The politics of knowledge in the age of the internet is concerned with many overlapping elements. From the reimagining of research in relation to the new infrastructures to the development of new technologies and their social, cultural, ontological, and epistemological implications, here the politics of knowledge centers around questions of information technology infrastructures in late capitalism, the control society, and reflexive modernization. As these social and political theories operate across academic disciplines and organizational systems, new formulations of knowledge production arise such as transdisciplinary research. Transdisciplinary research can be considered as a model for knowledge production that is still capable of recognizing the shared and processual nature of knowledge that operates contrarily to the objectified and commodified understanding of knowledge in late capitalism. Using critical analysis centered in considerations of reflexivity and the control society, I argue for the possibility of alternative cyberinfrastructures for the e-sciences and virtual learning environments as systems of cultural reproduction. These alternatives privilege constructions of science understood as creative, social, and processual following the findings of actor-network theory and the theories of Deleuze and Guattari. Finally, I argue that we are co-constructing a politics of knowledge within and through the infrastructures that we are building, and within these politics there is a conception of the practices of science and research that could be informed by a reconsideration of social theories of technology and our contemporary social and political theory in relation to the development of future technologies and future ways of understanding those technologies. / Ph. D.

This thesis takes a theoretical framework constructed for transdisciplinary research within different natural science disciplines and investigates what kind of new knowledge is produced when this framework is applied to projects at the interface of art and natural science. The main case study is “Sauti ya Wakulima – The Voice of the Farmers”, which involves collaboration with another intervention artist, and with natural scientists and farmers. This is a collaborative knowledge project with small-scale urban as well as rural farmers in Tanzania who have created an online community archive of their farming practices by using mobile phones to upload images and sounds onto a website. The research uses an open-ended participatory methodology that gives the participants as much creative agency as possible within the given power structures and practical and technical parameters. A second work examined is the Climate Hope Garden, an installation by the author in collaboration with ecologists and climate scientists at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich (ETHZ). The installation consisted of a garden grown in climate-controlled chambers based on the climatic conditions proposed by IPCC climate scenarios. The project aimed to enact these scenarios on a spatial and temporal scale to which visitors could relate. Transdisciplinary research has become a key reference point in funding proposals. Despite many references in the literature, and calls for research involving both the natural sciences and humanities to solve complex world problems such as adaptation to climate change, there seems to be little consensus about exactly what kind of knowledge might be produced from such projects, and how transdisciplinary research proposals might be evaluated, especially those at the interface of art and the natural sciences. Several theoretical frameworks have been suggested for designing transdisciplinary research between and within scientific disciplines, or between the natural and social sciences and humanities. The present study applies the framework proposed by Christian Pohl and Gertrude Hirsch Hadorn (2007) to a real-world transdisciplinary art-science project in a development context in order to examine the balance between the collective, locally embodied experience and the nomothetic knowledge that arises from it. This thesis found that transdisciplinarity is a different question from that of types of knowledge on the nomothetic-idiographic scale. Transdisciplinarity is a pragmatic question of definitions and inherited boundaries of disciplines. The framework categories do not differentiate between nomothetic and idiographic, just to which part of the problem-solving puzzle they fit. This is perfectly valid for goal-oriented, problem-solving research and can be applied to art-science research, but there are other ways of describing this work, such as using a philosophical description of the knowing process which comes closer to encompassing the richness of the knowledge produced. It is in this sense that the new type of knowledge generated by the transdisciplinary projects required an expansion of the given theoretical framework.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21092号 / 工博第4456号 / 新制||工||1692(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 Cruz Ana Maria , 教授 小林 潔司, 准教授 横松 宗太 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

With more than 33 million people living with HIV/AIDS, and an infection rate that is increasing rather than falling among high-risk groups, the 30-year history of the AIDS epidemic has been characterised as ‘islands of success in a sea of failure.’ Given the lack of a medical cure for the disease, the world has looked to social marketing campaigns to promote behaviour change that would decrease infection rates. Under the best of circumstances, change is difficult, and health behaviour change, especially when it relates to sex and politics, is even more challenging, so social marketers have a difficult task that calls on every technique at their disposal. There is an increasing expectation that HIV/AIDS social marketing interventions will yield measurable results, and that involves fully understanding the AIDS landscape, marketing theory and practice, and the evolving medical picture relating to the pandemic. This research explores links between social marketing and HIV/AIDS while mapping their marketing connections to both the conventional and alternative medical communities. To better understand the HIV/AIDS landscape, early research focused on three diverse countries— Mexico, Uganda, and the United States—selected for their significant cultural, economic, and political differences. Given the multiple social perspectives and fields of knowledge involved in this project, a transdisciplinary approach using mixed research methods was selected. Mixed methods for collecting and presenting data included case studies, content analysis, semistructured interviews, a quantitative survey, and in-depth reaction interviews. Through analysis of 18 social marketing campaigns in the three countries selected for study, the content, focus, purpose, and implications of the controlled public dissemination of HIV/AIDS information were examined. Key informants with professional and academic credentials in the areas of marketing, advocacy, and HIV/AIDS medicine were interviewed to learn rationales behind the campaigns and to explore political and economic factors that affect HIV/AIDS health activism. The last major phase of information gathering surveyed more than 340 patients at a clinic in Houston, Texas, to ascertain their knowledge and perceptions about HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention information. After the survey data was compiled, reaction interviews from key informants provided additional input. Informed by this wealth of secondary and primary research, an Integrated Social Marketing Conversation (Marcon) Model was created to demonstrate that social marketing campaigns should be localised and customer centred, with participants engaging in an ongoing conversation at every stage. The communication model offers valuable guidelines for more effective dissemination of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment information to high-risk, high-interest target audiences such as HIV-positive people and the organisations that work with that subculture. Because this research crosses so many boundaries and addresses an actual need, it should be of interest to a wide variety of individuals and organisations in both academic and professional fields. From marketers to medical practitioners to activists associated with HIV/AIDS issues, this project’s findings will apply to their concerns. Also, HIV/AIDS organisations — both government agencies as well as private groups — should find information in this work that addresses their ongoing efforts. While investigating existing models for HIV/AIDS communication, it became evident that most research and communication models have focused on how HIV/AIDS prevention programmes are working and what is effective, but little has been done in regards to treatment options and information. For that reason, the integrated social marcon model presented in this thesis is an important addition to the body of practical literature on this topic. Finally, the volatility of the issues examined here and the contacts made during five years of work offer multiple possibilities for follow-up research and fieldwork with opportunities to make a positive contribution in the battle against the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

Solving complex sustainability problems requires diverse perspectives from different academic disciplines and non-academic actors. However, no generally accepted guidelines exist on how to apply transdisciplinarity or other collaborative approaches in a research process. Therefore, applied research approaches reflect the perspectives and expectations of researchers in terms of collaboration. This thesis aims to analyse how natural scientists view and involve indigenous people and local communities in a collaborative research process. To fulfil this aim, an international natural resource-related project in the Brazilian Amazon was examined as a case study and semi-structured interviews were conducted with natural scientists. The empirical data shows that local communities are directly involved in the project, incorporating their knowledge and opinions. Although the researchers think the collaborative approach is valuable, the majority believe that local community participation and decision-making power should be enhanced. The challenges faced by scientists are the communication of science and the difficulties related to power asymmetries or social, such as cultural differences. Simultaneously, cultural and social exchange can serve as inspiration for new perspectives for scientists if they are open-minded and flexible. The most highlighted benefit is the local knowledge of the communities. Scientists maintain that they cannot conduct research without local communities’ knowledge of the environment and the forest. Therefore, communities should also benefit from the academic knowledge of the scientists and the co-produced knowledge generated through the collaboration. Furthermore, the role and help of community members in research should be acknowledged, enhancing their involvement and authority in decision-making within research.

La thèse étudie le pouvoir génératif de la structuration des connaissances pour la conception innovante. Partant d’une analyse de la générativité des structures de connaissances non-verbales, et notamment du dessin d’architecte, elle identifie un nouveau mode de conception en montrant comment une revisite des rapports entre connaissances favorise la génération de nouveaux concepts. En particulier, une restructuration des connaissances visant à rendre la structure splitting, c’est-à-dire, sans rapports modulaires ou déterministes entre connaissances, possède un fort pouvoir génératif. En session collective, les médias non-verbaux, tels que le dessin, les images ou encore le prototypage 3D, se révèlent ainsi particulièrement favorables à la restructuration des connaissances : trois conditions nécessaires présentées dans la thèse doivent cependant être réunies afin de garantir la performance du non-verbal en session collective. Par ailleurs, ce phénomène de restructuration générative - aussi appelée K-preordering – diffère de l’exploration classique par génération de concepts alternatifs. Les deux modes de conception ne sont pas pour autant incompatibles : la thèse propose ainsi un processus de conception alternant phases de K-preordering et phases de génération de concepts. Ce processus est notamment testé à travers deux cas de recherche-intervention visant à provoquer la réorganisation des structures de connaissances stabilisées et partagées à l’échelle de l’organisation. Ces deux cas montrent en particulier comment un tel processus favorise la conception de programmes de recherche transdisciplinaires. / The thesis investigates the generative power of knowledge structuration for innovative design. Analyzing the generativity of non-verbal knowledge structures - especially, architectural drawings -, this work identifies a new design method by showing that the transformation of links between knowledge bases fosters concept generation. In particular, a restructuration that aims to design a splitting structure - a structure avoiding modular and deterministic links between knowledge bases - has a strong generative power. During collective creativity sessions, non-verbal tools such as sketches, pictures or 3D-printing, can enhance knowledge restructuration: however, three necessary conditions, which are presented in the thesis, have to be met in order to ensure performance of the non-verbal tools used during the session. Moreover, this generative restructuration - also called K-preordering - differs from the classic design exploration by alternative concepts generation. But the two design modes are not mutually exclusive: the thesis proposes a design process that alternates K-preordering and concept generation. This process is applied in two studies, which were led as action research and intended to foster the reorganization of knowledge structures that were both stabilized and shared at the organizational level. In particular, these studies show how such a process helps enhancing the design of transdisciplinary research programs.

Es wird zunehmend deutlich, dass weder eine einzelne wissenschaftliche Disziplin noch ein einzelnes Forschungsinstitut Lösungen für globale Probleme zu finden vermag; das Ergebnis ist ein Wandel hin zu vernetzten, globalen Forschungsansätzen, der mit einem Anstieg von Verbundprojekten mit inter- und transdisziplinärem Ansatz einhergeht. Obschon ein Bewusstsein für die schwierige Aufgabe besteht, institutionelle Strukturen so zu gestalten, dass sie sich förderlich auf die Zusammenarbeit auswirken, wird der praktischen Umsetzung kaum Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Doch diese ist insbesondere bei Forschungsverbünden zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung von entscheidender Bedeutung, da sie mit ihrer komplexen organisatorischen Struktur – mit Beteiligten unterschiedlicher Nationalität und aus verschiedenen Institutionen und Disziplinen – ausgesprochen anfällig für Konflikte sind. Um destruktiven und das Projekt gefährdenden Konflikten vorzubeugen, werden neben Studien zur effektiven Teamarbeit auch Instrumente benötigt, die die Zusammenarbeit und den Erfolg des Projektes fördern. Nur wenn Projekte effektiv funktionieren, können sie Lösungen für große gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen finden. Die vorliegende Dissertation verfolgt das Ziel, zur praktischen Funktionsfähigkeit transdisziplinärer Forschungsprojekte beizutragen, indem sie die Konzeption und die Wirksamkeit von Konfliktmanagement-Systemen in derartigen Forschungsprojekten untersucht. Als Fallbeispiel dient ein transdisziplinäres Forschungsprojekt zur Ernährungssicherheit, das exemplarisch für die Komplexität von Verbundprojekten steht. Die vorliegende Dissertation soll nicht nur dazu beitragen, die Wissenslücke über die Funktionsweise transdisziplinärer Forschungsprojekte zu schließen, sondern zudem einen Beitrag zur Forschung zu Konfliktmanagement-Systemen leisten, indem solch ein System in eine weitere Organisationsstruktur übertragen wird. / Recognizing that no single discipline or institute alone can find solutions to global challenges, a shift toward interconnected and global research approaches is occurring, thus increasing the number of collaborative research initiatives applying inter- and trans-disciplinary approaches. This is mirrored not just in the global development agenda (Agenda 2030) but also in the funding policies of national and international public funding bodies. While there is awareness for the grand challenges and institutional structures facilitating joint action, little attention is given to the operational details. However, this is essential, as research collaborations in sustainable development are complex organizational settings prone to conflict, made up of diverse members from multiple countries, institutions, and disciplines. To prevent destructive conflict, including complete project failure, research on collaborative team work, as well as tools to facilitate collaboration and project success, is needed. Effectively functioning projects can find solutions to grand societal challenges. Thus, the objective of this dissertation is to facilitate the operational functioning of transdisciplinary research projects by analyzing the design and effects of a conflict management system in such a research environment. Because it exemplifies the complexity of collaborative research projects, a transdisciplinary research project on food security serves as the case study. This dissertation not only helps close the knowledge gap on how transdisciplinary research projects operate, but it also advances research on conflict management systems by transferring the approach to a new type of organization.

Notre travail est une contribution à l’élaboration d’un cadre de recherche pour étudier le développement institutionnel pour la cogestion des ressources halieutiques communes, qui reste un mode de gouvernance minoritaire à l’échelle mondiale malgré ses impacts positifs démontrés dans de nombreux cas concrets. Spécifiquement, la thèse examine la performance de la gouvernance de petites pêcheries suivant une approche empirique et inductive d’économie institutionnelle. Notre démarche de recherche-action a accompagné des interventions de politiques publiques des pêches sur la gestion de ressources récifales surexploitées dans plusieurs cas d’étude en Nouvelle-Calédonie et au Vanuatu (Pacifique sud) entre 2008 et 2016. Ces cas correspondaient à des contextes et des échelles spatiales et temporelles variables. La thèse s’appuie sur un modèle causal théorique des effets de ce type d’intervention sur le changement institutionnel dans les petites pêcheries, et sur une grille d’évaluation de la dynamique du développement institutionnel dans les cas d’étude. Elle propose une exploration à la fois analytique et pratique de l’expérimentation adaptative du développement de systèmes de cogestion en conditions réelles. Différentes sources de connaissances, académiques et non académiques, sont mobilisées, sur les petites pêcheries et sur l’apprentissage de leur gouvernance partagée. Les résultats montrent que la gestion spatialisée et multiéchelle des pêcheries récifales par cycles de fermetures et d’ouvertures temporaires de la pêche constitue une forme d’hybridation de la gestion communautaire et de l’intervention gouvernementale, adaptée à de nombreuses pêcheries mono ou plurispécifiques du Pacifique sud. Quatre processus clés soustendant la performance économique des régimes de cogestion des pêcheries étudiées sont mis en évidence : l’apprentissage individuel des processus systémiques, l’apprentissage collectif, l’homogénéisation des stratégies des acteurs, et le renforcement des capacités d’action. Ces processus opèrent de manière interdépendante et selon leur propre temporalité, en réponse aux aléas et aux contingences des pêcheries, qui déterminent notamment les conditions initiales des interventions. En abordant explicitement les questions de durabilité des petites pêcheries à l’échelle nationale et en même temps à l’échelle locale opérationnelle de gestion, la démarche de recherche adoptée propose des pistes de recherches effectivement transdisciplinaires sur la cogestion des petites pêcheries et sur ses capacités à mieux répondre aux enjeux de durabilité. / This work is a contribution for elaborating a research framework for the study of institutional development for the comanagement of common fishery resources. Indeed this governance mode is marginally being used worldwide despite its positive impacts that have been proved in a large number of concrete cases.Specifically the thesis examines the performance of the governance of small-scale fishery through an empirical and inductive approach of institutional economics. Our action research framework guided interventions of public fishery policy on the management of overexploited marine resources in several case studies in New Caledonia and Vanuatu (South Pacific) between 2008 and 2016.Those cases corresponded to different contexts and temporal and spatial scales. The thesis is supported i) by a theoretical causal model of the effects of this kind of intervention on institutional change in smallscale fisheries, and ii) by an evaluation grid of the dynamics of institutional development in the case studies. It analytically and practically explores the process of adaptive experimentation of co-management development in reallife conditions. Academic and non academic knowledge on small-scale fisheries and the learning through shared governance is mobilized.Results show that spatial, multi-scale management of reef fisheries through temporary openings and closures of fishing is a way to combine community-based management and government intervention that is relevant for a number of single- and multi-species fisheries in the South Pacific. Four key processes that drive the economic performance of fishery co-management regimes are highlighted, namely individual learning of systemic processes, collective learning, homogenization of actors’ strategies, and building of capacity for action.These processes are interdependent following their own temporality in response to multiple stresses and fishery contingencies, that determine the initial conditions of the interventions in particular. By explicitly taking into account sustainability problems of smallscale fisheries at both the national and the local, operational levels, our researchframework proposes truly transdisciplinary research guidelines on the co-management of small-scale fisheries and on its capacity for addressing sustainability challenges more efficiently.

The increasing use of natural resources and the pollution it causes calls for new ways of addressing customer needs. Additionally, a more uncertain and complex world also presents new challenges. In this thesis, these new challenges are tackled through inter and transdisciplinary research, which require more interaction across disciplines to tackle complex phenomena. The manner in which companies address customer needs starts from the designing (a multiplestakeholder perspective) of offerings where companies rely on different types of support (guidelines, standards, methods and tools). In this thesis, these offerings, include products, services, systems, and solutions. This plays an important role in the use of natural resources and its impact on the environment. In this Licentiate, I present results to show initial cues on how to design resource-efficient offerings, and more specifically their analysis and evaluation in the early stages of the design process. This type of offerings is suggested to be crucial for the circular economy, which can be understood as a paradigm shift towards sustainability. In this paradigm shift, designing is carried out by taking into account reuse, remanufacture and recycling of products as strategies by multiple stakeholders and companies. Other strategies include providing services, a function or a solution through dematerialization and transmaterialization. The methods used in this research are narrative and systematic literature reviews, thematic analysis and a case study. The results show a lack of interdisciplinary research in the academic literature in subjects relevant to the design of resource-efficient offerings. The results also show a need to clarify what transdisciplinary research entails. Moreover, current practice shows that support used by companies needs to consider several factors for it to be useful, for example, the vision of the company, participation of potential users of the support and everyday operations, among other characteristics. Finally, more practical support coming from academia is necessary to improve its use in industry. / <p>Information om opponent och seminarium saknas</p>

<p>This thesis conceives aquaculture as a transfer of resources within and between different parts of the world system. It is argued that due to inappropriate human-nature interactions, resources tend to flow from the South to the North, as a process of coastal colonisation. To study this resource transfer, coastal aquaculture is ap-proached from a transdisciplinary perspective, integrating natural, social, economic and spatial aspects. By combining world system theory and general systems theory, a systems view is adopted to relate aquaculture to forces of global capitalism, and analyse interactions between social and ecological processes at local and global levels. Emergy (energy memory) synthesis and participatory research methodologies were applied to two cases of aquaculture in Sri Lanka and the Philippines; monocul-ture of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) and milkfish (Chanos chanos), and polyculture of the two species together with mudcrab (Scylla serrata). The study reveals that semi-intensive shrimp monoculture in Sri Lanka generates few benefits for poor local people, and depends much on external inputs such as fry, feed and fuels, which implies negative environmental effects at local as well as global levels. Extensive polyculture in the Philippines involves more local people, and implies lower dependence on external inputs. Still, since benefits accrue mostly to elites, and mangroves are negatively affected, neither case is viable for sustainable poverty alleviation. Nevertheless, the study offers several insights into how sustainability assessment may be more transdisciplinary, and points to several factors affecting sustainability and fairness in aquaculture; the most important being mangrove con-version, local people involvement, and dependence on external inputs. Given that mangrove conversion is counteracted, extensive polyculture practices may also prove more viable in times of decreasing resources availability, and if policies are developed that favour resource efficient polyculture, and local small-scale and re-source poor farmers, instead of the global North.</p>