The thesis aims to present a case for a rethinking of the paradigmatic frames underpinning food marketing control policy and research. In support of its contention, it reports on the methodological strategies, evidence outcomes and knowledge translation contributions of a series of research projects. The projects were commissioned by national and international policy makers during the period 2009-2015 in support of responsible food marketing policy development. They were conceptualised, developed and interpreted through participatory and iterative research planning processes. The research drew on theories and constructs from multiple disciplines. Public health, marketing and policy science contributed most, but information economics and management theories also informed research design and analysis and interpretation of findings. Its key generalizable findings can be summarised as follows: • The identification of a fragmented but convergent pool of evidence indicating contemporary food and beverage marketing is an interactive, dynamic phenomenon. • The identification of a fragmented but convergent pool of evidence demonstrating it significantly impacts sociocultural determinants of food behaviours. • The generation of evidence demonstrating a gap between the strategic aims of responsible marketing policy regimes and the inherent capacity of implemented interventions to constrain marketing’s food environment impacts. • The generation of evidence demonstrating that critical re-appraisal of food marketing policy research assumptions and preconceptions is a strategy supportive of policy innovation. • The generation of evidence that research intended to support real world multi-stakeholder policy development processes requires additional skills to those established and recognised as central to high quality research. These include the ability to engage with dynamic and politicised policy processes and their public communications challenges. • The generation of evidence that can inform future independent benchmark standard for responsible marketing development initiatives. • The generation of evidence that can inform future research on designing and developing policy that is ‘future proof’ and targets marketing’s sociocultural food environment impacts. Its most significant knowledge translation contributions have been: • Support for the WHO Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children (subsequently endorsed at the 2010 World Health Assembly and the 2011 United Nations General Assembly). • Participatory research contributions to the Scottish Government’s responsible marketing standard development initiative (PAS2500). • Supporting the planning and development of the Scottish Government’s Supporting Healthy Choices Policy initiative. • Knowledge exchange with policy makers and stakeholders engaged in a scoping and prioritisation initiative commissioned by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health (An analysis of the regulatory and voluntary landscape concerning the marketing and promotion of food and drink to children). • Supporting responsible marketing policy agendas targeted to the engagement of a broad mix of stakeholders in innovative policy development processes. • Supporting policy makers’ efforts to increase popular support for stronger, more effective responsible marketing policy controls. The thesis therefore aims to present evidence that the programme of research presented here has made useful and original contributions to evidence and knowledge on contemporary food marketing and its impacts on food behaviours and the food environment. It aims to build on this by demonstrating how this evidence informed and supported policy development. Through this the thesis aims to support its case that a rethinking of food marketing policy research assumptions and conceptions can expand and enrich the evidence base as well as real world policy innovation.

Introduction : La dysfonction primaire du greffon (DPG) post-transplantation pulmonaire est la principale cause de décès en phase péri-opératoire. Sa physiopathologie n’est pas encore totalement élucidée mais les lésions d’Ischémie/Reperfusion (I/R) pourraient constituer un facteur important de son développement. L’I/R et la DPG sont caractérisées par des dommages de l’endothélium vasculaire et de l’épithélium alvéolaire, un œdème pulmonaire et une réaction inflammatoire exacerbée. La résorption de l’œdème dépend du rétablissement de l’intégrité fonctionnelle alvéolaire, dont la capacité à réabsorber les ions Na+ (via les canaux ENaC), et secondairement le liquide par les cellules alvéolaires. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la dysfonction épithéliale alvéolaire, causée par l’I/R, présente dans les greffons donneurs (GD), jouerait un rôle clef dans le développement de la DPG chez les receveurs. Notre but était d’identifier de biomarqueurs, associés à la dysfonction épithéliale des GD et au développement de DPG chez les receveurs. Méthodes : L’impact d’un protocole mimant une I/R a d’abord été évalué sur des cultures primaires de cellules alvéolaires de rats. Puis, nous avons étudié l’impact de l’I/R in vivo grâce à des modèles de stress inflammatoire par infusion de LPS ou transplantation unilatérale chez le porc. Finalement, des biopsies de tissus de GD ont été recueillies durant les transplantations pulmonaires. Après détermination du grade de DPG chez les receveurs, nous avons étudié les facteurs et les altérations alvéolaires associés. Résultats : Une baisse d’expression des protéines de jonctions serrées (ZO-1), des canaux ioniques ENaC et CFTR ainsi qu’une réduction de la résistance transépithéliale et de la capacité de réparation suite aux lésions ont été observées suite au protocole mimant l’I/R dans le modèle de cultures primaires de cellules alvéolaires. Un traitement avec un activateur du canal K+ KvLQT1 (R L3) a permis d’améliorer la vitesse de réparation, l’intégrité de la barrière épithéliale et l’expression d’ENaC et CFTR. Dans nos modèles animaux, nous avons observé une réponse pro-inflammatoire et une altération des protéines ZO-1, ENaC et CFTR. Nos données préliminaires indiquent aussi une infiltration inflammatoire et une baisse d’ENaC, CFTR et ZO-1, déjà présentes dans les GD ayant subits une I prolongée, chez les receveurs ayant ensuite développés une DPG. Conclusion : Nos résultats soutiennent notre hypothèse du développement d’une dysfonction épithéliale alvéolaire, caractérisée par une altération de biomarqueurs de fonctionnalité et d’intégrité (ENaC, CFTR et ZO-1), en lien avec l’I/R et la DPG. / Background: Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after lung transplantation is the first cause of death in the perioperative phase. The PGD pathophysiology is not fully elucidated, but Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury might be an important factor. I/R and PGD both feature endothelial/ epithelial damage, lung edema and inflammation. Edema resorption then depends on the restoration of the alveolar functional integrity, especially the ability of alveolar epithelial cells to reabsorb Na+ (through ENaC channels) and fluid. We hypothesized that alveolar epithelial dysfunction (related to I/R), observed within donor grafts, then plays a key role in the development of PGD in lung recipients. Our goal was to identify novel biomarkers, associated with epithelial dysfunction within donor’s grafts, and then PGD development in recipients. Methods: The impact of a protocol mimicking hypothermic ischemia and reperfusion was first tested on primary rat alveolar epithelial cell cultures. Then, the impact of I/R was studied in vivo using models of inflammatory stress induced by LPS infusion or after unilateral transplantation in pigs. Finally, lung biopsies from donor grafts were collected during lung transplantations. After defining PGD scores within the recipients, associated factors and alveolar alterations were finally analyzed. Results: In primary cell cultures, the protocol mimicking hypothermic I/R induced a decrease in tight junction proteins (ZO-1), transepithelial resistance, wound repair capacity as well as ENaC and CFTR channel expression. Treatment with a KvLQT1 K+ channel activator (R-L3) accelerated the repair rates and enhanced barrier integrity (ZO-1 staining) as well as ENaC and CFTR protein expressions. In the porcine models, an exacerbated inflammatory response was observed along with alveolar damage, lung edema and decreased ZO-1, ENaC and CFTR expressions. Our preliminary data using human samples collected during lung transplantations also indicate an inflammatory response and reduced ENaC, CFTR and ZO-1 expressions, already observed within lung grafts, submitted to longer cold ischemia duration, among lung recipients then developing a PGD. Conclusion: Altogether these data support our hypothesis of an alveolar epithelial dysfunction, featuring an alteration of functionality and barrier integrity biomarkers (ENaC, CFTR and ZO-1), associated with I/R and DPG.

No description available.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Annually, 150 to 200/1,000,000 people become disabled as a result of brain trauma. Axonal degeneration is a critical, early event following TBI of all severities but whether axon degeneration is a driver of TBI remains unclear. Molecular pathways underlying the pathology of TBI have not been defined and there is no efficacious treatment for TBI. Despite this significant societal impact, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms that actively drive axon degeneration in any context and particularly following TBI. Although severe brain injury may cause immediate disruption of axons (primary axotomy), it is now recognized that the most frequent form of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is mediated by a cascade of events that ultimately result in secondary axonal disconnection (secondary axotomy) within hours to days. Proposed mechanisms include immediate post-traumatic cytoskeletal destabilization as a direct result of mechanical breakage of microtubules, as well as catastrophic local calcium dysregulation resulting in microtubule depolymerization, impaired axonal transport, unmitigated accumulation of cargoes, local axonal swelling, and finally disconnection. The portion of the axon that is distal to the axotomy site remains initially morphologically intact. However, it undergoes sudden rapid fragmentation along its full distal length ~72 h after the original axotomy, a process termed Wallerian degeneration. Remarkably, mice mutant for the Wallerian degeneration slow (Wlds) protein exhibit ~tenfold (for 2–3 weeks) suppressed Wallerian degeneration. Yet, pharmacological replication of the Wlds mechanism has proven difficult. Further, no one has studied whether Wlds protects from TAI. Lastly, owing to Wlds presumed gain-of-function and its absence in wild-type animals, direct evidence in support of a putative endogenous axon death signaling pathway is lacking, which is critical to identify original treatment targets and the development of viable therapeutic approaches. Novel insight into the pathophysiology of Wallerian degeneration was gained by the discovery that mutant Drosophila flies lacking dSarm (sterile a/Armadillo/Toll-Interleukin receptor homology domain protein) cell-autonomously recapitulated the Wlds phenotype. The pro-degenerative function of the dSarm gene (and its mouse homolog Sarm1) is widespread in mammals as shown by in vitro protection of superior cervical ganglion, dorsal root ganglion, and cortical neuron axons, as well as remarkable in-vivo long-term survival (>2 weeks) of transected sciatic mouse Sarm1 null axons. Although the molecular mechanism of function remains to be clarified, its discovery provides direct evidence that Sarm1 is the first endogenous gene required for Wallerian degeneration, driving a highly conserved genetic axon death program. The central goals of this thesis were to determine (1) whether post-traumatic axonal integrity is preserved in mice lacking Sarm1, and (2) whether loss of Sarm1 is associated with improved functional outcome after TBI. I show that mice lacking the mouse Toll receptor adaptor Sarm1 gene demonstrate multiple improved TBI-associated phenotypes after injury in a closed-head mild TBI model. Sarm1-/- mice developed fewer beta amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) aggregates in axons of the corpus callosum after TBI as compared to Sarm1+/+ mice. Furthermore, mice lacking Sarm1 had reduced plasma concentrations of the phosphorylated axonal neurofilament subunit H, indicating that axonal integrity is maintained after TBI. Strikingly, whereas wild type mice exhibited a number of behavioral deficits after TBI, I observed a strong, early preservation of neurological function in Sarm1-/- animals. Finally, using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, I found tissue signatures consistent with substantially preserved neuronal energy metabolism in Sarm1-/- mice compared to controls immediately following TBI. My results indicate that the Sarm1-mediated prodegenerative pathway promotes pathogenesis in TBI and suggest that anti-Sarm1 therapeutics are a viable approach for preserving neurological function after TBI.