(in English): The present thesis titled Translation of francophone comics deals with the subject matter of comics translation, while applying both a theoretical and an empirical approach. Particular attention is paid especially to translations from French into Czech. Regarded the fact that Czech science has only scarcely studied the subject so far, the present thesis is conceived as a global introduction to the subject matter with particular focus on some of its partial aspects. The introduction to the theoretical part of the present study defines the main characteristic features of comics as a medium, as these features are closely linked to the particular challenges raised by its translations. The key chapters of the theoretical part go further to the core of the principal subject and focus on setting a general theoretical framework for translation analysis of specific problems linked with comics translations. The most common challenges faced by a comics translator are identified based on the defined characteristics of the Ninth Art and systemized in three main groups defined as technical, cultural and linguistic aspects of translation. While translating comics from French into Czech, the translator's work is also influenced by the radical differences in approaches to the Ninth Art in the Czech...

This MA thesis focuses on translation of Czech literature into English offering a historical account of its development (mainly from a quantitative perspective). To achieve this, an up-to-date bibliography of Czech literary translation into English has been compiled drawing upon existing research in the field. Covering Czech literary translation into English from its modern beginnings up to 2010, the bibliography contains about 2,500 records of works of Czech authors published either as separate books or in anthologies. Apart from the Excel version of bibliography enclosed to this thesis, the bibliography is also available as a web application enabling easy and ongoing updating in the future. Data collection was the main method of this part of the thesis. In addition, the thesis discusses in detail its methods and methodological issues helping better understand the nature of data and process of their collection. This is particularly useful for translation history researchers and for anyone interested in mapping literary translation into another language. The thesis also gives a basic outline of Czech literary translation into English summarizing major trends both in history and the present day, highlighting 15 most published Czech authors and discussing in more detail the renderings of their works...

Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer um levantamento das traduções de obras de ficção em prosa de autores hispano-americanos publicadas no Brasil, tanto em coleções criadas com o fim específico de divulgar a literatura hispano-americana no país quanto em edições isoladas, fora de coleção. A análise principal está voltada para as coleções publicadas por diversas editoras brasileiras entre as décadas de 1960 e 1990, mas também serão analisadas algumas iniciativas editoriais anteriores e posteriores a estas décadas. Além do levantamento em si, o trabalho procura identificar o propósito editorial que norteou a tradução e publicação de autores hispano-americanos no Brasil, em cada momento histórico analisado, para tentar entender o que significou a circulação destas obras no sistema literário brasileiro. / The aim of this work is to do a survey of the prose fiction of Spanish-American authors translated to Portuguese and published in Brazil, not only in book collections or series created with the specif design of spreading the word about this kind of literature but also in individual editions. The core of the analysis is directed to some collections of Spanish-American Literature that were published in Brazil between the 1960's and the 1990's, although some other editorial efforts will also be analysed, both before and after this period of time. Beyond the survey itself, this work intends to identify the editorial purposes behind the translation and publication of books by Spanish- American authors in Brazil in each of the historical moments analyzed, in a attempt to understand the importance of the circulation of these books within the Brazilian literary system.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer um levantamento das traduções de obras de ficção em prosa de autores hispano-americanos publicadas no Brasil, tanto em coleções criadas com o fim específico de divulgar a literatura hispano-americana no país quanto em edições isoladas, fora de coleção. A análise principal está voltada para as coleções publicadas por diversas editoras brasileiras entre as décadas de 1960 e 1990, mas também serão analisadas algumas iniciativas editoriais anteriores e posteriores a estas décadas. Além do levantamento em si, o trabalho procura identificar o propósito editorial que norteou a tradução e publicação de autores hispano-americanos no Brasil, em cada momento histórico analisado, para tentar entender o que significou a circulação destas obras no sistema literário brasileiro. / The aim of this work is to do a survey of the prose fiction of Spanish-American authors translated to Portuguese and published in Brazil, not only in book collections or series created with the specif design of spreading the word about this kind of literature but also in individual editions. The core of the analysis is directed to some collections of Spanish-American Literature that were published in Brazil between the 1960's and the 1990's, although some other editorial efforts will also be analysed, both before and after this period of time. Beyond the survey itself, this work intends to identify the editorial purposes behind the translation and publication of books by Spanish- American authors in Brazil in each of the historical moments analyzed, in a attempt to understand the importance of the circulation of these books within the Brazilian literary system.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer um levantamento das traduções de obras de ficção em prosa de autores hispano-americanos publicadas no Brasil, tanto em coleções criadas com o fim específico de divulgar a literatura hispano-americana no país quanto em edições isoladas, fora de coleção. A análise principal está voltada para as coleções publicadas por diversas editoras brasileiras entre as décadas de 1960 e 1990, mas também serão analisadas algumas iniciativas editoriais anteriores e posteriores a estas décadas. Além do levantamento em si, o trabalho procura identificar o propósito editorial que norteou a tradução e publicação de autores hispano-americanos no Brasil, em cada momento histórico analisado, para tentar entender o que significou a circulação destas obras no sistema literário brasileiro. / The aim of this work is to do a survey of the prose fiction of Spanish-American authors translated to Portuguese and published in Brazil, not only in book collections or series created with the specif design of spreading the word about this kind of literature but also in individual editions. The core of the analysis is directed to some collections of Spanish-American Literature that were published in Brazil between the 1960's and the 1990's, although some other editorial efforts will also be analysed, both before and after this period of time. Beyond the survey itself, this work intends to identify the editorial purposes behind the translation and publication of books by Spanish- American authors in Brazil in each of the historical moments analyzed, in a attempt to understand the importance of the circulation of these books within the Brazilian literary system.

The purpose of this thesis is to map out the beginning of literature written in the domestic language, i.e. Galician-Portuguese and later Portuguese, as it started to separate from works written in Latin. The first part of the thesis describes how the Portuguese language evolved from Latin, which in turn evolved from the Indo-European language. A colloquial form of Latin began to emerge, splitting later into several dialects. The Galician- Portuguese language appears and individual Romance languages start to form. The new Portuguese language undergoes a period of formation, with the first phase being the Old Portuguese, followed by the classical period, until Portuguese became the language we know now. The second part of the thesis describes the formation and early phases of Portuguese writing, both literary and non-literary, including a list of genres that prevailed during the beginnings of Portuguese literature, and a selection of excerpts of the oldest texts and their translations. Key words: Old Portuguese, old texts, evolution of language, Portuguese philology, translation

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Cette thèse porte sur l’histoire de la traduction en Colombie dans le XIXe siècle. Elle étudiera le rapport entre la traduction et l’éducation pendant la réforme éducative menée par le groupe politique connu sous le nom de los radicales liberales. Pour ce faire, elle décrit et analyse les traductions parues dans le périodique officiel de la réforme, La Escuela Normal (1871-1879), dont la mission consistait en la diffusion des informations administratives et légales concernant la réforme éducative. On y trouve aussi des articles sur l’éducation et des leçons destinés à la formation des enseignants (manuels scolaires). À partir d’une démarche méthodologique et théorique descriptive et socioculturelle qui combine l’analyse des traductions et le contexte de réception de celles-ci, on analyse comment et pourquoi le contexte politique, social et éducatif de l’époque s’est répercuté sur la sélection des thématiques et des auteurs à traduire dans ce périodique. De plus, le groupe de traducteurs et d’intellectuels ainsi que la façon de traduire de ceux-ci sont étudiés. Cette recherche permet d’observer que la traduction n’est pas une activité neutre, mais une activité au centre de dynamiques sociales et culturelles. De plus, les contacts culturels permettent des transferts divers, notamment des traductions, mais aussi des représentations et des modèles sociaux. Finalement, la traduction s’avère un instrument au service des intérêts particuliers d’un groupe politique et social. / This dissertation is framed in the context of translation history in Colombia during the 19th century. It articulates the relationship between translation and education during the education reform implemented by the radical wing of the Colombian Liberal Party known as los radicales. In order to explore such relationship, the translations published in La Escuela Normal (1871-1879) are described and analyzed. This periodical, an official publication organ of the Radical administration, had as its goal to disseminate administrative and legal information concerning the education reform. It also became a vehicle for the publication of articles of pedagogical nature and of lessons about different subjects, intended to be used for teacher education (textbooks). By proposing a descriptive, socio-cultural theoretical framework and methodology, which combines the analysis both of translations and the context of their reception, this study explores how and why the political, social, and educational context of the time influenced the choice of topics and authors to be translated for the periodical. It also examines the group of translators and intellectuals that contributed to the publication, as well as their translation strategies. This study presents translation as an activity that is not neutral, but is actually enmeshed in social and cultural dynamics. Furthermore, cultural exchanges foster all kinds of transfers, ranging from the adoption of social models and representations to the practice of translation proper. In the end, translation reveals itself as a tool at the service of the interests of a given political and social group.

Alexandre von Humboldt (1769-1859), dernier savant universel, membre de l’Académie des sciences française et président de la Société de géographie de Paris, est reconnu dans le monde scientifique pour son exploration du continent américain qu’il a amplement décrit dans ses écrits en français et en allemand. Dans ce travail, nous étudions les traductions en espagnol et en anglais de l’ouvrage le plus notoire d’Alexandre von Humboldt, Relation historique du Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, (1799-1804). Dans une optique descriptive (Toury, 1995), nous menons une étude socio-culturelle (Lépinette, 1997) des traductions en espagnol et en anglais de la Relation historique. La méthodologie employée est celle développée par D’hulst (2001 et 2014). Dans cette méthode, il propose de répondre, entre autres, aux questions pourquoi, quand, qui, où, quoi traduit-on. Pour ce faire, nous nous penchons sur les paratextes (Genette, 1987) qui accompagnent tant l’original que les traductions. Notre étude a révélé qu’aucune des traductions en espagnol intègrent complètement le contenu de l’original et que les parties sélectionnées l’ont été pour des questions identitaires. / Alexandre von Humboldt (1769-1859), last universal scientist, member of the Académie des sciences française and president of the Société de géographie de Paris, was a scientist recognized worldwide for the exploration of the American continent and for the written records he produced, in French and German, about his journey. The corpus we used for this study was the abundant existing peritext and epitext (Genette, 1987) of Humboldt’s travel writings. We analyzed the Spanish and English translations of von Humboldt’s most famous book, Relation historique du Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent (1799-1804). Working within a descriptive framework (Toury, 1995), we conducted a sociocultural study (Lépinette, 1997) of the Spanish and English translations of the Relation historique. Lieven D’hulst’s (2001 and 2014) methodology aims at answering the questions what, when, where, who or why do we translate. We concentrated mainly on the analysis of the paratext (Genette, 1987) that comes with the original and the translations to answer the questions proposed by D’hulst. Our study revealed that there is no complete translation of the text in Spanish and that the selection of the sections that appear in translations are motivated by identity questions.

This thesis analyzes the Czech translations of Karel Havlíček's German family correspondence. The translations are from the turn of the 20th century, from the 1940s, and from the present day. In the introduction, the present-day situation concerning the publication of Havlíček's correspondence is outlined. After that, the thesis focuses on the skopos theory as the main theoretical base for the analysis. Then the thesis turns to the life of Karel Havlíček with a focus on his student years. In the analytical section, the individual translators and the origination of the translations are introduced. Selected translations are then analyzed. The primary objective of the thesis is the evaluation of translation strategies and methods used by the translators of Karel Havlíček's family correspondence with regard to translation conventions and social and historical changes.