University of Macau / Faculty of Law

No description available.

<p>The general objective of the proposed research is to do a needs analysis for the tourism and hospitality industries of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland. This will be followed by an alignment of these industries with the provisions of the General Agreement of Trade in Services, commonly known as GATS, so that a Tourism and Hospitality Services Charter may be moulded that may be used uniformly throughout SACU. The specific objectives of the research are: To analyze impact assessment reports and studies conducted on the Tourism and Hospitality Industries for all five SACU member states with the aim of harmonizing standards, costs and border procedures. To ecognize SACU member states&rsquo / schedule of GATS Commitments, especially in the service sectors being investigated, by improving market access, and to recommend minimal infrastructural development levels to be attained for such sectors&rsquo / support. To make recommendations to harness the challenges faced by the said industries into a working document. To calibrate a uniformity of trade standards in these sectors that shall be used by the SACU membership. To ensure that the template is flexible enough for SACU to easily adopt and use in ongoing bilateral negotiations, for example.</p>

No description available.

Magister Legum - LLM

安地瓜於2003年3月13日以美國採取全面禁止網路賭博服務之措施為由提起訴訟，小組報告於2004年11月10日出爐，美國與安地瓜均不服小組裁決分別提起上訴，上訴機構於2005年4月7日做出裁決。 上訴機構報告認定美國已對網路賭博服務做出承諾，且因美國並未於其特定承諾表中填寫市場開放及國民待遇之限制，因而美國所採全面禁止網路賭博服務之措施違反GATS第十六條第一項規定。美國接著援引GATS第十四條規定作為抗辯，後雖因其國內州際賽馬法（Interstate Horseracing Act）規定允許國內服務提供者提供網路賭博服務，而被上訴機構認定系爭措施違反第十四條前言之要求，然上訴機構最後肯認美國得採行全面禁止網路賭博之措施乃係本案最終關鍵。 為了談判結果之確定性、穩定性，及未來服務貿易談判之持續進行，是否允許會員在做出市場開放之承諾後，再援引第十四條規定改變其承諾範圍，因而影響其他會員對其開放市場之期待，並使援引第十四條規定之會員躲避其原依GATS第二十一條規定所應負之責任？而在得出會員無法援引第十四條規定改變其承諾範圍之結論後，美國在本案中是否得援引其他規定作為正當化其措施之主張？及第十四條與第六條、第十六條、第十七條間之關聯性？係本文主要探討之問題。 此案為第一個會員援引GATS第十四條作為抗辯之例子，可以預見此例對後續案件之影響，而上訴機構於本案中所得出結論是否妥適，則值得深思。 / Antigua and Barbuda sued the United States for its total prohibition of the cross-border supply of gambling and betting services on March 13, 2003. The WTO panel report was issued on November 10, 2004. Both Antigua and the United States appealed and the ruling of the Appellate Body came out on April 7, 2005. The Appellate Body held that the United States has made full market access and national treatment commitments for gambling and betting services, so the measures to prohibit the cross-border supply of gambling and betting services violated Article XVI:1 of the GATS. As a result, the United States cited Article XIV of the GATS to contradict. The Appellate Body ruled that the alleged measures violated the preamble of Article XIV because the Interstate Horseracing Act of the United States permits domestic service suppliers to provide Internet gambling and betting services. However, the Appellate Body’s recognition of the United States’ total prohibition of cross-border supply of gambling and betting services is a critical issue of this case. In order to make sure the certainty and the stability of negotiation outcomes, and keep negotiations on trade in services moving, would the WTO members be allowed to cite Article XIV to change the coverage of their commitments after having made market access commitments and to escape the obligation under Article XXI? After concluding that the members could not cite Article XIV to change the coverage of the commitments, could the United States cite other articles to justify the alleged measures? Furthermore, how are the connection between Article XIV, Article VI, Article XVI and Article XVII? All above are the main questions this thesis focuses on. This case is the first one that members cite Article XIV to contradict, and the influence on subsequent cases is foreseeable. Would such a conclusion of this case be appropriate? We might need to contemplate further.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil

Submitted by JOAO PEREIRA (joao_unesp@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-03T19:17:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_JoaoPereira_Estimacao_de_Equivalentes_Tarifarios_V8.docx: 665618 bytes, checksum: a590c601a6199cc094873e3b92e43f0c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2017-04-03T19:27:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_JoaoPereira_Estimacao_de_Equivalentes_Tarifarios_V8.docx: 665618 bytes, checksum: a590c601a6199cc094873e3b92e43f0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T12:11:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_JoaoPereira_Estimacao_de_Equivalentes_Tarifarios_V8.docx: 665618 bytes, checksum: a590c601a6199cc094873e3b92e43f0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Services account for more than 70% of total production in the world economy. However, international trade in this sector represents only 21% of total world trade. Literature suggests major impediments to further expansion of international trade in services are barriers imposed by countries. Based on Fontagné et al (2011), this study measures tariff equivalents for 14 types of services using a self-constructed database for the years of 2004, 2007 and 2011. Results suggest that developed countries such as Germany, United States, and Ireland present the lowest tariff equivalents while developing countries such as Laos, Togo, Rwanda, Malawi and Namibia charge the highest tariffs. Also, we find evidence that service barriers have been falling over time, for sectors and countries. / O setor de serviços possui uma participação superior a 70% do total produzido na economia mundial. Entretanto, no comércio mundial apenas 21% do total transacionado é no setor de serviços. A literatura aponta que um grande impeditivo a uma maior expansão do comércio internacional nesse setor são as barreiras regulatórias impostas pelos países. Baseado no trabalho de Fontagné et al (2011), calculam-se os equivalentes tarifários para 14 tipos de serviços transacionados mundialmente utilizando uma base de dados inédita retirada do GTAP para os anos de 2004, 2007 e 2011. Os resultados indicam que países desenvolvidos, como Alemanha, Estados Unidos, e Irlanda apresentam os menores equivalentes tarifários, enquanto que países em desenvolvimento, como Laos, Togo, Ruanda, Malawi e Namíbia apresentam as maiores barreiras. Mais ainda, as barreiras tarifárias veem caindo ao longo do tempo, tanto intra setores quanto intra países.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SamaraCMN.pdf: 406492 bytes, checksum: f19dc4472be37ff251247e9cb8f90ab0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-31 / This study aims to understand the effects of the mobile marketing use as a relationships tool for companies that operate locally, because of the lack of information about this new marketing tool, as well as the scarcity of studies in this area. This is an exploratory and qualitatively study, based on primary sources, raised through books, articles in the marketing area and the telecommunications industry organs as well as secondary sources. With the purpose to look into the issue, a semi-structured interview is made with the companies managers of the sectors of trade and services in Natal-RN. The advances in technology allow an important discussion focused on the marketing in the new communication technologies scenario. It appears that the mobile marketing adoption and use by local companies is already a reality and companies are awake to changes and technological innovations accessible, especially the mobile telephony as well as convergence with other media. There is, however, that the use of technologies offered by mobile marketing is still limited to the sending of text messages (SMS), despite the numerous possibilities of it use. Moreover, the results obtained with mobile marketing use show that companies can identify them, but there is no effective monitoring in quantity and financial terms. Only affect sales growth and support for progress in loyalty with customers. It shows up that the mentality of not measuring the results still in the plan of changes and technological innovations. The data allow saying that the mobile marketing is a reality, however has not yet signed as a tool for carrying out campaigns and marketing tool for loyalty of customers, despite presenting a wide range of possibilities to streamline and make more effective the marketing businesses process / O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender os efeitos do uso do mobile marketing como ferramenta de relacionamento para as empresas que atuam localmente, devido a pouca divulga??o e conhecimento desta nova ferramenta de marketing, assim como da escassez de estudos nesta ?rea. Trata-se de um estudo explorat?rio e qualitativo, com base em fontes prim?rias, levantadas atrav?s de livros, artigos na ?rea de marketing e ?rg?os de setor de telecomunica??es al?m de fontes secund?rias. Realizou-se entrevista semi-estruturada junto aos gerentes de empresas dos setores de com?rcio e servi?os que atuam em Natal-RN. Os avan?os na ?rea tecnol?gica permitem uma discuss?o importante voltada para o marketing nesse cen?rio de novas tecnologias de comunica??o. Verifica-se que a ado??o e o uso do mobile marketing pelas empresas locais j? ? uma realidade e as empresas est?o antenadas ?s mudan?as e inova??es tecnol?gicas acess?veis, sobretudo no que se refere ? telefonia m?vel, bem como a converg?ncia com outras m?dias. Constata-se, por?m, que o uso das tecnologias proporcionadas pelo mobile marketing ainda est? limitado ao envio de mensagens de texto (SMS), apesar das in?meras possibilidades de utiliza??o desse ve?culo de comunica??o. Al?m disso, os resultados obtidos com o uso do mobile marketing mostram que as empresas conseguem identific?-los, por?m n?o h? um acompanhamento efetivo em termos quantitativos e financeiros. Apenas afetam o incremento das vendas e corrobora para o avan?o na fideliza??o com clientes. Percebe-se que a mentalidade de n?o mensura??o de resultados continua mesmo no plano de mudan?as e inova??es tecnol?gicas. Os dados autorizam afirmar que o mobile marketing ? uma realidade, no entanto ainda n?o se firmou enquanto ferramenta de realiza??o de campanhas de marketing e ferramenta de fideliza??o de clientes, n?o obstante apresentar um amplo leque de possibilidades para dinamizar e tornar mais efetivo o processo de marketing das empresas

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Master’s Degree in Marketing, Durban University of Technology, 2017. / As a result of weaker bargaining power, consumers are often exploited or treated unfairly in the business arena. Whilst consumer abuse is a global problem, South African consumers are more vulnerable due to various socio-economic conditions that affect their ability to negotiate equally in the marketplace. Factors such as poverty and illiteracy contribute to consumer abuse and is perpetuated by the discrimination which was inherent in the apartheid era. Accordingly, the Consumer Protection Act, 2008 (CPA) was promulgated to promote the respect for consumer rights, create awareness, enhance consumer protection and eliminate unfair and dishonest business practices which were prevalent at the time. This study aims to investigate the implications of consumer rights for service delivery within the retail sector. The main objective of this research was to explore the levels of awareness of consumer rights and to identify consumers’ expectations and perceptions of service delivery in relation to the CPA. The research design was quantitative in nature. A questionnaire was designed to assess the levels of awareness of rights and consumers’ expectations and perceptions of the service delivered by retailers, in relation to the service quality dimensions. Using convenience sampling, data was obtained from 337 respondents in the greater Durban area. Data was analysed using SPSS version 24.0 and interpreted using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the gap analysis revealed that the respondents’ perceptions of service quality was consistently lower than their expectations, in respect of several dimensions of service quality. These negative gaps indicate that the level of the delivered service had fallen below the respondents’ expectations of service quality amongst retailers. This implies that respondents’ were dissatisfied with business compliance with provisions of the CPA. Businesses are hence encouraged to take steps to ensure legal compliance, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction and attaining higher levels of service excellence. / M