Orientadores: Jose Roberto de França Arruda, Juan Francisco Camino dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T13:00:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Siviero_DiegoAzevedo_M.pdf: 1349512 bytes, checksum: dd6f2edf66df39c704de24d42a9ed55c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Dado o contínuo processo de otimização ao no setor aeroespacial é cada vez mais priorizada nos projetos a busca pelo decréscimo de massa dos sistemas secundários ao vôo, como por exemplo, no sistema responsável pelo controle de ruídos internos. Isto tem provocado um aumento de interesse no desenvolvimento de placas inteligentes, ou ¿smart-plates¿, que consistem em elementos estruturais com atuadores e sensores agregados as suas superfícies, para o controle de suas próprias vibrações estruturais, possibilitando, no futuro, a redução nas dimensões dos elementos passivos de contenção de ruído hoje em uso, principalmente no trabalho com sinais de baixa freqüência. Cresce paralelamente a necessidade de se do definir qual a melhor estratégia de controle para estas estruturas inteligentes. Este estudo descreve a implementação de dois tipos distintos de controladores em uma placa de LEXAN com o objetivo de aumentar a perda transmissão de ruídos. O primeiro controlador utilizado é tipo H2, uma estratégia de controle que utiliza a realimentação da saída (feedback) como referencia para a ação de controle. O segundo controlador é o Filtered-X LMS, uma estratégia por alimentação direta (feedforward) que utiliza um sinal correlacionado ao distúrbio como referencia para o controle. A resposta da planta em malha fechada, com cada controlador, é medida por um microfone com a finalidade de s88e determinar o desempenho atingido pelas diferentes metodologias. Um enfoque maior será dado ao controlador Filtered-X LMS, que também será detalhado e aplicado a um sistema numérico de dutos / Abstract: Due to the continuous optimization process in the aerospace industry, the search for lighter secondary flight systems has been intensively investigated in recent years, for instance, the system responsible for the control of internal noise. This leads to a growing interest in the development of smart panels, which consist of structural elements with actuators and sensors attached to their surfaces, in order to control the structural vibration. This leads to a reduction of the members of passive elements used to attenuate noise mainly at low frequencies. The interest in these smart structures grows along with the necessity of defining the best control strategy. This thesis describes the implementation of two distinct controllers on a LEXAN smart plate, with the purpose of increasing the transmission loss. The first is an H2 dynamic output feedback controller, a strategy that uses the system's output as a reference to the control action. The second controller is the Filtered-X LMS, a strategy that uses a signal correlated with the disturbance as a reference to the control. The response of the closed-loop systems, using each controller, is measured using a microphone. This determines the performance achieved by the different methodologies. More emphasis will be given to the Filtered-X LMS controller, which is also applied to a vibroacoustic problem in a duct / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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More than one billion vehicle tires reach the end of their useful service life annually. Less than a quarter of rubber waste is reused or recycled in some way. Interest has grown in working to discover means by which to incorporate rubber tire waste into construction materials. This study sought to delve into the use of micronized rubber powder (MRP) as an acoustic agent within particleboard and concrete. In addition, work was conducted to characterize the effect that MRP has on the strength and flexural properties of concrete. Furthermore, research sought to provide insight into how pine biomass, a forest products industry waste, would interact with MRP in concrete as it relates to strength and acoustic properties. As expected, particleboard that contained MRP resulted in lower strength but higher flexibility. Acoustic testing revealed that there was minimal sound absorption improvement at some frequencies and less absorption at low and high frequencies. Sound transmission loss was slightly improved by the addition of MRP to the particleboard. Adding pine biomass and MRP to concrete yielded much lower compressive strength as compared to plain concrete. Visual inspection of the sound absorption coefficient curves over the full range of test frequencies identified limited, if any, advantage for the addition of MRP or biomass. Some ranges of frequencies offered minimal improvement. There appeared to be no appreciable sound absorption advantage to adding MRP, pine biomass, or the combination of the two into concrete mix proportions. Modulus of rigidity was decreased as compared to plain concrete when MRP, pine biomass, or a combination of both were incorporated into the concrete mixture as volume replacement for aggregate. Visual observation revealed that flexural failure for the MRP or pine beams were less sudden and less catastrophic than the plain concrete samples. Modulus of elasticity was decreased as compared to plain concrete when MRP, pine biomass, or a combination of both were incorporated into the concrete mixture as volume replacement for aggregate. The more flexible and ductile concrete produced with MRP and biomass provides a combination of properties that serve to lessen the propagation of cracks throughout the specimen.

Résumé : Le but de cette étude est de développer un concept d’isolant acoustique à base de matières recyclées. Ce projet, initié par le Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ), s’inscrit dans la conception d’écrans antibruit répondant aux exigences actuelles du développement durable et de la loi sur l’environnement. L’isolant acoustique devra donc être également recyclable. Un matériau de type coupe-son est caractérisé par son indice d’affaiblissement sonore. Plus un matériau est lourd, plus il est isolant. Cependant, un phénomène physique provoque une importante chute de son efficacité à une fréquence précise dépendant de la rigidité spécifique du matériau (i.e. rapport du module d’Young sur la masse volumique). Il devra donc avoir une masse importante tout en ayant un module d’Young adéquat pour éviter ce phénomène. Le polyéthylène basse densité linéaire (LLDPE), thermoplastique recyclable de grande consommation, est alors alourdi avec des billes d’acier de grande taille (3.175 mm) afin d’augmenter la rigidité spécifique du composite résultant. Le composite ainsi formé montre néanmoins une augmentation du module d’Young qui compense l’ajout de masse. Cette augmentation est causée par la liaison interfaciale entre le LLDPE et les billes de fer. Pour limiter cette cohésion, un effort de traction a été effectué sur les échantillons. Ceci a eu pour effet de briser le lien mécanique à l’interface des billes et du LLDPE. En conséquence, le module a suffisamment chuté pour atteindre des valeurs inférieures au matériau brut. De plus, l’augmentation de la fraction volumique va de pair avec la réduction du module d’Young. Un modèle analytique de prédiction du module d’Young en fonction de la fraction volumique de billes d’acier a été également établi. Il a été comparé aux modèles existants et a montré de bons résultats avec les mesures. Des simulations acoustiques de la perte par transmission ont par la suite été effectuées sur les composites obtenus afin d’évaluer leurs performances par rapport aux matériaux usuels (e.g. béton, gypse, verre,…) et par rapport à des écrans antibruit existants. Les résultats ont démontrés que les composites peuvent parfaitement se substituer aux matériaux utilisés et présentent dans certains cas de meilleurs résultats. || Abstract : The aim of this study is to develop a concept of an acoustic reflective material using recycled materials. This project, initiated by the Ministre des Transports du Quebec (MTQ), fits with the current requirements of sustainable development and environmental law. So the acoustic material should be also recyclable. An acoustic reflective material is characterized by its sound transmission loss. The heavier the material is, the better is its sound transmission loss. However, a physical phenomenon causes a significant drop in efficiency at a specific frequency depending on the specific stiffness of the material (i.e., the ratio of Young’s modulus and density) So the material must be heavy and should have a Young modulus adapted to avoid this phenomenon. Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), a largely available recyclable thermoplastic material, is then weighed down with large steel balls (3.175 mm diameter) to increase the specific stiffness of the resulting composite. However, the composite thus formed shows an increase of its Young's modulus that compensates for the added mass. This increase is caused by the interfacial bonding between the LLDPE and steel balls. To limit this bonding, a tensile stress was applied on the samples. This had the effect of breaking the mechanical link at the interface. As a result, the modulus has dropped to a value below that of the raw material. In addition, the increase in volume fraction of steel balls goes hand in hand with the reduction of the Young's modulus. An analytical model for predicting Young's modulus as a function of volume fraction of steel balls was also established. It was compared to existing models and shown good agreement with measurements. Simulations of the acoustic transmission loss are subsequently carried out on the obtained composites to evaluate their acoustical performance compared to conventional materials (e.g. , concrete, gypsum, glass, ...) and to existing noise barriers. The results show that the developed composites can fully replace conventional materials and show better results in some cases.

It is shown that the relationship between an impedance change and the dynamic response of a linear system is in the form of the Moebius transformation. The Moebius transformation is a conformal complex transformation that maps straight lines and circles in one complex plane into straight lines and circles in another complex plane. The center and radius of the mapped circle can be predicted provided that all the complex coefficients are known. This feature enables rapid determination of the optimal impedance change to achieve desired performance. This dissertation is primarily focused on the application of the Moebius transformation to enhance vibro-acoustic performance of exhaust systems and expedite the assessment due to modifications. It is shown that an optimal acoustic impedance change can be made to improve both structural and acoustic performance, without increasing the overall dimension and mass of the exhaust system. Application examples include mufflers and enclosures. In addition, it is demonstrated that the approach can be used to assess vibration isolators. In many instances, the source properties (source strength and source impedance) will also greatly influence exhaust system performance through sound reflections and resonances. Thus it is of interest to acoustically characterize the sources and assess the sensitivity of performance towards source impedance. In this dissertation, the experimental characterization of source properties is demonstrated for a diesel engine. Moreover, the same approach can be utilized to characterize other sources like refrigeration systems. It is also shown that the range of variation of performance can be effectively determined given the range of source impedance using the Moebius transformation. This optimization approach is first applied on conventional single-inlet single-outlet exhaust systems and is later applied to multi-inlet multi-outlet (MIMO) systems as well, with proper adjustment. The analytic model for MIMO systems is explained in details and validated experimentally. The sensitivity of MIMO system performance due to source properties is also investigated using the Moebius transformation.

A deterministic approach based on a modal expansion and modal receptance method has been developed to evaluate the airborne sound insulation of aircraft panels with stringer and ring frame attachments. Furthermore, this method was extended to predict the noise radiation of stiffening panel subjected to TBL excitation. This approach integrates with the fast and accurate methods in evaluating the modal excitation terms and modal radiation efficiency. Based on these advantages, the effects of the curvature, overpressure, stringers, ring frames, hydrodynamic coincidence, composite structures and structural dissipation on the acoustical properties of a typical aircraft panel are able to be investigated efficiently. Theoretic predictions were compared with laboratory measurements conducted on both model structures and aircraft panels. It was found that a small curvature may result in significant deterioration of the sound transmission loss at frequencies of interest. Unlike a flat uniform panel, the theoretical prediction for curved panels from the infinite model can not provide good agreement with the measurement close to and well below the ring frequency. However, in this frequency range, the finite model has been proved to be applicable For the large curved airplane panels studied here, it was found that the ring frames have little influence on sound transmission loss in the frequency range of interest. However the stringers may have considerable influence on sound transmission loss. The stringer improves this for a curved panel around the ring frequency, but it may result in a potential deterioration of the sound transmission loss above the ring frequency. In this study it is evident that the sound transmission loss of the composite skin attached with composite stringers is lower than that of the metallic panel attached with metallic stringers. At frequencies higher than the corresponding ring frequency of the curved panel, both experiment and theoretical prediction reveal that the overpressure at the concave side tends to reduce the sound transmission loss at the rate of about 0.5dB /10000 Pa. While at lower frequencies, say well below the ring frequency, the overpressure may increase or reduce sound transmission loss of a finite panel, depending on the shift of the resonant frequencies resulting from the overpressure. For TBL excitation, numerical investigation reveals that the panel with the ring frames behaves more like a sub-panel between two frames. Below 500Hz, the ring frames slightly enhance the sound radiation while dramatically increasing it around 1.3kHz. The TBL forcing field excites the same vibration lever for the panel with and without ring frame attachments, but the modes excited for the panel with ring frames radiate more sound. Unlike the ring frames, the stringers increase sound radiation below 1kHz. Above 1kHz, the sub-panels between two bays respond independently and the stringer effects is therefore not obvious. / <p>QC 20100908</p>

Dans cette thèse, des méthodes de caractérisation acoustique passive et active de systèmes acoustiques à deux ports sont présentées, basées sur une décomposition d’ondes planes en entrée et sortie. Cette décomposition est réalisée par la méthode du beamforming. Ces méthodes mises en place et validées sur des géométries simples, sont ensuite employées pour caractériser l’étage compresseur d’un turbocompresseur de suralimentation automobile. La caractérisation acoustique active se fait par la mesure de la puissance et de l’intensité acoustique dans les conduits du compresseur, ceci pour des points de fonctionnement spécifiques, des cartographies compresseur complètes sont également élaborées. Les essais ont été menés sur banc turbo, banc moteur et sur véhicule complet. La caractérisation acoustique passive est abordée par le calcul de matrices du compresseur (matrice de transfert, matrice d’impédance et matrice de diffusion). Le calcul de la perte par transmission acoustique est déduit de ces matrices. Des essais ont été réalisés et comparés à des simulations éléments finis 3D sur un turbocompresseur statique comme sur un turbocompresseur opérationnel. / In this thesis, methodologies to perform the acoustic passive and active characterization of two port systems are presented. These methods are based on plane wave decomposition made at the inlet and at the outlet of the system. This decomposition is made according beamforming technique. Once these methods were validated on simple geometries, they were then applied to the compressor stage of an automotive turbocharger. The active acoustic characterization is made by the measurement of the acoustic power and acoustic intensity in the compressor ducts on given working points, but also on complete compressor maps. This was performed on turbocharger benches, engine benches and a complete vehicle. The passive acoustic characterization is made by the calculation of characteristic matrices (transfer matrix, impedance matrix and scattering matrix). These matrices are then used to compute the acoustic transmission loss. Experiments were performed on a static turbocharger and compared to 3D finite elements simulations, as well as experiments on an operating turbocharger.

Mufflers and silencers are commonly used to attenuate noise sources such as internal combustion engines and HVAC systems. Typically, these environments contain mean flow that can affect the acoustic properties of the muffler components and may produce flow generated noise. To characterize the muffler performance, common metrics such as insertion and transmission loss and noise reduction are used in industry. Though transmission loss without flow is often measured and is a relatively simple bench top experiment and useful for model validation purposes, mean flow can significantly affect the muffler performance. There are a few existing and commercial transmission loss rigs that incorporate flow into the measurement procedure. These rigs are useful for model verification including flow but do not predict how the muffler will perform in the system since the source, termination, and pipe lengths significantly impact performance. In this research, the development of an insertion loss test rig is detailed. This testing strategy has the advantage of being simpler, quantifying the self-generated noise due to flow, and taking into account the effect of tailpipe length and a realistic termination. However, the test does not include the actual source and is not as useful for model validation. An electric blower produces the flow and a silencer quiets the flow. Loudspeakers are positioned just downstream of the flow silencer and they are used as the sound source. The low frequency source is a subwoofer installed in a cylindrical enclosure that includes a conical transition from speaker to pipe. Special care is taken to reduce any flow generated noise. Qualification of the system is detailed by comparing the measured transmission loss, noise reduction, and insertion loss to one-dimensional plane wave models. The results demonstrate that the developed rig should be useful as a muffler evaluation tool after a prototype has been constructed. The rig can also be used for transmission loss and noise reduction determination which will prove beneficial for laboratory testing.

The use of sandwich structures in automobile body panels is investigated in this thesis. The applications on vehicles such as trains, aeroplanes and automobiles, advantages, isadvantages and modelling of sandwich structures are discussed and studies about static, vibrational and acoustic benefits of sandwich structures by several authors are presented. The floor, luggage, firewall and rear wheel panels in sheet metal form is replaced with panel made from sandwich materials in order to reduce the weight obtained by a trial and error based optimization method by keeping the same bending stiffness performance. In addition to these, the use of sandwich structures over free layer surface damping treatments glued on floor panel to decrease the vibration levels and air-borne noise inside the cabin is investigated. It has been proven that, the same vibration performance of both flat beam and floor panel can be obtained using sandwich structures instead of free layer surface damping treatments with a less weight addition. Furthermore, the damping effect of sandwich structures on sound transmission loss of complex shaped panels like floor panel is investigated. A 2D flat and curved panel representing the floor panel of FIAT Car model are analysed in a very large frequency range. Four different loss factors are applied on these panels and it is seen that, until it reaches damping controlled region, damping has a very little effect on TL of flat panels but has an obvious damping effect on TL of curved panels. However in that region, damping has an increasing effect on TL of both flat and curved panels.

Under deregulated environments, transmission system is playing an increasingly vital role in the modern power markets. Despite the widespread experience of electricity restructuring during the past decade, important issues remain open about the best way to organize transmission to support reliability management and market trading. In the absence of an appropriate mechanism for the transmission services unbundling, it is unlikely to take into consideration the effects of power flows that diverge from the contract path. When individuals do not confront the respective responsibility for the transmission services, the market outcome will be inefficient. Allocations of transmission loss and costs to the market participants are essential for the transmission services unbundling. In this respect, two methods are proposed in this dissertation to provide technical and economical signals for the allocations. Based on circuit theory, the first method proposes a new procedure to trace the power flows on the transmission lines. Starting with the computation of an individual generator¡¦s or load¡¦s contributions to the line currents, the network is then decomposed into different networks. In each decomposed network, bus injections and line power flows are replaced by components related to only one generator or load. Based on the components of real power flow on the transmission lines, the allocations of transmission loss and supplementary cost can be easily performed. In the second method, AC power flow based injection shift distribution factors (ISDFs) are exploited for calculating generalized generation distribution factors (GGDFs) and generalized load distribution factors (GLDFs). GGDFs and GLDFs can be used to derive the components of the real powers on each transmission line contributed by the generators and loads. Three bus-oriented schemes are proposed to allocate the transmission loss. They are aimed to reduce the number of distribution factor computation and to reflect the activity in a competitive market. The reactive powers incurred on transmission lines due to the generators and loads are also derived using the reactive power distribution factors (RPDFs). Based on the components of complex power flow on the transmission lines, transmission cost allocation methods are proposed to charge the impacts of power transactions on the network. In order to take the service reliability into account the service charges consist of the components representing normal and the contingency states respectively.