The concept of Shared Service (SS) recently is an important trend on the basis of cost efficiency and policy of enterprises or business groups. It has become popular in Europe for the past decades and was introduced to the States in the 80¡¦s. Nowadays, Taiwanese business groups also have started to think about having SS mechanism for financial and IT functions. Further, adding Humane Resources (HR) into SS is also a conspicuously novel tendency. The thesis probes into reasons that HR SS has been generated in the Taiwanese groups. Further, it analyzes the construction process, organization and service model of HR Shared Service Center (SSC). Meanwhile, the costs and efficiency of having HR integrated into SS to groups and business units are examined. Finally, key factors to success of conducting HR SSC are elicited. Case study is used in the thesis. It solely studies President Chain Store Corp. (PCSC) because it has one of the most well-established HR SSC in Taiwan. Through profound interview, informal conversations, SSC establishment documents, and related research, the model of HR SSC in Taiwan is examined. It is indicated that ¡§Support from Top-Managers¡¨ and ¡§Cooperative Organization Culture¡¨ are two vital factors that lead the establishment of PCSC HR SSC to success. However, it is very possible that the SS brings more costs to business units, hence the advantages over the whole group occasionally conflicts with its business units¡¦. Sometimes establishment of SSC is all a means to set up prestige and imposing reputation. As a result, resistance to forced integration come into existence among business units.

In recent years, the rapid change of business climate, has cause a dramatic increase in investment risk throughout the world. The days of exponential growth and high profit margins are gone. Industries are facing an overly competitive environment and down-cycling in many sectors. Companies are focusing more on cutting costs, outsourcing manpower, shifting manufacturing to China, organizational downsizing in order to maintain a competitive edge. In the other hand, industry is transforming in ways like never before. New hiring practices and modern horizontal management structuring have given both managements and applicants a better outlook of working value. The concept of employee dispatching is gradually prevailing. However, what¡¦s the meaning and benefit of using outsourcing strategies to the employers? Case study is adopted in this research, and this is an exploratory study. We try to sketch the outline of the local dispatch method and compare the dispatched work agency and user enterprise in Taiwan. Furthermore, according to the above findings to foresee that how workforce outsourcing works in the near future. From this research, we can conclude that¡G 1¡BThe main considerations of company using dispatching workers are more focus on organizational flexibility and reduce the risk of hiring. 2¡BThe values of using dispatch workers are arising different benefits along with the scale of each organization, industrial nature and core competence of different businesses. 3¡BEmployers will measure the cost of hiring by themselves with the transaction cost of outsourcing before their decision of using dispatching workforce. 4¡BThe so-called ¡§Core Value¡¨ of each business which has few related to the ¡§difficulty¡¨ of the jobs, but mostly defined by business owners¡¦ recognition to the job function / position. 5¡BIn Taiwan, the outsourcing service is expecting to integrate with HR full functions to be a total solution provider or to develop in depth service to become a specialist. Then the outsourcing shall become not only a value-added service to the companies but also the strategy partner between both parties. Keywords¡GTransaction Cost¡BOutsourcing Workforce¡BOutsourcing Benefit¡BCore Competence

Abstract This study attempts to investigate and analyze the ¡§Executive Search¡¨ (ES) industry in Taiwan today, a field in which there is a serious shortage of academic research. The main purposes of this study are to reveal the business processes involved in ES, and to identify the characteristics of both clients and candidates. In order to reveal a complete picture of the industry¡¦s development in Taiwan, expert interviews were used as the main method of investigation. Initially, we studied foreign research papers on ES, after which five ES consultants and four corporate Human Resources managers were interviewed. A number if interesting facts were uncovered by this research: 1. ES consultants in Taiwan tend to follow the approach of consultants in American and Europe. 2. The size of ES industry in Taiwan is not yet sufficient for the needs of the economy and, in addition, a greater degree of specialization is required. 3. Young, well-educated managers with characteristics such as good interpersonal skills, strong loyalty, intelligence and aggression, are those most sought after by ES clients. 4. Clients of the ES industry are companies with an urgent need for talented people, and include high tech companies, professional management firms, subsidiaries of international corporations in Taiwan, and companies run by second-generation entrepreneurs. At the end of this study, we suggest three issues for further research: 1. A comparison between the performance of managers found through ES and those found through other recruiting methods. 2. The relationship between Human Resource Managers and ES Consultants. 3.The potential for integration between the ES industry and network technology.

Applying the maximum principle of optimal control that is widely used in the theories of endogenous growth to the decentralized market, this project will study how, under the consideration of transaction costs, producers and consumers choose the optimal degree of production roundaboutness and determine the growth rate of the economy. The purposes of the project can be viewed from two respects: 1. From the view point of growth theory, the project studies how the combined effect of production widening, i.e. learning by doing effect caused by social production capacity, and production deepening, i.e. economies of division of labor caused by higher degree of production roundaboutness, improve the productivity of production and thus create the possibility of permanent growth. 2. The project also emphasizes the important role of transaction costs, as the new institutionalism having highlighted, in the determination of optimal production roundaboutness, in contrast to that tradition concentrating how the organization from for transaction is chosen. We shall start with an one-sector model in which the knowledge of production is available freely, and show that the optimal degree of production roundaboutness depends on the rate of transaction cost. Next, in an extended two-sector model in which the technology of roundabout production can be invented only through investing scarce resource, we shall demonstrate how the path of transitional dynamics leads the economy to its steady state that reveals permanent growth.

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Abstract Outsourcing is regarded as a strategy for decreasing the transaction- cost by many Taiwan hospitals; therefore, this research focused on developing the Outsourcing Management configuration. From the aspects of resource-based theory and transaction-cost theory, this research selected a public medical center in southern Taiwan as its study case and probed into Outsourcing Management structure by examining the current condition. Two study stages are included; first of all, built up the initial research framework by discussing related literature. Through continuous investigation of this case, Researcher gathered qualitative data analysis, concluded with some revision of Outsourcing Management Architecture for hospitals. The second stage discussed among variables; ¡§resources¡¨, ¡§Outsourcing Management¡¨ and ¡§performance of outsourcing¡¨. 295 questionnaires were distributed to all research samples, including local hospitals and medical centers as teaching hospitals, also local hospitals governed by Health Insurance Bureaus in Tainan and Kaohsiung-Pintung. Main research states as followed¡G 1.There¡¦s no difference from the degrees of hospitals and quantity of sickbeds to resources that hospitals obtained. 2.The organizational capability of private hospitals is obviously higher than public hospitals. 3.There¡¦s positive relationship within factors between resource attribute and Outsourcing performance. 4.There¡¦s connection in factors between resource attribute and Outsourcing management. 5.There¡¦s connection between and Outsourcing management and Outsourcing performance. Concluded from the foregoing results, this research suggests hospitals to strengthen personal capacity, organizing ability and followed up by supervision concerning the process, using punishment for command, building up trust to business in partnership and rational information gathering to Outsourcing Management, will present better performance. Key Words¡GResource-based ¡B Transaction-cost¡B Resources Outsourcing Management¡B Performance of outsourcing

ABSTRACT After join the World Trade Organization (W.T.O.) this year, the domestic enterprises shall be situated in a free-trade environment to face more stronger international competitors, severer environments protection regulations and the more requirements of new technologies. Under this condition, most of the enterprises usually scale up themselves and shift their management mode to group development to face the new competitive environments. China steel corporation group endeavored to run multilaterally. Since the privatization of 1984. This research try to analyze how the CSC group decide the direction for investments according to their core resource and competence on new business scope, and how try transfer or build up the core resource and competence to their daughter companies, and during the multilateral managements process, how they reutilize it to produce new resource and management efficiency to feed back in time to the resource suppliers for their development and make the CSC group to be competitive for ever.

Abstract Based on the latest concepts of economics, this study is aimed at the evolution of purchase system. At the same time, it analyzes the purchase system of the government on the basis of the theories of transaction costs and principle agency. In the purchase system of the government, there exist uncertainties in bureaucracy and firm. Due to these uncertainties as well as imperfect information and boundary rational policy-deciders, in the process of purchase, the dealers and buyers entertain the mind of opportunism. With the enactment of purchase system of the government, which specifies all kinds of procedures in order to reduce the uncertainties of dealings, and to lower cost price of dealings. The procedure of the government purchase, from the beginning of budget list to the completion of contract, has to go through the close check of councilors, public officials, bureaucratic organization and manufacturing companies. This study, depending on the theory of principle agency in a new institutional economic system, tries to understand the connection between the councilors, public officials, bureaucratic organization and manufacturing companies in the government purchase. The government purchase has to serve both political and economic purposes; therefore, while making the purchase, the government has to consider two main principles---the political fair principle and economic profit principle. That¡¦s the reason why the government will get into two dilemmas while working out a system of purchase. One dilemma that the government purchase system faces is that any purchase system cannot surely serve both political and economic purposes. Because of this, some unpreventable corrupt practices in the process of the government purchase will appear. Thus, to balance the political fair principle and the economic profit principle, the government can¡¦t help but turn a blind eye to corrupt practices. The other dilemma is that, with an eye to attaining these two purposes, the government purchase system will unavoidably cause some troubles to the society, that is, the government purchase system will tempt participants to have the motivation of seeking for renters. This study will apply some newspaper reports, court decision and official document as its data and cases of analysis. The efficiency of the government purchase has a great influence on the image of the government the enactment of the law of the government purchase can largely decrease the number of participants who seek for renters. However, the duplex purposes of politics and economy will cut down the efficiency of the government purchase system.

<p>Introduction: Over half of the Swedish IT-projects get delayed and more expensive than budgeted. Large corporations and governmental institutions stand before the process of investigating in new IT-systems in intervals of three to five years. In order to decrease the cost, an external consultant with large experience in IT-purchases could be used by the customers. These consultants does today work solely for the customers, helping them to find the best solution. We want to see if an external consultant instead could act as an inde-pendent moderator between the supplier and customer in the IT-systems lifecycle.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze problems and possible solutions related to the involvement of third party consultants in larger IT-projects. In particular, we will investigate when and where in the project cycle it could be beneficial to use an independent moderator.</p><p>Method: We have conducted semi-structured interviews with six organizations to get an understanding about consultants in IT-projects. Four of the interviewed were IT-managers at organizations were large IT-systems are bought and implemented. Then, two of the in-terviewed represented the supplier companies that sell large IT-systems.</p><p>Frame of reference: Transaction cost theory and agency theory has been used. Transac-tion cost theory is a theory on whether you should conduct the service internally or purchase it from external firms. Agency theory describes problems in the relationship between a principal and an agent. The agent has a diversified interest towards the principal. In our case, the agent is a consultant.</p><p>Conclusion: The implementation phase benefits from using an external moderator who monitors what the customer needs, and then in a continuous interval measures if the project is aligning towards the stated goal. This can lower the failure of information and identify problem areas early and thereby prevent costly adjustments later in the project. An in-dependent moderator with a high degree of routine and specific knowledge could enhance communication, create a better fit of the implemented system and foresee opportunistic advices from suppliers. In the pre-study phase there are benefits for the customer with evaluating the need, stating specific demands and define a clear goal.</p>

The purpose of this paper is to understand why a host country (HC) shows ex post opportunistic behaviors in E&P projects and frequently forces international oil companies (IOCs) to renegotiate previously signed contracts. This research employs the concept of asset specificity and hold-up problem in transaction cost economics (TCE). It then examines the unique characteristics of E&P projects, HC’s opportunistic behaviors, and IOCs’ safeguards. For a case study analyzing the implications between the economic theory and HC’s ex post opportunism in oil E&P project, I have selected Kazakhstan. The result is that HC’s ex post opportunism can be explained by a hold-up problem resulting from IOCs’ sunk investments and the unique characteristics of the oil E&P industry. When IOCs’ important capital assets become sunk investments and the price of oil increases rapidly, HC has a strong incentive to appropriate IOCs’ profits through ex post opportunism. Yet at the same time, HC must consider the damage to its reputation when deciding the extent and ways of its ex post opportunistic behaviors in oil E&P projects. / text