concrete requirements concerning such protection are inserted within the actual agreements. This thesis argues that trade agreements should include labor provisions that provide effective protection for core labor rights and that those rights are enforced by the Parties. In the case of Taiwan, it has signed Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with Panama, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras; but only in the FTA with Nicaragua, a Labor Chapter (No. 18) has been introduced in the accord. It follows the United States- Dominican Republic- Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) design, and the signatories agree to enforce their own domestic labor laws and reaffirm their commitment to the internationally recognized labor rights. However, the language of the agreement is merely aspirational, directing Parties to strive to improve their laws, but providing no effective reward or sanction in this reward.

The purpose of the research is to seek for the key success factors of free trade agreements. And the result show: -FTA between countries with similar cultural background brings more benefits. But sometimes difference could be a plus. -Countries with more FTA signed benefit more while signing new FTAs. Other important factors include the sound institution and operational environment offered by a country. -FTA between geographically proximate countries benefits more. Also, FTA with country with good location that is closed to big markets brings more benefit. -Factors like the original tariff, quality of infrastructure, cost of human resources, and level of technology are the reasons that affect the benefits of FTA.

Services are the fastest growing sector of the economy. With the advent and development of technology, trade in services has grown more rapidly than trade in goods in world production. This has also resulted from ongoing economic reforms and the development of more liberal policies. Prior to the Uruguay Round of negotiations, international trade was confined to the conventional form of trade in goods or merchandise trade. With new developments, especially with the advent of technological changes, trade not only centred on cross border exchanges of goods but was broadened to include cross border trade of services. In spite of this development in trade in services, trade negotiations on services liberalisation have made little progress under the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Because of this, countries have opted for other fora to address their needs under trade in services. One of the ways of doing this has been to enter into regional and free trade agreements providing for liberalisation of trade in services. Such has been the case of the proliferation of such agreements not only Africa but the world over, during the last decade. Services provisions under regional trade agreements (RTAs) follow the same trend as those RTAs that provide for goods. They are largely premised on the elimination of explicit barriers to the entry of foreign service providers in the region. Notably, for services trade under RTAs, two models of liberalisation are largely used. A number of RTAs tend to duplicate the use, found in GATS, of a positive-list approach to market opening, whereas others pursue a negative-list approach. The negative-list approach is modelled along the services provisions in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Much discourse has been advanced on which of the models of liberalisation is better although no conclusive research has been undertaken in support of either one. Proponents of the negative list do advance its attributes while those of the negative list do the same. However, most of them conclude that one cannot say with finality that either one is the better option because the impact of liberalisation is not automatic. Such liberalisation, in order to benefit the regional economy, and also the domestic economies, must be accompanied by related policy reforms and proper formulation of such reforms. Managing reforms of services markets should therefore be done in combination with the proper formulation of both competition and regulatory reforms and policies. In addition, there should be adequate regulation and supervision mechanisms to monitor the functioning of the different services sectors or else the liberalisation efforts of the countries will be undermined. Much of such discourse on the choice of either approach to liberalisation has been undertaken based on the RTAS and free trade agreements in North America and Asia. Notably, not much of the same has been done regarding such agreements in Africa. As such, this research is undertaken focusing on assessing albeit fleetingly, the scheduling approach adopted by the East African countries under the Protocol for the establishment of the East African Community Common market. This research, while drawing from that undertaken in other regions, attempts to explore the likely consequences of the liberalisation approach adopted by the countries of the East African Community. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

This bachelor thesis examines if a Free Trade Agreement (FTA hereafter) has a positive effect or not on trade flows. There are many FTAs in the world beside World Trade Organization (WTO hereafter) membership. Many empirical studies have been performed by different methods and most of them show a significant influence on trade flows. In this thesis the impact on the FTA between the European Union (EU hereafter) and South Korea is studied by using the Gravity Model in period between 2007 and 2016. Dummy variables which capture the impact on the implementation of the FTA since 2011 are constructed into the standard trade Gravity equation. In addition, several dummy variables, such as the distance between countries and culture characteristic variables are utilized. The results of two different regression models show that both a positive and a negative impact on the EU’s import from South Korea and a negative impact on South Korea’s import from the EU. Overall, all estimated coefficients used in the models show a significant effect on import trade flows between countries.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as diferenças e semelhanças do intercâmbio comercial de produtos e serviços entre Peru e Brasil a través da evolução das relações bilaterais entre os dois países a partir do ano 2000. Com este estudo se procura evidenciar que uma convivência harmoniosa e uma trajetória de crescimento econômico dinâmico para o Brasil, dependerá da adoção de estratégias bilaterais de comércio, para assim melhor liderar os países integrantes do Mercosul. Houve necessidade, então, de dividir a pesquisa em três frentes: Primeiro, o levantamento de diferentes conceitos teóricos para melhor entendimento do significado de Complementaridade Econômica/Integração Econômica. Segundo, os Perfis Econômicos de Peru e Brasil a partir do ano 2000. Terceiro, As Relações Bilaterais Comerciais entre Peru e Brasil a partir do ano 2000. Assim, constatamos que falta eliminar divergências nas estatísticas de comércio bilateral de ambos países e que ainda não há harmonização na qualificação dos produtos. A pesquisa compreendeu o levantamento bibliográfico e bibliográfico-digital referente a cada um dos capítulos projetados. / This research has as objective identify the differences between e common points of the commercial exchange of goods and services between Peru an d Brazil take into account the evolution of the bilateral relations since 2000. This research aims underline that a harmonic relation and an background of dynamic economic growth, as for Brazil, will depend of developing bilateral strategies of trade. That strategy will allow improve the Brazilian leadership in relation to the MERCOSULs countries. There were necessity of organizing the research in three parts: first, discussion of the basic theoretical concepts to improve the understanding of economic complementation and regional integration. Second, the economic profile from Peru and Brazil since 2000. Third, the commercial and bilateral relations between Peru and Brazil since 2000. Thus, the research conclude that there are divergences in statistics of both of countries , and that there is not still harmony in the qualification of trade products. This research embraces a bibliographical framework and bibliographical-digital framework.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as diferenças e semelhanças do intercâmbio comercial de produtos e serviços entre Peru e Brasil a través da evolução das relações bilaterais entre os dois países a partir do ano 2000. Com este estudo se procura evidenciar que uma convivência harmoniosa e uma trajetória de crescimento econômico dinâmico para o Brasil, dependerá da adoção de estratégias bilaterais de comércio, para assim melhor liderar os países integrantes do Mercosul. Houve necessidade, então, de dividir a pesquisa em três frentes: Primeiro, o levantamento de diferentes conceitos teóricos para melhor entendimento do significado de Complementaridade Econômica/Integração Econômica. Segundo, os Perfis Econômicos de Peru e Brasil a partir do ano 2000. Terceiro, As Relações Bilaterais Comerciais entre Peru e Brasil a partir do ano 2000. Assim, constatamos que falta eliminar divergências nas estatísticas de comércio bilateral de ambos países e que ainda não há harmonização na qualificação dos produtos. A pesquisa compreendeu o levantamento bibliográfico e bibliográfico-digital referente a cada um dos capítulos projetados. / This research has as objective identify the differences between e common points of the commercial exchange of goods and services between Peru an d Brazil take into account the evolution of the bilateral relations since 2000. This research aims underline that a harmonic relation and an background of dynamic economic growth, as for Brazil, will depend of developing bilateral strategies of trade. That strategy will allow improve the Brazilian leadership in relation to the MERCOSULs countries. There were necessity of organizing the research in three parts: first, discussion of the basic theoretical concepts to improve the understanding of economic complementation and regional integration. Second, the economic profile from Peru and Brazil since 2000. Third, the commercial and bilateral relations between Peru and Brazil since 2000. Thus, the research conclude that there are divergences in statistics of both of countries , and that there is not still harmony in the qualification of trade products. This research embraces a bibliographical framework and bibliographical-digital framework.

Conscious and carefully planned decision making is a part of management containing planning, organization, operative management, motivation and control. All these components of management as well as their effective functioning are dependent on knowledge, data transfer and information processing and holding. If their acquisition is not or cannot be dependent on an activity of deciding subject itself (or dependent on an optional cooperation with other subjects) and data and information are essential and determinant in social point of view, then the third persons must be bound to provide them. A duty to provide such information must be set by legal rules. For purposes of this work, an information duty is specified as a legally binding duty of certain subject to provide information to another subject whose breach results in a rise of legal liability. Objects of this duty are data and information recognized by legal regulations as relevant for control and decision process. Subject of this work is a description and subsequent analysis of regulations of information duty in business relations in domestic legislation, especially information duty of entrepreneurs towards customers and consumers. Fighting this aim, contract basis of information duty is accentuated. The analysis of information duty is further coupled with characteristics of elementary legal tools how to protect the authors, providers and receivers of data and information, and also with the essential characteristics of public and private responsibility for breach of information duty.

This diploma thesis deals with the North American Free Trade Agreement. The aim of this work is to describe and evaluate the importance and impact of developing country and two developed economies of Canada and the United States on the Mexican economy. I deal with trade relations within NAFTA (Mexico - U.S. and Mexico - Canada). I analyze international trade of Mexico. The result of the thesis is to evaluate the impact of NAFTA to the Mexican economy with an emphasis on economic relations with other member states.