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Sport is an arena in which natural differences between women and men are considered so obvious and profound that they necessitate completely separate teams and leagues for women and men. The normalized division of women’s and men’s sport and assumptions of natural sex difference also informs the organization of children’s sport, including in children’s soccer spaces. Sex segregation in children’s sport spaces not only has negative impacts on both boys and girls, but it also actively restricts the participation of trans, Two Spirit, and gender expansive children, often requiring them to choose between honouring their gender or participating in sport. Little research has explored specifically how coaches of mixed-sex children’s sport programs understand sex and gender; therefore, for my Master of Arts research, I explored how children’s soccer coaches of mixed-sex programs in Ontario understand sex and gender. I used a feminist science studies theoretical framework and feminist methodologies to conduct 11 semi-structured interviews with coaches who had experience working with mixed-sex programs for children aged four to eight. I used critical discourse analysis to analyze these interviews and examine the discourses (re)produced by the coaches. Through this analysis, I found that the coaches (re)produced three pervasive discourses: 1) gender is constructed but categorical; 2) inevitable and hierarchal sex differences necessitate sex-segregation; and 3) girls’ sport is vulnerable and girls in sport require support. The results of this research suggest that coaches’ understanding of sex and gender is heavily informed by the sex/gender binary of sport, even in mixed-sex children’s soccer spaces. The findings from this research can be used to inform coach education and sport policy that resists binary and naturalized notions of sex and gender.

Very often mental health professionals are not feeling prepared by their graduate programs to work with trans and gender expansive (TGE) people. With numerous gender identities, changing terminology, and recent scientific discoveries surrounding gender, it is incredibly important that counselors continue to stay up to date. New and seasoned professionals alike must continue to develop awareness and understanding of TGE clients, as well as strategies and skills for a trans-affirmative counseling practice. This workshop will help any mental health professional start their journey towards competence in working with this population.

Den här rapporten undersöker med en devisingprocess som utforskande metod ett gestaltande av en text utifrån idéerna om sammanflätningar bortom uppdelningen mellan teori och praktik. Processen möter under arbetets gång på motstånd och behöver därför fördjupas ytterligare innan gestaltningen kan komma vidare igen.

Las grasas son componentes esenciales de muchos productos alimenticios, ya que ayudan a proporcionar el color, sabor, textura y vida útil deseados. Actualmente es bien sabido que el consumo elevado de ácidos grasos saturados y trans tiene efectos negativos en la salud humana, lo que obliga a la industria alimentaria a buscar alternativas tecnológicas que permitan obtener productos con características físicas y organolépticas similares a los tradicionalmente comercializados, pero saludables para los consumidores. En la búsqueda de soluciones factibles, la estructuración de aceites se ha convertido en un área de investigación de creciente interés en los últimos años. Los oleogeles, definidos como sistemas semisólidos compuestos por aceite líquido atrapado en una red de moléculas de agente estructurante, se encuentran entre algunas de las alternativas más prometedoras para reemplazar a este tipo de grasas. La presente tesis estudia el desarrollo de oleogeles a partir de monoglicéridos y aceites vegetales, desde su formulación y caracterización fisicoquímica, hasta la evaluación de su aplicación como sustitutos de grasas sólidas en magdalenas. En el Capítulo 1 se presenta una introducción general al tema de estudio, describiendo la funcionalidad de los aceites y las grasas en alimentos, y la problemática existente en relación al consumo de grasas saturadas y trans. Además, se incluye una revisión bibliográfica sobre las características de los oleogeles, como así también sobre su aplicación en alimentos. Los materiales y los métodos analíticos utilizados en el trabajo de tesis se describen en el Capítulo 2. Además, se detalla la caracterización de los principales materiales utilizados. En el Capítulo 3 se analiza, a través de dos diseños experimentales de tipo factorial fraccionario, el efecto que tienen las variables de procesamiento, y sus interacciones, sobre las propiedades de los oleogeles. Se lleva a cabo, además, optimizaciones multirespuesta, utilizando los modelos matemáticos desarrollados luego del análisis estadístico de los resultados de los diseños experimentales, de manera de definir las condiciones de procesamiento que permiten obtener oleogeles con características similares a una materia grasa comercial, la cual fue seleccionada como modelo. Las mismas pudieron ser corroboradas experimentalmente. En base a los resultados obtenidos en el capítulo anterior, en el Capítulo 4 se estudia la aplicación potencial de los oleogeles optimizados como sustitutos de una materia grasa sólida empleada en una formulación base o tradicional de magdalenas. Dicha sustitución se evalúa con el fin de compararlas con aquellas producidas con una materia grasa comercial, o solo con aceite, respecto a sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y sus características organolépticas. Además, se cuantifica la migración de aceite en las magdalenas a través del tiempo con el fin de evaluar su estabilidad. El Capítulo 5 se centra en el estudio de estabilidad de los oleogeles previamente optimizados, de manera tal de analizar el efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento en las características fisicoquímicas de estos potenciales sustitutos grasos. En el Capítulo 6 se evalúa la aplicación de ultrasonido de alta intensidad, en combinación con cambios en la velocidad de enfriamiento y en la formulación como técnica alternativa de procesamiento y obtención de sustitutos de grasas sólidas empleando menor concentración de estructurante. Por último, en el Capítulo 7 se presentan las conclusiones generales derivadas del estudio desarrollado en la presente tesis y las propuestas futuras de trabajo. / Fats are essential ingredients of many food products, as they help to provide the desired flavor, color, texture and shelf life. Nowadays it is well known that high intake of saturated and trans fatty acids have negative effects on human’s health, compelling the food industry to search for technological alternatives that allow the obtention of products with similar physical and organoleptic characteristics to those traditionally commercialized but healthy for consumers. Thus, structuring liquid oils has become an interesting area of research in the last years. Oleogels, soft matter systems comprising of liquid oil entrapped in a network of gelator molecules, are among some of the most promising alternatives for replacing these types of fats. The present thesis studies the formulation of oleogels from monoglycerides and vegetable oils from their physicochemical characterization to the evaluation of their application as solid fat replacers in muffins. In Chapter 1 a general introduction to the subject of study is presented, describing the functionality of fats and oils in foods, as well as showing the existing problem related to the consumption of saturated and trans fats. In addition, a bibliographic review of the characteristics of oleogels is included, as well as its application in food products. The materials and methods used in the experimental studies carried out in the thesis are described in Chapter 2. Moreover, the characterization of the main materials used is detailed. Chapter 3 focuses on the study of the effect of the processing variables, and their interactions, on the final properties of oleogels by applying two fractional factorial experimental designs. A multi-response optimization is also carried out by using the mathematical models developed after the statistical analysis of the experimental design results, in order to obtain oleogels with similar characteristics to a commercial fat. These optimizations were experimentally validated. Taking into account the results obtained in the previous study, in Chapter 4 the potential application of the optimized oleogels as replacers for a solid fat used in a base or traditional muffin formulation is studied. This substitution allows to compare muffins elaborated with oleogels with those produced with a commercial fat, or only with oil, with respect to their physicochemical properties and organoleptic characteristics. In addition, oil migration in muffins is quantified over time in order to assess its stability. Chapter 5 focuses on the study of the stability of previously optimized oleogels, in order to analyze the effect of storage time on the physicochemical characteristics of these potential fat replacers. Chapter 6 assesses the application of high intensity ultrasound in combination with changes in the cooling rate and the oleogels formulation, as an alternative technique for processing and obtention of these fat replacers by minimizing the agent structurant concentration. Finally, Chapter 7 presents the general conclusions obtained through the development of this thesis and future work proposals.

L’impact biologique exact des acides gras trans (TFA) sur la santé globale n’est toujours pas clair. Actuellement, il y a deux sources principales de TFA : 1- ceux qui se produisent naturellement dans les produits laitiers et de viande à la suite de la biohydrogénation chez les ruminants (R-TFA) et 2-ceux formés par des procédés industriels (I-TFA). Les I-TFA ont des effets néfastes sur le risque cardiovasculaire (CV), la résistance à l’insuline et le diabète de type 2. Cependant, les résultats actuels suggèrent que les R-TFA peuvent avoir des effets bénéfiques sur les facteurs de risque du diabète. À ce jour, peu d’études animales ont été menées à l’aide de R-TFA. Ces études suggèrent des mécanismes d’action potentiels qui peuvent expliquer les effets de la R-TFA sur le diabète de type 2 : diminution de l’inflammation, modification des niveaux d’expression génique et diminution de la graisse hépatique. L’objectif de cette étude était de développer une formulation qui pourrait encapsuler des R-TFA de manière isolée sans les autres constituants du lait. Pour ce faire, une stratégie de formulation visant à obtenir des solutions de TFA stables, solubles dans l’eau et biodisponibles ont été développées. Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé des formulations encapsulant les TFA dans des nanovésicules de 100 nm en moyenne. Nos résultats démontrent que ces formulations sont stables physiquement et chimiquement pendant une semaine. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons administré ces formulations contenant les TFA aux animaux, par gavage. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que nos formulations assurent la biodisponibilité des TFA, sans moduler les concentrations plasmatiques d’autres acides gras. Enfin, nous avons démontré la versatilité de cette technique en coencapsulant des TFA avec d’autres molécules hydrophiles et hydrophobes telles que la vitamine D3 et la L-leucine. Ces résultats démontrent l’intérêt de l’utilisation de nanovésicules en sciences des aliments pour l’encapsulation de composés non solubles dans l’eau. In fine, ces formulations représentent une base solide pour mener à bien les études in vivo futures et comprendre les effets réels des R-TFA sur le DT2 et ses facteurs de risques.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2010-2011 / Notre groupe de recherche a récemment démontré que des apports très élevés en acides gras trans naturels (AGTn) et industriels (AGTi) avaient des effets comparables sur les lipides et lipoprotéines plasmatiques. L'impact des différents AGT sur les processus impliqués dans l'homéostasie du cholestérol demeure toutefois inconnu et il nous est apparu important d'investiguer dans cette voie. Ce mémoire présente les résultats d'une étude dont l'objectif était de comparer l'impact des AGTi et des AGTn sur les marqueurs de la synthèse endogène et de l'absorption intestinale du cholestérol. Les résultats démontrent que le niveau d'absorption du cholestérol est modifié de façon plus importante suite à la consommation d'AGTn que d'AGTi, mais cette différence ne se reflète pas dans les concentrations de LDL-C entre les deux sources d'AGT. Il semble également que la consommation d'AGT n'affecte pas la synthèse endogène de cholestérol, peu importe leur origine.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most deadly and common form of brain cancer and is responsible for over 50% of adult brain tumors. A specific region within the GBM environment is known as the perivascular niche (PVN). We have designed a 3D in vitro model of the PVN comprised of either collagen Type 1 or HyStem-C®, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), and LN229 (GBM) cells. A synergistic response between HUVECs and LN229 cells was observed in co-culture, including 10 – 16-fold increased cell proliferation, a decrease in the height of hydrogels of up to 68%, as well as elevated secretion of TGF-β and CXCL12 up to 2.6-fold from Day 8 to 14. These trends correlated with cell colocalization, indicating a chemotactic role for CXCL12 in enabling the migration of LN229 cells towards HUVECs in co-cultures. Von Willebrand factor (vWF) was co-expressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in up to 40% of LN229 cells after 14 days in co-culture in collagen (2.2 mg/mL) and HyStem-C® gels. The expression of vWF indicates the early stages of trans-differentiation of LN229 cells to an endothelial cell phenotype. We then investigated the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs temozolomide (TMZ) and Avastin® on EC networks, LN229 cell morphology and alignment, cytotoxicity, colocalization, and trans-differentiation. TMZ was observed to primarily affect LN229 cells, with treatment at high concentrations resulting in up to 2.3-fold reduced alignment as well as an increase in cell circularity. Cytotoxicity of up to 94% was also observed up to in LN229 monocultures, and was significantly higher in collagen (1.1 mg/mL) gels. Avastin® treatment resulted in changes to ECs. Network features were significantly reduced and EC cellular proliferation decreased up to 69% with Avastin® treatment. Significant increases in percentages of colocalized and GFAP+/vWF+ cells were also observed when treated with 8 µg/mL Avastin®. This suggests that chemotactic signaling may have been altered. TGF-β secretion was reduced in co-cultures when 150 µM TMZ or 8 µg/mL Avastin® were administered. / Doctor of Philosophy / Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadly form of brain cancer and is responsible for over 50% of adult brain tumors. A specific region within the GBM environment of particular interest is located near the vasculature, known as the perivascular niche (PVN). We have designed a 3D in vitro model of the PVN consisting of either collagen type 1 or HyStem-C®, a material made of primarily hyaluronic acid. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), an immortalized cell line, or primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) as well as LN229 (GBM) cells were used. A synergistic response was observed between HUVECs and LN229 cells in co-culture, including changes to the extracellular matrix, and signaling factor secretion. Further supporting this data, colocalization between LN229 cells and HUVECs was observed. Colocalization is a phenomenon where two cell types come into physical contact after one moves toward another. This indicated preferential migration, specifically in response to CXCL12. Endothelial cell marker von Willebrand factor (vWF) was co-expressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), commonly used to identify GBM cells. This percentage was increased in co-cultures with HBMECs, pointing to differences in the response of primary cells to immortalized cell lines. The expression of vWF indicates the early stages of trans-differentiation of LN229 cells to an endothelial cell phenotype. We then investigated the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs temozolomide (TMZ) and Avastin® in the PVN model. TMZ was observed to primarily affect LN229 cells, by reducing their alignment as well as causing cell death. Avastin® treatment resulted in changes to ECs. Networks and cell growth were significantly reduced after Avastin® treatment. When either TMZ or Avastin® was administered, the secretion of TGF-β, was reduced.

No / This ground-breaking book examines inequalities experienced by LGBT people and considers the role of social work in addressing them. The book is organised in three parts: the first provides a policy context in four countries, the second examines social work practice in tackling health inequalities, and part three considers research and pedagogic developments. The book’s distinctive approach includes international contributions, practice vignettes and key theoretical perspectives in health inequalities, including social determinants of health, minority stress, ecological approaches and human rights. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans health inequalities is relevant to social work educators, practitioners and students, alongside an interdisciplinary audience interested in LGBT health inequalities.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2007-2008. / Les acides gras trans (AGT) sont formés lors d'un processus industriel d'hydrogénation des huiles végétales insaturées, mais aussi de façon naturelle par les bactéries présentes dans le rumen des ruminants. Alors que la consommation d'AGT d'origine industrielle a été associée à une augmentation du risque de maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV), les effets de la consommation d'AGT d'origine naturelle demeurent inconnus. L'objectif de ce mémoire de maîtrise est de mieux comprendre les effets de la consommation d'AGT de source naturelle sur les facteurs de risque de MCV. L'objectif de l'étude était de comparer les effets de différentes quantités d'AGT naturels et industriels sur les lipoprotéines plasmatiques chez l'humain. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que la consommation d'AGT naturels pourrait avoir des effets néfastes sur le profil lipidique, mais que des apports correspondant à la limite maximale pouvant être consommée par la population semblent avoir des effets neutres sur les lipoprotéines plasmatiques