This article introduces a n-gram-based approach to automatic classification of Web services using a multilayer perceptron-type artificial neural network. Web services contain information that is useful for achieving a classification based on its functionality. The approach relies on word n-grams extracted from the web service description to determine its membership in a category. The experimentation carried out shows promising results, achieving a classification with a measure F=0.995 using unigrams (2-grams) of words (characteristics composed of a lexical unit) and a TF-IDF weight.

This study is concerned with the description of the semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the attributive adjective self-proclaimed, employing corpus-linguistic methodology to explore its meaning from user-based data. The initial query provided the material from which a lexical pro-file of the target word was constructed, systematically describing collocational data, semantic preferences, semantic associations and discourse prosodies. Qualitative analysis of sample con-cordances illustrated the role of the target word in expressing different kinds of meaning-bearing stances. The results demonstrate the importance of context and communicative functionality as constraints determining meaning, determining the discourse prosodies of self-proclaimed as one of either negation; accepted-positive and accepted-negative. Further, the analysis of self-proclaimed as a stance marker indicates the linking evaluative meanings of extended lexical units to the project of linguistic description of intersubjective stancetaking as a possibly fruitful venue for research

The aim of this study is to develop a more effective translation technique analysis of the Peshitta to Ezekiel text that would contribute to the textual studies of Ezekiel. In order to help provide such an effective analysis on translation technique, the methodology employed is the comparative analysis of texts, which incorporates the theory from Cognitive Semantics called Frame Semantics. This theory views units of meaning in text or speech contexts at the level of semantic frames and is therefore most ideal in view of the idiomatic nature of the Peshitta translation. By applying this theory, the frames in the Hebrew source text of the translator were compared to those in the translator’s target Syriac text, to see whether there were correspondences between the two frames. In chapter 3, the GIVING frames evoked by נתן (nātan) were studied and it was found that most of the frames in the Hebrew text corresponded well with those in the Syriac target text. The exception is mainly those frames in which there might have been textual difficulties in the source text. Similar observations were made in chapter 4 for the ARRIVING frames evoked by the Hebrew verb בוא (bō). However, nouns associated with the frame MISDEEDS presented some problems, mainly as to their use in the Hebrew source text. The use of these nouns could have affected the translator’s understanding of such categories, leading to their inconsistent representation in the target text. Nevertheless, it can be indicated that the translator demonstrated a relatively good understanding of the use of the nouns in the Hebrew text. Overall, the translation of the Peshitta to Ezekiel was made at the approximate level of semantic frames, displaying a translation technique that should be very useful for the textual studies of the Book of Ezekiel. / PhD (Semitic Languages), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The aim of this study is to develop a more effective translation technique analysis of the Peshitta to Ezekiel text that would contribute to the textual studies of Ezekiel. In order to help provide such an effective analysis on translation technique, the methodology employed is the comparative analysis of texts, which incorporates the theory from Cognitive Semantics called Frame Semantics. This theory views units of meaning in text or speech contexts at the level of semantic frames and is therefore most ideal in view of the idiomatic nature of the Peshitta translation. By applying this theory, the frames in the Hebrew source text of the translator were compared to those in the translator’s target Syriac text, to see whether there were correspondences between the two frames. In chapter 3, the GIVING frames evoked by נתן (nātan) were studied and it was found that most of the frames in the Hebrew text corresponded well with those in the Syriac target text. The exception is mainly those frames in which there might have been textual difficulties in the source text. Similar observations were made in chapter 4 for the ARRIVING frames evoked by the Hebrew verb בוא (bō). However, nouns associated with the frame MISDEEDS presented some problems, mainly as to their use in the Hebrew source text. The use of these nouns could have affected the translator’s understanding of such categories, leading to their inconsistent representation in the target text. Nevertheless, it can be indicated that the translator demonstrated a relatively good understanding of the use of the nouns in the Hebrew text. Overall, the translation of the Peshitta to Ezekiel was made at the approximate level of semantic frames, displaying a translation technique that should be very useful for the textual studies of the Book of Ezekiel. / PhD (Semitic Languages), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

L'objectif de cette recherche est la construction manuelle de ressources lexicales pour les noms composés grecs qui sont définis par la structure morphosyntaxique : Nom (E+Déterminant au génitif) Nom au génitif, notés N (E+DET:G) N:G (e.g. ζώνη ασφαλείας/ceinture de sécurité). Les ressources élaborées peuvent être utilisées pour leur reconnaissance lexicale automatique dans les textes écrits et dans d'autres applications du TAL. Notre travail s'inscrit dans la perspective de l'élaboration du lexique-grammaire général du grec moderne en vue de l'analyse automatique des textes écrits. Le cadre théorique et méthodologique de cette étude est celui du lexique-grammaire (M. Gross 1975, 1977), qui s'appuie sur la grammaire transformationnelle harisienne.Notre travail s'organise en cinq parties. Dans la première partie, nous délimitons l'objet de notre travail tout en essayant de définir la notion fondamentale qui régit notre étude, à savoir celle de figement. Dans la deuxième partie, nous présentons la méthodologie utilisée pour le recensement de nos données lexicales et nous étudions les phénomènes de variation observés au sein des noms composés de type N (E+DET:G) N:G. La troisième partie est consacrée à la présentation des différentes sous-catégories des N (E+DET:G) N:G identifiées lors de l'étape du recensement et à l'étude de leur structure lexicale interne. La quatrième partie porte sur l'étude syntaxico-sémantique des N (E+DET:G) N:G. Enfin, dans la cinquième partie, nous présentons les différentes méthodes de représentation formalisée que nous proposons pour nos données lexicales en vue de leur reconnaissance lexicale automatique dans les textes écrits. Des échantillons représentatifs des ressources élaborées sont présentés en Annexe / The object of this research is the manual construction of lexical resources for the Greek compound nouns defined by the following morphosyntactic structure : Noun (E+Determiner in genitive) Noun in genitive, (N (E+DET:G) N:G) (e.g. ζώνη ασφαλείας/safety belt). The elaborated resources may be used for their automatic recognition in written texts and other NLP applications. Our study is part of the general lexicon-grammar for Modern Greek in view of automatic processing of written texts. Our theoretical and methodological framework is that of lexicon-grammar (M. Gross 1975, 1977), based on the Transformational Grammar principles defined by Z. S. Harris. Our study is organised into five parts. In the first part, we give an overview of the core notion governing our research : the notions of (fixed) multiword expression (MWE). In the second part, we present the methodology used to collect our lexical data and we study the variation phenomena observed within the framework of the N (E+DET:G) N:G. The third part is dedicated to the presentation of the different N (E+DET:G) N:G categories identified in the listing phase qnd to the study of their lexical composition. The fourth concerns the syntactical and semantic study of the N (E+DET:G) N:G. Finally, the fifth part deals with the formal representation methods we propose for our lexical data in view of their lexical recognition in Greek written texts. Representative samples of the elaborated resources are illustrated in Appendix

La recherche a pour objet la structuration du champ lexical des mots « chance », « fortune », « hasard » et « risque » du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle. Témoin de mutations qu’a connues la civilisation occidentale durant cette période, ce champ, qui se rattache à la notion de fortune / hasard, présente une relative homogénéité sémantique.Les mots (et leurs dérivés) sont étudiés à travers le déploiement, la régulation et la répartition des normes d’usages, non seulement en français hexagonal, mais aussi en français québécois. L’étude se fonde sur l’exploitation de deux types de corpus. D’une part, un corpus d’articles extraits d’une cinquantaine de dictionnaires sert à mettre en évidence la productivité morphosémantique et sémantique de ces unités dans une perspective historique large. D’autre part, un grand ensemble d’énoncés diversifiés permet, par la mise au jour de types de contextes, d’effectuer un suivi diachronique des usages. L’approche continuiste des différences d’usages s’appuie sur une représentation fréquentielle des changements sémantiques.La thèse apporte une contribution à la question de la variation des usages et du changement sémantique, qui ouvre sur plusieurs perspectives. Elle se veut d’abord une réflexion sur la théorie et la méthodologie descriptives, appréhendées à la lumière de l’analyse de la nature et du rôle des corpus. Elle met ensuite en évidence l’importance de la dimension intersubjective dans l’activité de signification, en particulier le rôle déterminant des structures syntagmatiques dans l’établissement de nouveaux usages sémantiques. Enfin, elle permet de mettre en relation le changement sémantique avec les conditions sociohistoriques et les représentations collectives. / The present study deals with the way in which the lexical field regrouping the words “chance”, “fortune”, “hazard” and “risqué” has been structured in the French language from the eighteenth century till the present day. Revealing major changes in western societies during this period of time, the field, which corresponds to the linguistic representation of the notion of fortune / hasard, presents a certain coherence.We have examined these words and their derived forms through the display, regulation, and distribution of norms of use, not only in Hexagonal French, but also in Quebec French. Two types of corpora have been analysed. On the one hand, a corpus of articles from around 50 dictionaries has been used to emphasize the lexical and semantic productivity of the different units on a large historical scale. On the other hand, in revealing context types, a set of texts reflecting French language varieties has allowed for carrying out a diachronic analysis of lexical uses. The continuist approach to semantic differences rests upon a frequential representation of semantic changes.The thesis brings a significant contribution to the question of usage variations and semantic change, providing new perspectives. It first deals with theory and methodology of lexical description, considered through the analysis of the nature and the role of corpora. It then evidences the central role of syntagmatic structures in the setting of new semantic uses. The study has finally put into relation semantic changes with their historical background and the collective representations of the time.