Machine translation (MT) is experiencing a renaissance. On one hand, machine translation is becoming more common and used in ever larger scale, on the other hand many translators have an almost hostile attitude towards machine translation programs and those translators who use MT as a tool. Either it is assumed that the MT can never be as good as a human translation or machine translation is viewed as the ultimate enemy of the translator and as a job killer. The article discusses with various examples the limits and possibilities of machine translation. It demonstrates that machine translation can be better than human translations – even if they were made by experienced professional translators. The paper also reports the results of a test that showed that translation customers must expect that even well-known and expensive translation service providers deliver a quality that is on par with poor MT. Overall, it is argued that machine translation programs are no more and no less than an additional tool with which the translation industry can satisfy certain requirements. This abstract was also – as the entire article – automatically translated into English.

L’objectif principal du présent mémoire est d’observer le processus de traduction d’un texte de nature juridique mis en oeuvre par deux groupes d’étudiants, cinq étudiants inscrits au baccalauréat en traduction et quatre inscrits au baccalauréat en droit. Tout d’abord, nous analyserons les différences qui existent entre les deux groupes dans leur utilisation des ouvrages de référence. Nous observerons entre autres la diversité générale des ouvrages consultés et la connaissance antérieure des ouvrages papier, la répartition par type d’ouvrages (dictionnaire bilingue, monolingue ou autres), la répartition par support d’ouvrages (électronique ou papier), l’utilisation des correcteurs, l’intensité des recherches effectuées et, finalement, le premier ouvrage consulté selon le type et le support. Ces données seront recueillies grâce à la méthode de verbalisation à voix haute et à l’enregistrement de l’écran d’ordinateur, au moyen du logiciel WebEx. Ensuite, nous évaluerons la qualité des traductions en faisant une distinction entre deux types d’erreurs, soit les erreurs de traduction et les erreurs de langue. Nous tenterons par la suite d’établir des liens entre l’utilisation des ouvrages de référence et la qualité des traductions. Nous observerons que les deux groupes utilisent les ouvrages de référence différemment et que les traducteurs ont semblé mieux outillés que les juristes pour remettre une traduction de qualité. / The main goal of this paper is to observe the translation process of a legal text translated by two groups of students: five undergraduate students in translation, and four in the LLB. First, we analyze the differences between the two groups in their use of reference material. Among other aspects, we observe the overall diversity of reference material consulted and previous knowledge of paper reference material, its use by type (bilingual dictionary, monolingual or others), by media (electronic or paper), the use of spellcheckers, the intensity of research and, finally, the first reference material consulted by type and support. These data were collected by using the think-aloud method and by recording the computer screen with a screen recording software: WebEx. Then, we evaluate the quality of the translations by distinguishing between two types of errors, translation errors and language errors. We then try to establish links between the use of reference material and translation quality. We observed that the two groups used reference material differently and that the translators seemed better equipped than the lawyers to deliver a better translation.

Dans l'ère de l'information et de la connaissance, la traduction automatique (TA) devientprogressivement un outil indispensable pour transposer la signification d'un texte d'une langue source versune langue cible. La TA des noms propres (NP), en particulier, joue un rôle crucial dans ce processus,puisqu'elle permet une identification précise des personnes, des lieux, des organisations et des artefacts àtravers les langues. Malgré un grand nombre d'études et des résultats significatifs concernant lareconnaissance d'entités nommées (dont le nom propre fait partie) dans la communauté de TAL dans lemonde, il n'existe presque aucune recherche sur la traduction automatique des noms propres (TANP) pourle vietnamien. En raison des caractéristiques différentes d'écriture de NP, la translittération ou la transcription etla traduction de plusieurs de langues incluant l'anglais, le français, le russe, le chinois, etc. vers levietnamien, le TANP de ces langues vers le vietnamien est stimulant et problématique. Cette étude seconcentre sur les problèmes de TANP d’anglais vers le vietnamien et de français vers le vietnamienrésultant du moteurs courants de la TA et présente les solutions de prétraitement de ces problèmes pouraméliorer la qualité de la TA. A travers l'analyse et la classification d'erreurs de la TANP faites sur deux corpus parallèles detextes avec PN (anglais-vietnamien et français-vietnamien), nous proposons les solutions concernant deuxproblématiques importantes: (1) l'annotation de corpus, afin de préparer des bases de données pour leprétraitement et (2) la création d'un programme pour prétraiter automatiquement les corpus annotés, afinde réduire les erreurs de la TANP et d'améliorer la qualité de traduction des systèmes de TA, tels queGoogle, Vietgle, Bing et EVTran. L'efficacité de différentes méthodes d'annotation des corpus avec des NP ainsi que les tauxd'erreurs de la TANP avant et après l'application du programme de prétraitement sur les deux corpusannotés est comparés et discutés dans cette thèse. Ils prouvent que le prétraitement réduitsignificativement le taux d'erreurs de la TANP et, par la même, contribue à l'amélioration de traductionautomatique vers la langue vietnamienne. / Machine translation (MT) has increasingly become an indispensable tool for decoding themeaning of a text from a source language into a target language in our current information and knowledgeera. In particular, MT of proper names (PN) plays a crucial role in providing the specific and preciseidentification of persons, places, organizations, and artefacts through the languages. Despite a largenumber of studies and significant achievements of named entity recognition in the NLP communityaround the world, there has been almost no research on PNMT for Vietnamese language. Due to the different features of PN writing, transliteration or transcription and translation from a variety of languages including English, French, Russian, Chinese, etc. into Vietnamese, the PNMT from those languages into Vietnamese is still challenging and problematic issue. This study focuses on theproblems of English-Vietnamese and French-Vietnamese PNMT arising from current MT engines. First,it proposes a corpus-based PN classification, then a detailed PNMT error analysis to conclude with somepre-processing solutions in order to improve the MT quality. Through the analysis and classification of PNMT errors from the two English-Vietnamese and French-Vietnamese parallel corpora of texts with PNs, we propose solutions concerning two major issues:(1)corpus annotation for preparing the pre-processing databases, and (2)design of the pre-processingprogram to be used on annotated corpora to reduce the PNMT errors and enhance the quality of MTsystems, including Google, Vietgle, Bing and EVTran. The efficacy of different annotation methods of English and French corpora of PNs and the results of PNMT errors before and after using the pre-processing program on the two annotated corporaare compared and discussed in this study. They prove that the pre-processing solution reducessignificantly PNMT errors and contributes to the improvement of the MT systems’ for Vietnameselanguage.

L’objectif principal du présent mémoire est d’observer le processus de traduction d’un texte de nature juridique mis en oeuvre par deux groupes d’étudiants, cinq étudiants inscrits au baccalauréat en traduction et quatre inscrits au baccalauréat en droit. Tout d’abord, nous analyserons les différences qui existent entre les deux groupes dans leur utilisation des ouvrages de référence. Nous observerons entre autres la diversité générale des ouvrages consultés et la connaissance antérieure des ouvrages papier, la répartition par type d’ouvrages (dictionnaire bilingue, monolingue ou autres), la répartition par support d’ouvrages (électronique ou papier), l’utilisation des correcteurs, l’intensité des recherches effectuées et, finalement, le premier ouvrage consulté selon le type et le support. Ces données seront recueillies grâce à la méthode de verbalisation à voix haute et à l’enregistrement de l’écran d’ordinateur, au moyen du logiciel WebEx. Ensuite, nous évaluerons la qualité des traductions en faisant une distinction entre deux types d’erreurs, soit les erreurs de traduction et les erreurs de langue. Nous tenterons par la suite d’établir des liens entre l’utilisation des ouvrages de référence et la qualité des traductions. Nous observerons que les deux groupes utilisent les ouvrages de référence différemment et que les traducteurs ont semblé mieux outillés que les juristes pour remettre une traduction de qualité. / The main goal of this paper is to observe the translation process of a legal text translated by two groups of students: five undergraduate students in translation, and four in the LLB. First, we analyze the differences between the two groups in their use of reference material. Among other aspects, we observe the overall diversity of reference material consulted and previous knowledge of paper reference material, its use by type (bilingual dictionary, monolingual or others), by media (electronic or paper), the use of spellcheckers, the intensity of research and, finally, the first reference material consulted by type and support. These data were collected by using the think-aloud method and by recording the computer screen with a screen recording software: WebEx. Then, we evaluate the quality of the translations by distinguishing between two types of errors, translation errors and language errors. We then try to establish links between the use of reference material and translation quality. We observed that the two groups used reference material differently and that the translators seemed better equipped than the lawyers to deliver a better translation.

Recent research in the Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (TCFL) field has focused on the pedagogical perspectives underlying TCFL textbooks and their compilation. With the increasing interaction between China and other countries in global contexts such as culture, economics and commerce, there is a great need to expand research regarding all areas and issues within TCFL, especially in the important area of vocabulary and its translation in TCFL textbooks (Tsung and Cruickshank, 2011). This research investigates a range of translation problems related to the accuracy of the vocabulary lists featured in 12 selected representative TCFL textbooks for teaching Chinese as a foreign language. This thesis presents findings from three triangulation cases (questionnaire survey, corpus research, and assessment test) involving two different groups of participants (e.g. Chinese teachers who completed the questionnaire survey and Chinese undergraduates majoring in English who underwent the assessment test). The contribution of this study is as follows: 1) I conduct a series of empirical evidence based on the viewpoints of practitioners regarding the identified translation problems to fill the gap that there are more descriptive and pedagogical works in the vocabulary translation of TCFL textbooks; 2) I adopt functional equivalence theory of translation and linguistics–based approaches (semantic, pragmatic and grammatical perspectives) to establish a theoretical framework which provides a flexible way of analysing translation and enables the original meanings of Chinese words to be analysed through various perspectives, especially for Chinese and English vocabulary analysis and translation; 3) I draw on translation quality evaluation theory to generate a translation quality evaluation framework which can serve as a reference point for other translation evaluation work regarding vocabulary conducted during other relevant studies; 4) I demonstrate that the majority of translation problems gathered from the selected TCFL textbooks were found at the preliminary level and in the content word class which have much practical relevance and research value for the pedagogical purpose of vocabulary teaching and translation; and 5) I build up a specific parallel corpus with passages and vocabulary lists of the selected TCFL textbooks.

Esta investigación exploratoria tiene por objetivo principal determinar cuáles son los criterios de calidad aplicados en el proceso de traducción de los traductores independientes en el mercado de traducción en Lima, Perú, en 2019. Se aplicó una metodología cualitativa, utilizando como herramienta la entrevista. Las entrevistas fueron aplicadas a cinco traductoras independientes que cumplían con una serie de requisitos establecidos según PACTE. A partir de los resultados se comprobó que las participantes aplican una serie de criterios en sus procesos de traducción, que involucran una demanda de tiempo para producir un texto funcional. En ese sentido, se identificó como criterios principales la documentación y revisión. Como sostienen las participantes, los clientes desconocen el proceso de esta labor profesional y, por tanto, no brindan un plazo factible al solicitar un encargo de traducción que permita priorizar la calidad. / This exploratory research has as main objective to determine what are the quality criteria applied in the translation process of the freelance translators in the translation market in Lima, Peru, in 2019. A qualitative methodology was applied, using interviews as a research tool. The interviews were applied to five freelance translators who met a series of requirements established according to PACTE. Results found that the participants apply a series of criteria in their translation process, which implies a demand of time needed in order to produce a functional text. Furthermore, documentation and review were identified as the main criteria applied. As stated by the participants, clients are unaware of the process of this professional work and, therefore, do not provide a feasible deadline when requesting a translation order that allows prioritizing quality. / Tesis

Магистерская диссертация посвящена когнитивному исследованию концептуальных метафор в поэзии Эминема и сопоставительному анализу их перевода на русский язык. Автор представляет классификацию метафорических моделей по разрядам концептуальных метафор, выявляет ключевые концепты, репрезентирующий каждый разряд, и устанавливает лингвокогнитивные особенности хип-хоп текстов Эминема. Проводя сопоставительный анализ оригинала и перевода концептуальных метафор, автор определяет качество и особенности перевода метафор в соответствии с особенностями идиостиля хип-хоп исполнителя. / The master's dissertation is devoted to a cognitive study of conceptual metaphors in Eminem's poetry and a comparative analysis of their translation into Russian. The author presents the classification of metaphorical models according to the categories of conceptual metaphors, identifies key concepts representing each category, and establishes the linguocognitive features of Eminem’s hip-hop texts. Due to a comparative analysis of the original and the translation of conceptual metaphors, the author determines the quality and peculiarities of the translation of metaphors in accordance with the idiostyle of the hip-hop artist.

Text in English / Undergraduate students at the Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM) experience great difficulty in developing their translation competence during their training period. On the one hand, they show many signs of poor quality during their training when they accomplish practical translation assignments on and off-campus. On the other hand, the quality of the final work submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor Honours Degree (Licenciatura) suggests that most students fail to go beyond the minimum standards with regard to translation competence. Yet, comprehensive research aimed at understanding factors hindering translation competence at the UEM has been scanty. Besides, the few studies available have some significant lacunae, for they focus on Portuguese language development; are limited to error analysis, and often ignore students‟ perspectives. Consequently, the problem of finding a balanced approach to developing students‟ translation competence has remained unaddressed. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the purpose of investigating the translation competence of the UEM undergraduates in order to establish the major obstacles to their translation competence development, and consequently come up with suggestions for improving the current translator-training degree programme. The study design uses qualitative methods translated into a case study approach. First, questionnaire data is analysed to gain lecturers‟ and students‟ perspectives on translation competence at the UEM. Second, a students‟ error typology is developed following a macro- and micro-textual analysis of their translations. The study concludes that substandard bilingual skills, compounded by curricular, attitudinal/motivational, pedagogical and infrastructural/instrumental factors, negatively impact the students‟ development of translation competence at the UEM and that addressing these may pave the way towards improving the current translation-training programme. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)

This study combines linguistic and economic points of view to deliver insights into two national translation services markets. Translation services form a relatively large market and provide quite a high number of jobs globally. In this industry, which is largely unregulated by government bodies, translation agencies have the potential to act as quality warrantors by applying elaborate quality-assurance procedures and requiring their freelance translators to possess certain qualifications. A controversial yet widely mentioned qualification is being a native speaker of a specific language. Drawing on a critique of the conventional "native speaker" concept and on insights from economics, Language Management Theory, and critical discourse analysis, this study investigates how the native-speaker status, along with other translator qualifications, is used as an argument for higher quality and a higher price in marketing and price-setting strategies of translation agencies in the Czech Republic and Germany when it comes to a technical translation into a non-local language. The research makes use of the market-research technique called "mystery shopping" and is designed as a combination of experimental and observational qualitative research methods. The four distinct stages, which correspond with...

Text in English / Undergraduate students at the Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM) experience great difficulty in developing their translation competence during their training period. On the one hand, they show many signs of poor quality during their training when they accomplish practical translation assignments on and off-campus. On the other hand, the quality of the final work submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor Honours Degree (Licenciatura) suggests that most students fail to go beyond the minimum standards with regard to translation competence. Yet, comprehensive research aimed at understanding factors hindering translation competence at the UEM has been scanty. Besides, the few studies available have some significant lacunae, for they focus on Portuguese language development; are limited to error analysis, and often ignore students‟ perspectives. Consequently, the problem of finding a balanced approach to developing students‟ translation competence has remained unaddressed. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the purpose of investigating the translation competence of the UEM undergraduates in order to establish the major obstacles to their translation competence development, and consequently come up with suggestions for improving the current translator-training degree programme. The study design uses qualitative methods translated into a case study approach. First, questionnaire data is analysed to gain lecturers‟ and students‟ perspectives on translation competence at the UEM. Second, a students‟ error typology is developed following a macro- and micro-textual analysis of their translations. The study concludes that substandard bilingual skills, compounded by curricular, attitudinal/motivational, pedagogical and infrastructural/instrumental factors, negatively impact the students‟ development of translation competence at the UEM and that addressing these may pave the way towards improving the current translation-training programme. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M. A. (Linguistics)