Le sélénium (Se) est un antioxydant et un oligo-élément pour les animaux et les humains. Néanmoins, l'intervalle de concentration entre carence et toxicité est très étroit. Ce métalloïde est introduit indirectement dans la chaine alimentaire via son accumulation dans les plantes. La littérature sur ce sujet est encore restreinte et incomplète, s'effectuant couramment sur des plantes modèles et en présence de fortes concentrations en Se. Cette thèse porte sur le transfert du Se dans une plante de grande culture, le Zea mays, et les conséquences de cette accumulation sur la physiologique de la plante à travers l'étude de l'accumulation des cations essentiels (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu). Des expérimentations en milieu contrôlé (cultures en hydroponie) ont donc été réalisées pour obtenir un ensemble d'échantillons analysés ensuite par des techniques d'analyse adéquates et sensibles (CRC-ICP-MS par exemple). Diverses modalités influençant le transfert du Se dans la plante ont ainsi été étudiées : la concentration et forme du Se source ainsi que le stade de développement de la plante. Les résultats ont montré que l'absorption racinaire, la concentration au sein de la plante ainsi que le degré de métabolisation du Se, et par conséquent les apports en Se pour les populations animales et humaines, sont fortement influencés par les trois facteurs énoncés. De plus, cette étude a mis en évidence que l'accumulation des cations au sein des plantes dépendent du Se. Ces effets peuvent être associés au déséquilibre du système de détoxification des espèces oxygénées réactives des cellules, en cohérence avec le caractère ambivalent du Se: antioxydant ou pro-oxydant selon sa concentration.

E. coli SecA is an essential component for protein translocaiton across membrane. SecA can be deleted from its N- and/or C-terminal ends without losing complementation activity. In this study, we determined the dispensity of both ends of SecA molecule. The minimal length at the SecA C-terminus is dependent on the length of the N-terminal region. SecA10-826 and SecA22-829 are the two minimal length SecAs. One more amino acid deleted at the C-terminal end completely abolished their complementation activity. A hydrophobic amino acid is required at the 826th amino acid in the minimal-length SecAs. Both SecA22-828 and SecA22-829 could form a dimer, and have decreased ATPase and protein translocation activities. The active truncated SecA mutants tended to have more soluble form than membrane-bound form, but were stably embedded in membrane. In contrast, the inactive truncated SecA mutants tended to have more membrane-bound form, but were not stable in membrane. Thus, the loss of complementation is not related to dimerization, ATPase and translocation activity but to certain extent related to their biased subcelluar localization and conformation in membrane. Isolated membranes of E coli strains were solubilized and fractionated by sucrose gradient fractionation. These membranes fractions were depleted of SecY and YidC, but contained SecD, SecF and GroEL. Proteoliposomes reconstituted from these fractionated membrane proteins were active in pOmpA translocation which required SecA and ATP. Membrane fractions from strain CK1801 in which the unc gene is deleted were reconstituted into liposomes and also showed translocation activities. Moreover, proteoliposomes reconstituted with Bacteriorodopsin alone were not active in translocation, while proteoliposomes reconstituted with Bacteriorodopsin and CK1801 membrane fractions showed elevated translocation efficiency. These data suggested that proton motive force is not obligatory for, but stimulatory to translocation of pOmA. Purified GroEL was reconstituted into lipsomes and the reconstituted proteoliposomes were active in pOmpA translocation although at lower efficiency. This translocation also required SecA and ATP. These results together suggested that translocation of pOmpA is active in the absence of SecY and YidC. In the absence of SecYEG, translocation of pOmpA requires SecA and ATP. GroEL, SecD and SecF may participate in the SecY-independent translocation.

Foliar application of the phytotoxic herbicide diquat dibromide was made to twenty tuliptree seedlings actively growing under field conditions on October 6, 1973, at the Purdue Davis farm in Randolph County, Indiana. Herbicidal extraction was accomplished by two extraction procedures: Langlois, et. al., (1963), and a method described in the Pesticide Analytical Manual (9/1/67). Herbicidal application methods utilized two concentrations and three time periods for translocation to occur.Results from the herbicidal application to the tuliptree seedlings indicate that diquat dibromide is present in all parts of the seedling trees within a two hour time period, and that relative amounts of diquat per plant organ are time dependent.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

À l'origine, les Terres Rares (TR) sont utilisées pour tracer les processus géochimiques naturels. Depuis quelques années, elles sont de plus en plus utilisées par l'industrie, la médecine et l'agriculture. Cette utilisation croissante entraîne de nouveaux risques et nous amène à considérer les TR comme des polluants émergents. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse propose une étude de la mobilité et de la répartition des TR dans le système sol-plante, ainsi que leur effet sur la végétation. La première partie de ce document présente l'approche de terrain employée, soit le choix de sites non pollués avec des contextes géologiques différents (calcaire, granitique et carbonatique), afin de comparer les transferts et la répartition des TR en milieu naturel. La deuxième partie de ce manuscrit est orientée vers une approche en milieu contrôlé, permettant d'étudier l'effet des TR sur la germination et la croissance des plantes. Les résultats indiquent que les concentrations en TR ne reflètent pas directement les concentrations de la roche, dans la mesure où elles apparaissent dépendantes des processus pédologiques et des teneurs en phases minérales riches en TR. Les sols présentent tous un enrichissement en TR lourdes lié aux complexes formés à partir des TR lourdes et des oxydes de fer. La végétation, quant à elle, présente systématiquement un enrichissement en TR légères, résultant en partie de cette liaison entre TR lourdes et oxydes de fer. Les TR montrent un fort lien avec le fer dans le continuum sol- végétation, indiquant que les processus pédologiques et physiologiques à l'origine de l'absorption des TR, sont étroitement liés à ceux du Fe. Le transfert des TR dans la plante entraîne leur accumulation dans le système racinaire, où elles seront bloquées par la bande de Caspary. Ce phénomène limite alors le transfert vers les organes aériens via le flux nutritif. Les concentrations en macro-éléments de ce flux nutritif pourraient être influencées par la présence de fortes concentrations de TR dans les racines. L'application de fortes concentrations en TR influencent également la germination et la croissance racinaire des végétaux.

Protein translocation is essential for bacterial survival and the most important translocation mechanism in bacteria is the secretion (Sec) pathway. Thus targeting Sec pathway is a promising strategy for developing novel antibacterial therapeutics. We report the design, syntheses, mechanistic studies and structure-activity relationship studies using HQSAR and 3-D QSAR Topomer CoMFA analyses of 4-oxo-5-cyano thiouracil derivatives. In summary, introduction of polar group such as –N3 and linker groups such as –CH2-O- enhanced the potency as well as logP and logS several fold. We also report the discovery, optimization and structure-activity relationship study of 1,2,4-triazole containing pyrimidines as novel, highly potent antimicrobial agents. A number of inhibitors have been found to inhibit microbial growth at high nanomolar concentrations.

Cereals are the basis of global agriculture providing more than half of the human food consumption. In Spain, barley is the main crop in terms of growing area, mostly in the poorest agricultural areas. In semiarid areas crop productivity is not only limited by drought, but also by high temperatures at the end of the growth cycle. An increased use of ‘local’ germplasm could lead to the selection of varieties adapted to specific regional conditions. The use of a barley variety like ‘Albacete’, with its proven adaptation to semiarid conditions, can be an excellent option. It has been hypothesized that the high popularity of ‘Albacete’ with farmers particularly in semi-arid areas where barley is grown under rain fed conditions, may be due to the presence of a special form of chromosomal interchange, a reciprocal translocation. This thesis provides a cytological, genetic and agronomic characterization of this reciprocal translocation.

<p>The <italic>Chlamydiaceae</italic> are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that are significant pathogens of humans and animals. Intracellularly, the bacteria reside in a membrane-bound vacuole, called the inclusion, from which they manipulate host processes to create a niche optimal for survival and propagation. Acquisition of host-derived lipids is essential for chlamydial growth, yet the source of lipids and mechanisms of trafficking to the inclusion are not well-established. The inclusion avoids interaction with several classical membrane and lipid transport pathways. In a functional genomic screen to identify host modulating chlamydial proteins, our lab identified cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) as potential target organelles of <italic>Chlamydia</italic>. LDs are postulated to function in many cellular processes, such as lipid metabolism and transport, membrane trafficking, and cell signaling; therefore, we hypothesized that LDs may be important for <italic>Chlamydia</italic> pathogenesis as a source of lipids or as a platform for regulating other cellular functions. Here, we characterize the interaction between eukaryotic LDs and the chlamydial inclusion.</p><p> We find that LDs are recruited to the <italic>Chlamydia</italic> inclusion, chlamydial infection disrupts neutral lipid homeostasis, and pharmacological prevention of LD formation inhibits chlamydial replication. <italic>Chlamydia</italic> produces proteins (Ldas) that localize with LDs in yeast and mammalian cells when transiently expressed and are exported out of the inclusion to peripheral lipid-rich structures during infection. By electron microscopy and live cell imaging, we observe the translocation of intact LDs into the <italic>Chlamydia</italic> inclusion lumen. Biochemical and microscopic analysis of LDs from infected cells reveals that LD translocation may occur at specialized subregions of the inclusion membrane. The <italic>Chlamydia</italic> Lda3 protein is implicated in LD tethering to the inclusion membrane, and displacement of the protective coat protein, ADRP, from LD surfaces. This phenomenon could provide access for lipases to the LD core for utilization by the replicating bacteria. Additionally, the functional domains of Lda3 involved in binding to LD and inclusion membranes are identified. </p><p> In these studies, we identify eukaryotic lipid droplets (LDs) as a novel target organelle important for <italic>Chlamydia</italic> pathogenesis and describe a unique mechanism of whole organelle sequestration not previously observed for bacterial pathogens. These results represent a fundamental shift in our understanding of host interactions with the chlamydial inclusion, and may represent a new area for research in the field of cellular microbiology.</p> / Dissertation

Early detection of infection, identification of microorganism, and correct choice of antibiotics are critical in the management of sepsis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has the potential to improve the timeliness, sensitivity, and accuracy of detecting pathogens. In this study we utilize this method to detect the enteric bacterial counts in the blood from patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in the emergency department (ED). The universal primers utilized in RT-PCR are specific for 23S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and wec F gene. The results show that in SIRS patients with positive culture results from specimen collected within 10 days after presenting to ED, and patients surviving for less than 28 days, the serum bacterial DNA load of enteric Gram negative bacilli is higher. In SIRS patients with shock, patients fulfilling both white blood cell counts and respiratory criteria of SIRS, and patients fulfilling both white blood cell counts and respiratory criteria of SIRS with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score more than 20, the serum bacterial DNA load of enteric Gram negative bacilli and 28-day mortality are both higher. These results suggest that bacterial translocation may happen in patients with SIRS and may be related to higher mortality in patients with SIRS.

The St. Croix ground lizard, Ameiva polops, is a United States endangered species endemic to St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. It was extirpated from St. Croix Proper by invasive mongooses, and remaining populations are on small, nearby cays. In the summer of 2008, as part of the recovery plan for this species, I worked in a multi-agency effort to translocate a population of A. polops to Buck Island Reef National Monument, U.S. Virgin Islands to focus on two main objectives: 1) examine the detection probability of A. polops and infer the consequences of it on population estimates; and 2) examine whether A. polops may deplete its prey base or alter the arthropod assemblage at the translocation site. We used a soft-release strategy for the translocation, in which 57 lizards were initially contained in a series of eight 10 m x 10 m enclosures in the habitat on Buck Island for monitoring. As part of the initial monitoring I conducted visual surveys through all enclosures, with the known number of lizards, to calculate the detection probability and to demonstrate how many individuals would be estimated using visual encounter surveys of this known population. Adjacent to enclosures housing A. polops were control enclosures, without A. polops, which I used to test whether the translocated lizards would impact their prey base over 6 weeks. I found that the detection probability of A. polops is very low (<0.25), which causes population sizes to be severely underestimated, even using some mark-resight techniques. My study of A. polops on the prey community indicated that the lizards generally had no effect on abundance or diversity of arthropods in general, though they may cause small changes for particular taxa. My results help corroborate other evidence that accuracy of population enumeration techniques needs to be improved in order to adequately understand the status of wildlife populations. Additionally, prey resources do not seem to be limiting A. polops in the short-term, and I expect the population will grow, expanding through Buck Island. Future monitoring will be carried out by the National Park Service using robust mark-resight techniques.

These studies were conducted on several central Texas agricultural producers?? properties, the Stiles Farm Foundation, the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Texas A&M University campus. First, an experimental herbicide from Dow AgroSciences, GF-884, was evaluated for effectiveness in controlling three annual and three perennial weed species in production pasture lands and hay meadows. Several rates of GF-884 were examined and evaluated against three registered pasture products and one non-selective herbicide. Next, GF-884 was assessed for tolerance on two common bermudagrass hybrids (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) at three progressive rates with and without adjuvant. Finally, the herbicides, picloram and fluroxypyr, were applied to common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) to characterize their individual absorption and translocation and assess any influence one might have on the other. GF-884 applied at rates of 0.91 and 1.14 kg a.e./ha provided >85% and >75% control of the annual and perennial weed species evaluated, respectively. These same rates of GF-884 consistently provided control that was equivalent or better than thatachieved with the registered products. No differences were observed among treatments when shoots from the perennial species were evaluated 12 months following treatment application. The tolerance experiments utilized GF-884 at rates twice that used to evaluate weed control efficacy. These elevated rates did not result in discernable influences on yield or forage quality for either hybrid forage grass when compared to untreated areas. The efficacy and tolerance observations suggest that GF-884 applied at the highest recommended weed control rate can effectively control several annual and perennial weed species without imparting detrimental effects to the hybrid bermudagrass being produced. Finally, in the presence of fluroxypyr, 14C picloram absorption was maintained throughout all sampling intervals. Picloram applied alone, maximized 14C absorption at 6 HAT then declined significantly. At the final sampling, 14C from picloram applied alone was in greater concentration in the treated leaf and the root. Picloram significantly decreased absorption of 14C fluroxypyr. Fluroxypyr alone maintained 14C absorption throughout all samplings, whereas the combination maximized at 12 HAT. Initially, picloram limited 14C translocation, however at 6, 12, and 24 HAT this was not evident.