This study attempted to determine what effect the transfers have upon the receiving and the sending schools of Tarrant County as to finances, athletics, enrollment, pupils, and teachers.

This thesis examines whether intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) can socialize member states by testing the effect of shared IGO memberships on dyadic arms transfers. IGO socialization is one of many proposed causal mechanisms by which IGO memberships might reduce interstate conflict. This thesis argues that the institutional socialization hypothesis (ISH), which asserts that shared IGO memberships will lead to interest convergence between member states, uses an invalid conceptualization and measurement of socialization. Instead, socialization is re-conceptualized as increased trust between member states, and re-operationalized using dyadic arms transfers as a proxy for trust. The study uses linear regression with cross-sectional panel data from the years 1960 to 1965 to test if the number of shared IGO memberships a dyad has five years prior leads to an increase in the number of arms transfers in a given dyad-year. The results are suggestive of a positive relationship between the number of shared IGO memberships and dyadic arms transfers, but are not conclusive at a 0.05 level of significance.

No description available.

No description available.

This research addresses the subject of conventional arms transfers in the Post Cold War Era. ("Conventional arms" herein are defined as high cost, state-of-the-art weapons systems in aerospace, land vehicles, missiles and naval vessels.") The rapid and startling changes in the international political environment that took place in the late 1980's forced the U.S. and her Western Allies to reexamine their national defense budgets. The Bush Administration responded to the situation with new policy initiatives or "jolts" that aligned the annual U.S. Department of Defense's budget with Post Cold War realities. (A "jolt" is defined here as a sudden "shock" to a system that has the potential to alter radically one or more of its established structural components or behavioral patterns.) The word "jolt" is specifically used because while the policies reducing force strength and decreasing defense spending had been introduced on earlier occasions since the end of World War II, these particular jolts were driven by different circumstances than previous drawdowns. The Cold War that had dominated and shaped international affairs was over; the Post Cold War era promised to be a radical departure from the 50-year long status quo. Some phases of the policy jolts were directly related to U.S. Department of Defense operations, such as base closings and reductions in force, while others affected the U.S. defense industrial base through the weapons acquisition process. Domestic acquisition programs have important linkages to transferable weapons systems. Such linkages were so deeply embedded that despite severe reductions in weapons acquisition programs, most prime defense contractors did not conceptually redefine or reconstitute themselves although they went through a long period of mergers and acquisitions. This research explores how U.S. governmental stakeholders interpreted the utility of conventional arms transfers in managing the "aftershocks" of the policy jolts experienced by defense contractors. Their behaviors indicate that U.S. policy-making institutions, for the most part, tried to direct favorable outcomes for U.S. sales in the world market. Ultimately, the policy initiatives undertaken to assure favorable outcomes for defense corporations and their unforeseen consequences could lead to new policies or issue transformation. / Ph. D.

In the United States, paper checks are the most widely used mechanism aside from cash to purchase goods and services. The use, production, and collection of paper checks is a costly process involving substantial societal resources. The most recent estimates of the total resources used in check processing were put forth in a 1987 paper by David B. Humphrey and Allen Berger. This paper updates the calculation of the total social cost of paper checks and their electronic substitute, automated clearinghouse payments. / Master of Arts

This dissertation provides program evaluation and policy analysis evidence from USA and Iran. The first chapter studies the impact of paid leave legislation on women employment. We employ California’s first-in-the-nation Paid Family Leave program to draw inference using difference-in-differences and triple differences methods. The change in the employment outcomes for women before and after this program is compared to the change in similar outcomes for a set of control groups. We find that women’s employment increased in the intensive margin but not extensive margin. We also find that wages increased for married prime-age and decreased for highly educated young women. The second chapter provides evidence on the impact of a nation-wide unconditional cash transfer program in Iran on labor supply. As compensation for the removal of bread and energy subsidies in 2011, the government of Iran started monthly deposits of cash into individual family accounts amounting to 29% of the median household income. A popular outcry against the subsidy reform program has focused on the negative labor supply effects of the cash transfers on the poor. We use panel data to study the impact of these transfers on the labor supply of poor households and individuals during the first two years of the program, before inflation reduced their value. We use the exogenous variation in the value of the cash transfers relative to household income to estimate the impact of the transfers on labor supply of individuals using fixed effects method. We also use a difference-in-differences methodology using the variation in the time households first started receiving transfers. Although everyone was eligible to receive cash transfers starting January 2011, about 20 percent of the households who for one reason or another did not submit their application in time, started receiving it three months later. Neither set of results support the hypothesis that cash transfers reduced labor supply as measured by hours of work or probability of employment. The third chapter analyses what happens to the welfare of households and the budget of the government if it implements further price reforms in Iran. Five years into the reform, energy prices in Iran were still well below international levels. The impacts of a gradualist approach to price increase versus a one-off approach are simulated in this chapter. Under the gradualist approach government savings (reduction in foregone earnings) from selling subsidized items will increase by 20.2 trillion Rials or 0.18 percent of GDP in 2014. Half of these savings is needed as transfers to households to keep the poverty rate constant by paying each person 17,059 Rials per month. A one-off price increase would have a large effect on poverty and would require transfers equivalent to 203,775 Rials per person per month. Government savings after transfers would equal 96.4 trillion Rials or 0.87 percent of GDP. / Ph. D. / This dissertation evaluates what happened to employment after the implementation of two programs; California Family Paid Leave program and Cash transfer program in Iran. It also predicts what would happen to the well-being of households if prices of energy carriers increase in Iran. The first chapter studies the impact of paid leave legislation in California on women employment. The change in the employment outcomes like hours of work per week and wages for California’s women before and after this program is compared to the change in similar outcomes for other states. We find that women’s employment increased after this program. We also find that wages increased for married prime-age and decreased for highly educated young women. The second chapter provides evidence on the impact of a nation-wide cash transfer program in Iran on employment outcomes. As compensation for the removal of bread and energy subsidies in 2011, the government of Iran started a sizable monthly deposit of cash into individual family accounts. A popular outcry against the subsidy reform program has focused on the lower incentive to work especially on the poor. Neither set of results support the hypothesis that cash transfers reduced labor supply as measured by hours of work or probability of employment. The third chapter analyses what happens to the welfare of households and the budget of the government if it implements further price reforms in Iran. Five years into the reform, energy prices in Iran were still well below international levels. The impacts of two approaches to price increase are simulated in this chapter. In the gradualist approach, prices increased 10% each year. In this approach government savings will increase by 20.2 trillion Rials in 2014. Half of these savings is needed as transfers to households to keep the poverty rate constant. A one-off price increase would have a large effect on poverty and would require transfers equivalent to 203,775 Rials per person per month. Government savings after transfers would equal 96.4 trillion Rials.

The research problem raised to this dissertation thesis is the evaluation of the probable impact of agricultural policy and social transfers on agricultural household income, taking into consideration the possible influence of changing direct support to agriculture payments on the social assistance payments that are granted to households following the principle of population income and economic condition testing. The research aim – to evaluate the impact of agricultural policy and social transfers on agricultural household income with respect to the relation between the both transfers. This dissertation research contributes to scientific discussion about the impact of agricultural policy transactions on agricultural household income with respect to the influence of agricultural policy current transfers on cash social assistance. This aspect has not been analyzed much, although, it is important for the existing reverse connection between agricultural policy current transfers and cash social assistance. In many cases agricultural policy transfers influence agricultural household income and one of the income sources – means-tested social benefit. / Disertaciniam tyrimui keliama mokslinė problema – kaip įvertinti galimą agrarinės politikos ir socialinių pervedimų poveikį žemdirbių namų ūkių pajamoms, atsižvelgiant į tai, kad pasikeitusios tiesioginės paramos žemės ūkiui išmokos gali daryti įtaką toms socialinės paramos išmokoms, kurios namų ūkiams skiriamos taikant gyventojų pajamų ir materialinės padėties testavimo principą. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti agrarinės politikos ir socialinių pervedimų poveikį žemdirbių namų ūkių pajamoms, atsižvelgus į ryšį tarp abejų pervedimų. Šiuo disertaciniu tyrimu prisidedama prie mokslinės diskusijos apie agrarinės politikos pervedimų poveikį žemdirbių namų ūkių pajamoms, atsižvelgiant į agrarinės politikos einamųjų pervedimų daromą poveikį piniginei socialinei paramai. Šis aspektas menkai išnagrinėtas, tačiau yra aktualus dėl egzistuojančio atvirkštinio ryšio tarp agrarinės politikos einamųjų pervedimų ir piniginės socialinės paramos. Daugeliu atvejų agrarinės politikos pervedimai įtakoja žemdirbių namų ūkių pajamas bei vieną iš pajamų šaltinių socialinę paramą, skiriamą finansinės padėties ir turto tikrinimo būdu.

Em escolas internacionais de São Paulo, currículos e metodologias de ensino internacionais e transnacionais são utilizadas. Em Matemática, estas escolas ensinam, por exemplo, um algoritmo para divisão que não é normalmente utilizados no sistema educacional brasileiro. Como a maioria dos alunos destas escolas são brasileiros, isto é caracterizado como educational borrowing. No entanto, ao estudar alguns destes elementos não tradicionais na cultura escolar brasileira, percebemos que suas origens não são facilmente identificáveis. Com a intensificação da globalização nas últimas décadas, influências estrangeiras têm se tornado mais complexas. No caso de alguns métodos, em face das dificuldades em estabelecer o país emprestador, se faz necessário complementar as teorias da Educação Comparada para que pesquisadores possam utilizar tais subsídios teóricos e entender o fenômeno com coerência. Complementos que são obtidos à luz da Antropologia, especificamente através da teoria de antropólogos como Michel de Certeau, que nos ajuda a melhor compreender a maneira com que os alunos individualizam estes produtos da educação internacional. A seguir, de volta ao domínio da Educação Comparada, os modelos típicos ideais de Brian Holmes podem auxiliar na decisão sobre o que pode ser copiado de um sistema educacional e as prováveis consequências destas ações. Ao fim da pesquisa, conclui-se que de fato os consumidores da educação internacional aqui mencionada nem sempre tomam posse deste produto conforme o anunciado pelos seus produtores. / At international schools in São Paulo, international and transnational curricula and methodology are utilized. In mathematics, these schools teach, for instance, an algorithm for division that is not normally adopted in the Brazilian educational system. Since the majority of the students of these schools are Brazilian, this is identified as educational borrowing. However, as we study some of these non-traditional elements in the Brazilian School Culture, we realize that their origins are not easily determined. With the intensification of the globalization during the last decades, foreigner influences have become more complex. It is hard to determine the lender country in the case of some methods and because of these difficulties it is necessary to complement the theories of Compared Education so that the researchers can make use of such theoretical resources and understand the phenomenon with coherence. Such complements are obtained in the light of the anthropology, specifically through the theory of anthropologists such as Michel de Certeau, who help us to better understand the way students individualize these products of the international education. Then, going back to the grounds of Compared Education, the ideal typical models of Brian Holmes can give us aid to decide what can and what can not be copied from other educational systems and the possible consequences of such actions. At the end of this research, it is concluded that in fact the consumers of the international education mentioned here not always take poss of it according to what is announced by its producers.

by Ng Tze-fung, Victor. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 100-103. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LISTS OF TABLE --- p.viii / LISTS OF FIGURE --- p.ix / CHAPTER / Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Definition of the Problem --- p.1 / Overview of Payment System --- p.2 / Overview of Innovations in Electronic Banking Technology --- p.3 / The Growth of Electronic Banking in Hong Kong --- p.5 / Development of EFTPOS in Hong Kong --- p.5 / Parties Involved in EFTPOS --- p.6 / Benefits of EFTPOS --- p.7 / Problems for EFTPOS Development --- p.8 / Motivation of Study --- p.9 / Chapter Summary --- p.11 / Chapter II --- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK --- p.12 / Introduction --- p.12 / Consumer Adoption of Electronic Banking Technology --- p.13 / The Concept of Perceived Risk --- p.14 / Multi-dimensional Approach of Perceived Risk --- p.15 / Summary of Related Empirical Research --- p.16 / Study by Home (1982) --- p.16 / Study by Lau and Ng (1983) --- p.17 / Study by Motazedi (1984) --- p.18 / Summary of the Related Articles --- p.19 / Astbury (1985) --- p.19 / Friis (1985) --- p.19 / Aoki (1986) --- p.20 / Brobeck (1986) --- p.20 / Marketing News (1987) --- p.21 / Kuroda (1987) --- p.21 / Fitzgerald (1988) --- p.21 / Ho (1991) --- p.22 / Sowton (1989) --- p.23 / """Banking World's Special EFTPOS Report"" (1990)" --- p.23 / Nature and Scope of This Study --- p.23 / Development of the Research Hypotheses --- p.24 / Research Hypotheses in the Null Form --- p.26 / Chapter Summary --- p.27 / Chapter III --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.28 / Measurement of Perceived Risk --- p.28 / Design of Questionnaire --- p.30 / Layout of Part I --- p.31 / Layout of Part II --- p.32 / Layout of Part III --- p.33 / Layout of Part IV --- p.34 / Definition of Small and Large Purchases --- p.34 / Pre-testing and Adjustments --- p.36 / Selection of Respondents --- p.36 / Measurement Methods --- p.37 / Statistical Tests Employed --- p.38 / Response Rate --- p.40 / Chapter Summary --- p.41 / Chapter IV --- RESEARCH FINDINGS --- p.42 / Introduction --- p.42 / Overall Perceived Risk --- p.43 / Perceived Risk for Cash Payment --- p.44 / Perceived Risk for Credit Card Payment --- p.46 / Perceived Risk for EFTPOS Payment --- p.47 / Perceived Physical Risk --- p.49 / Definition --- p.49 / Physical Risk in Small Purchase --- p.49 / Physical Risk in Large Purchase --- p.50 / Overall Physical Risk --- p.51 / Perceived Performance Risk --- p.52 / Definition --- p.52 / Performance Risk in Small Purchase --- p.52 / Performance Risk in Large Purchase --- p.53 / Overall Performance Risk --- p.54 / Perceived Psychological Risk --- p.55 / Definition --- p.55 / Psychological Risk in Small Purchase --- p.56 / Psychological Risk in Large Purchase --- p.57 / Overall Psychological Risk --- p.57 / Perceived Financial Risk --- p.58 / Definition --- p.58 / Financial Risk in Small Purchase --- p.59 / Financial Risk in Large Purchase --- p.60 / Overall Financial Risk --- p.60 / Perceived Risk of Time Loss Risk --- p.61 / Definition --- p.61 / Risk of Time Loss in Small Purchase --- p.62 / Risk of Time Loss in Large Purchase --- p.62 / Overall Risk of Time Loss --- p.63 / Testing of Hypothesis One --- p.64 / Testing of Hypothesis Two --- p.66 / Comparison of User and Non-user --- p.67 / Testing of Hypothesis Three --- p.69 / Test on EFTPOS Knowledge --- p.69 / Testing of Hypothesis Four --- p.72 / Chapter Summary --- p.73 / Chapter V --- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION --- p.74 / Summary of Key Findings --- p.74 / Implications and Discussion --- p.76 / The Case of Super Ease Card --- p.78 / Limitation of Study --- p.79 / Contribution of Study --- p.79 / Suggestions for Further Study --- p.80 / Concluding Summary --- p.80 / APPENDIX --- p.82 / Sample of Questionnaire --- p.82 / Lists of Perceived Risk Equation --- p.98 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.99