The objectives of this dissertation are to measure and calculate surface free energies of soil particles, to understand the mechanical behavior of unsaturated silty sand through first studying the stress-strain relationship, the effects of matric suction and pore water chemistry and second to interpret the behavior by the critical state frame work, to develop a method to predict cone tip resistance in unsaturated soils, and to present the concept of pseudo strain and dissipated pseudo strain energy. Universal Sorption Device (USD) is developed to measure surface free energies of soil particles. The test results on a soil sample shows that specific surface area increased with decreasing particle size. The components of surface free energies and the work of adhesion increased with decreasing particle size. A servo controlled triaxial testing device is developed to test 15.24 cm in height and 7.62 cm in diameter, recompacted specimens of unsaturated soil under varying matric suction and different pore chemistry. During the test, the matric suction is maintained constant. Results from the triaxial drained tests are used for validation of the constitutive models proposed by Alonso et al. (1990). Predictions from the model are in good agreement with experimental results. The critical state model for unsaturated soil is used to calculate cone tip resistance in unsaturated silty sand. The calculated cone tip resistance is used to evaluate the liquefaction potential of unsaturated soils. The results from the stress based liquefaction potential analysis reveal that even in an unsaturated condition soil is susceptible to liquefaction. By applying the pseudo strain concept, it is possible to account for the viscous resistance of water during cyclic loading. The results of undrained cyclic triaxial tests are used to calculate pseudo-strain and dissipated pseudo strain energy. The results of calculated dissipated pseudo strain energy suggest that the effect of initial matric suction is evident. On the other hand, the effect of surface tension increase or decrease due to existence of chemical on the pore water is negligible.

Работа посвящена выявлению особенностей перевода терминологии моды в диахроническом аспекте. Объектом исследования является терминология индустрии моды XIX–XXI вв. Предметом исследования являются особенности перевода английских терминов в индустрии моды XIX–XXI вв. на русский язык. Цель исследования заключается в лингвистическом исследовании методов перевода терминов с английского языка на русский в границах диахронического аспекта. Материалом данного исследования послужил глянцевый журнал «Vogue». В ходе анализа было выявлено 118 терминов индустрии моды, обуви и аксессуаров. Анализ показал, что большой пласт лексики переводится путем калькирования (53 %), транскрипции (17 %), описательным переводом (14 %), смешанным переводом (транскрипция+ калькирование 10 %) и транслитерации (6 %). Далее, язык заимствований пополняется посредством лексики, в результате чего стоит говорить о положительном воздействии в соответствии с лексиконом языка. В результате наличия иностранных слов, коммуникация характеризуется тем, что разные представители целевых аудиторий недопонимают друг друга. / The work is devoted to identifying the features of the translation of fashion terminology in the diachronic aspect. The object of the study is the terminology of the fashion industry of the XIX-XXI centuries. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of translating English terms in the fashion industry of the XIX-XXI centuries into Russian. The purpose of the study is to linguistically study the methods of translating terms from English into Russian within the boundaries of the diachronic aspect. The glossy magazine "Vogue" served as the material of this study. During the analysis, 118 terms of the fashion, footwear and accessories industry were identified. The analysis showed that a large layer of vocabulary is translated by calcification (53%), transcription (17%), descriptive translation (14%), mixed translation (transcription + calcification 10%) and transliteration (6%). Further, the language of borrowings is replenished through vocabulary, as a result of which it is worth talking about a positive impact in accordance with the lexicon of the language. As a result of the presence of foreign words, communication is characterized by the fact that different representatives of target audiences misunderstand each other.

Notre recherche a comme sujet la comparaison du texte de la Septante avec le texte massorétique du livre de Naoum. La recherche se divise en quatre parties. La première analyse et décrit le mode de traduction et expose, pour la Vorlage hébraïque les conclusions qui en découlent. La deuxième partie offre la reconstruction de la Vorlage du livre entier. La troisième et la quatrième partie se limitent à trois versets sélectionnés et les examinent du point de vue de la critique textuelle et de la critique littéraire. En définitive, cette recherche donne des éclaircissements sur l’histoire du texte de Naoum, sur l’histoire de sa transmission ainsi que celle de sa réception et (re)lecture à l’époque hellénistique. Partant, les résultats contribuent à la reconstitution de l’histoire des écrits prophétiques de la Bible hébraïque. / The present examination is about the comparison of the translation of the Septuagint with the Masoretic text of the book of Nahum. The investigation consists of four parts. The first focuses on the translation technique and the conclusions to be drawn with respect to the Hebrew Vorlage. The second offers a reconstruction of the Vorlage of the Septuagint of the whole book of Nahum. The third and the fourth parts are dealing with three selected verses, discussing them with regard to text-critical and literary-critical questions. This study not only gives new insights into the history of the textof the book of Nahum and it’s transmission, but also into the reception and (re)lecture of the text in the Hellenistic period. The results contribute to the reconstruction of the history of Hebrew prophetical literature.

This thesis contains an edition of the Swedish Hebraist Andreas Norrelius’ (1679-1749) Latin translation, Illuminatio oculorum (1749), of the converted rabbi Johan Kemper’s (1670-1716) Hebrew commentary on Matthew, Me’irat ‘Enayim (1703). The dissertation is divided into three parts. The focus lies on the introduction, which concentrates on issues of language and style. Andreas Norrelius’ Latin usage is elucidated on its orthographical, morphological, syntactic, lexical and stylistic levels. The features are demonstrated to be typical of scholarly Neo-Latin: Through a broad comparative synchronic approach, conspicuous linguistic phenomena are taken as points of departure for the exploration of scholarly Latin prose in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, especially the vocabulary and phraseology of philological, theological, and exegetical discourse. An intellectual historical background is outlined that places the ambitions and the achievements of the author and the translator as well as the texts used for comparison in their scholarly and cultural setting against a general European and specific Swedish background. Furthermore, the introduction deals with various questions relating to translation techniques and strategies. In particular, the method for the translation of biblical passages is analysed and put in relation to the humanistic Latin Bible translations. Moreover, the life and work of Johan Kemper is described in the light of all historical sources available. The life of Andreas Norrelius is also portrayed, and the questions about the date and authorship of the Latin translation are thoroughly addressed. The second part contains the editio princeps of the Latin translation. Andreas Norrelius’ own prolegomena about Kemper’s early life has been made accessible as well. The third part provides a philological commentary focused on the explanation of specific linguistic and exegetical questions in the text edited.

The aim of this study is to develop a more effective translation technique analysis of the Peshitta to Ezekiel text that would contribute to the textual studies of Ezekiel. In order to help provide such an effective analysis on translation technique, the methodology employed is the comparative analysis of texts, which incorporates the theory from Cognitive Semantics called Frame Semantics. This theory views units of meaning in text or speech contexts at the level of semantic frames and is therefore most ideal in view of the idiomatic nature of the Peshitta translation. By applying this theory, the frames in the Hebrew source text of the translator were compared to those in the translator’s target Syriac text, to see whether there were correspondences between the two frames. In chapter 3, the GIVING frames evoked by נתן (nātan) were studied and it was found that most of the frames in the Hebrew text corresponded well with those in the Syriac target text. The exception is mainly those frames in which there might have been textual difficulties in the source text. Similar observations were made in chapter 4 for the ARRIVING frames evoked by the Hebrew verb בוא (bō). However, nouns associated with the frame MISDEEDS presented some problems, mainly as to their use in the Hebrew source text. The use of these nouns could have affected the translator’s understanding of such categories, leading to their inconsistent representation in the target text. Nevertheless, it can be indicated that the translator demonstrated a relatively good understanding of the use of the nouns in the Hebrew text. Overall, the translation of the Peshitta to Ezekiel was made at the approximate level of semantic frames, displaying a translation technique that should be very useful for the textual studies of the Book of Ezekiel. / PhD (Semitic Languages), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The aim of this study is to develop a more effective translation technique analysis of the Peshitta to Ezekiel text that would contribute to the textual studies of Ezekiel. In order to help provide such an effective analysis on translation technique, the methodology employed is the comparative analysis of texts, which incorporates the theory from Cognitive Semantics called Frame Semantics. This theory views units of meaning in text or speech contexts at the level of semantic frames and is therefore most ideal in view of the idiomatic nature of the Peshitta translation. By applying this theory, the frames in the Hebrew source text of the translator were compared to those in the translator’s target Syriac text, to see whether there were correspondences between the two frames. In chapter 3, the GIVING frames evoked by נתן (nātan) were studied and it was found that most of the frames in the Hebrew text corresponded well with those in the Syriac target text. The exception is mainly those frames in which there might have been textual difficulties in the source text. Similar observations were made in chapter 4 for the ARRIVING frames evoked by the Hebrew verb בוא (bō). However, nouns associated with the frame MISDEEDS presented some problems, mainly as to their use in the Hebrew source text. The use of these nouns could have affected the translator’s understanding of such categories, leading to their inconsistent representation in the target text. Nevertheless, it can be indicated that the translator demonstrated a relatively good understanding of the use of the nouns in the Hebrew text. Overall, the translation of the Peshitta to Ezekiel was made at the approximate level of semantic frames, displaying a translation technique that should be very useful for the textual studies of the Book of Ezekiel. / PhD (Semitic Languages), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The Translation Technique from Latin to Old Church Slavonic on the Basis of Gumpold's Legend and the Second Old Church Slavonic Life of Saint Wenceslas Kateřina Spurná Summary This dissertation analyses the translation technique from Latin to Old Church Slavonic on the basis of Gumpold's Legend (Gump) from the end of the 10th century and its translation, the Second Old Church Slavonic Life of Saint Wenceslas (VencNik), which was written in early Přemyslid Bohemia probably in the second half of the 11th century. The introductory chapters provide the basic characteristics of the Gump and deal with its preservation in manuscripts and other Latin and Old Church Slavonic legends of St Wenceslas. Afterwards, attention is focused on the analysis of the VencNik, its preservation in manuscripts of Russian provenance and the basic phonetic and morphological characteristics of the text. These chapters are followed by a new edition of the VencNik, in which the Old Church Slavonic text is presented in the form actually preserved in manuscripts (unlike the earlier edition of Josef Vašica from 1929, who tried to reconstruct the original version), and compared with the partly revised and supplemented edition of the Gump. The edition of the Old Church Slavonic text is followed by a brief chapter on the biblical quotations...