Because of the switching action, power electronics converters are potentially large EMI noise sources to nearby equipment. EMI filters are necessary to ensure electromagnetic compatibility. Conventional discrete EMI filters usually consist of a large number of components, with different shapes, sizes and form factors. The manufacturing of these components requires different processing and packaging technologies, of which many include labor-intensive processing steps. In addition, due to the parasitics of discrete components, high-frequency attenuation of the filter is reduced and the effective filter frequency range is limited. As a result, discrete EMI filters are usually bulky, high profile, and have poor high-frequency performance. With an aim to solving these issues, this study explores the integration of EMI filters. The goal is to achieve a smaller size, lower profile, better performance and reduced fabrication time and cost via structural, functional and processing integration. The key technology for EMI filter integration is planar electromagnetic integration, which has been a topic of research over the last few years. Most of the previous applications of this technology for switch mode power supplies (SMPSs) were focused on the integration of high frequency power passive electromagnetic components, such as HF transformers, resonant/choke inductors and resonant/blocking capacitors. Almost no work has been done on the subject of EMI filter integration. Since the major function of EMI filters is to attenuate, instead of propagate, energy at the switching frequency and its harmonics, the required technology and design objectives are very different from those of other components. High-frequency modeling of the integrated structure becomes more essential since the high-frequency performance becomes the major concern. New technology and a new model need to be developed for EMI filter integration. To bridge this gap between existing technologies and what is necessary for EMI filter integration, this dissertation addresses technologies and modeling of integrated EMI filters. Suitable integration technologies are developed, which include reducing the equivalent series inductance (ESL) and equivalent parallel capacitance (EPC), and increasing, instead of reducing, the high frequency losses. Using the multi-conductor lossy transmission-line theory, a new frequency domain model of integrated LC structure is developed and verified by experimental results. Through detailed electromagnetic analysis, the equations to calculate the required model parameters are derived. With the developed frequency domain and electromagnetic model, the characteristic of integrated LC modules can be predicted using geometry and material data. With the knowledge obtained from preliminary experimental study of two integrated EMI filter prototypes, a technology is developed to cancel structural winding capacitance of filter inductors. This can be realized by simply embedding a thin conductive shield layer between the inductor windings. With the resultant equivalent circuit and structural winding capacitance model, optimal design of the shield layer is achieved so that EPC can be almost completely cancelled. Applying this technology, an improved integrated EMI filter with a much simpler structure, a much smaller size and profile, and much better HF performance is designed, constructed and verified by experiment. The completed parametric and sensitivity study shows that this is potentially a very suitable technology for mass production. The integrated RF EMI filter is studied, as well. Its frequency domain model is developed based on multi-conductor lossy transmission-line theory. With the model parameters extracted from the finite element analysis (FEA) tool and the characterized material properties, the predicted filter characteristic complies very well with that of the actual measurement. This model and modeling methodology are successfully extended to study the RF CM&DM EMI filter structure, which has not been done before. To model more complicated structures, and to study the interaction between the RF EMI filter and its peripheral circuitry, a PSpice model with frequency dependent parameters is given. Combining the structural winding capacitance cancellation and the integrated RF CM&DM EMI filter technologies, a new integrated EMI filter structure is proposed. The calculation results show that it has the merits of the two employed technologies, hence it will have the best overall performance. / Ph. D.

Transmission line is a crucial role in power transmission network which connects generating units to consumers. Some unpredicted failure events such as lightening or system faults can cause transmission line tripped, which may bring about a large interruption to the system and causes damage. When line outage happens, the power flow on the tripped line will be redistributed to the rest of lines in the system. It may cause risk of overload happens on other lines, and results in a cascading failure and system collapse. Reasonably, a single line outage will not affect all other lines in the system. Therefore, when a line outage happens, it is important for the system operator to have a preview of which lines will have serious impact and which lines will not, so that the operator can only focus on monitoring certain lines which will be seriously affected, rather than keeping monitoring the whole system. In this thesis, A Line Outage Distribution Factor (LODF) method is proposed and implemented in the IEEE 118 bus system to estimate active power flow redistribution after a line outage. After that, a definition of Thevenin electrical distance between two transmission lines is derived and applied to calculate electrical distances between the outage line and each line in the system. An exponential convergence tendency is found between maximum possible LODF predicted power flow variations and electrical distance, and an exponential regression method is applied to analyze this tendency. The contribution of this work is a rule has been found that starting from the outage line, the maximum possible active power flow variation on transmission lines exponentially decreases exponentially while the electrical distance increases. With only the information of system's normal operating condition and topological information, the maximum possible active power change on each lines caused by single line outage, and the margin of the impact of single line outage on power flow variations may propagate along electrical distance can be easily and quickly predicted. Ultimately, the goal of this work is to allow operators at the control center can concentrate on lines within a certain electrical distance instead of keeping monitoring the whole system when a line outage happens. / Master of Science

The introduction of synchrophasor technology to the realm of power systems has presented a myriad of novel approaches to age-old problems. In this thesis, the questions of instrument transformer calibration and transmission line parameter estimation have been examined. With synchrophasors offering real-time data for analysis, a solution to each individual problem seems feasible. A quandary however arises due to the fact that calibration methods depend on accurate knowledge of line parameters, and estimation of these parameters depend on calibrated measurements. Traditional methods of determining the parameters may not be the most accurate due to a variety of fluctuations possible on the system, which is why real-time estimation could prove beneficial. This work analyzes each problem and a feasible solution and proposes a method to achieve transducer calibration as well as parameter estimation together, while employing synchronized phasor measurements. / Master of Science

No / Recent work by Billinton et al. has highlighted the importance of employing more than one adverse weather state when modelling transmission line failures by Markov processes. In the present work the structure of the modelling Markov process is identified, allowing the rate matrix to be written in a closed form using Kronecker matrix operations. This approach allows larger models to be handled safely and with ease. The MAXIMA implementation of two asymptotic reliability indices for such systems is addressed, exemplifying the combination of symbolic and numerical steps, perhaps not seen in this context before. It is also indicated how the three-state weather model can be extended to a multi-state model, while retaining the scope of the proposed closed-form expression for the rate matrix. Some possible future work is discussed.

Yes / This paper proposes a new index to determine the static voltage stability of the load buses in a power network for certain operating conditions and hence identifies load buses which are close to voltage collapse. The proposed index is formulated from the quadratic equation derived from a two-bus network and is computed using the apparent power and the line impedance. The proposed index shows how far the load buses from their voltage stability limit and hence the most sensitive bus can be identified according to maximum loadability. 14 bus IEEE reliability test system is used to study the performance of the proposed index for its validity. A comparison is also made between proposed index and some other indices found in the literature. The results are discussed and key conclusion drawn.

Dans le contexte de l’amélioration des modèles de prévision en acoustique extérieure, ces travaux de thèse se focalisent sur la modélisation des effets des irrégularités de la surface du sol sur la propagation acoustique. Pour ce faire, des méthodes numériques temporelles sont utilisées : d’une part, la méthode FDTD basée sur la résolution des équations de l’acoustique par des schémas aux différences finies, et d’autre part, la méthode des lignes de transmission (TLM). La modélisation des effets de la rugosité de surface est abordée en considérant le formalisme de l’impédance effective. Deux modèles d’impédance effective sont étudiés : le premier caractérise les effets d’une rugosité déterministe constituée de diffuseurs de géométrie constante, le second caractérise les effets moyens d’une rugosité aléatoire définie par un spectre de rugosité. Ce second modèle est validé expérimentalement par une campagne de mesures en salle semi-anéchoïque, audessus de surfaces rugueuses dont la rugosité a été définie très précisément. Les deux modèles d’impédance effective sont également validés par des simulations numériques FDTD et TLM. La possibilité d’implémenter ces conditions d’impédance effective dans les deux codes temporels est ainsi montrée, ce qui permet de modéliser les effets de la rugosité sans avoir à réaliser un maillage précis du profil des hauteurs de la surface du sol. Une campagne de mesures de l’impédance de différents terrains est réalisée afin d’étudier les effets de la variabilité spatiale et saisonnière de l’impédance sur la prévision des niveaux sonores. Les impédances mesurées lors de cette campagne sont également utilisées comme des données d’entrée réalistes pour le code TLM, afin de simuler et d’étudier les effets de la propagation acoustique au-dessus d’un sol hétérogène présentant une impédance spatialement variable. / In the context of prediction models improvement for outdoor sound propagation, this work focuses on the modelling of the effects of ground irregularities on sound propagation. Time-domain numerical methods are used: on one hand, the solving of the governing equations by finite difference schemes (FDTD method), and on the other hand, the transmission line matrix (TLM) method. Effective impedance is considered to model the effects of surface roughness. Two effective impedance models are studied: the first one takes into account the effects of a deterministic roughness formed by scatterers of constant geometry, the second one takes into account the mean effects of a random roughness defined by a roughness spectrum. This second model is validated experimentally by a measurements campaign carried out in a semi-anechoic chamber, above rough surfaces whose roughness profiles were precisely designed. The two effective impedance models are also validated by FDTD and TLM simulations. The possibility to use the effective impedances directly into the numerical methods is then shown, allowing the modelling of roughness effects without meshing the exact height profile of the ground surface. A measurements campaign of the impedance of different grounds is performed in order to assess the effects of space and seasonal variability of the impedance on the sound levels predictions. The results of this campaign are also used as realistic entry data for the TLM code, and the propagation above a heterogeneous ground showing spatially variable impedance is simulated.

The transmission line (TL) tower is an important component in electrical network system. These towers consist of members (angle sections) and connections (bolted connections) plus foundation, which act together to resist externally applied loads. The latticed towers are used to support conductors in transmission network for transmission and distribution of electricity. These towers are constructed in large numbers all over the world. The connections in electric TL classical latticed towers are peculiar compared to other types of bolted connections in buildings and bridges because (i) the angle members are connected directly or through gusset plates with bolts, (ii) the eccentric application of load due to the non-coincidence of centroid axes of angle members near the connection and (iii) members are designed as beam column element to sustain tensile or compressive forces. Bearing type bolts are used in TL towers in preference to friction type bolts, because they (i) connect thin walled angle members, (ii) are easy to use for erection at all heights, (iii) can be galvanized, (iv)erosion of galvanizing can be remedied and (v) do not require skilled personnel for installation. However, these connections are subjected to reversal of stresses due to wind load. Damage in the bolted connections generally occur due to loosening of bolts due to stress reversals (Feenstra et al. (2005) [23). The damage induced after extreme wind and earthquake may lead to collapse of the whole tower. The failure of a TL tower results in power shut down, which has huge impact on national economy. Hence, the structural safety and reliable performance of these towers are extremely important. The design of TL tower is based on minimum weight philosophy. The TL towers are highly repetitive and therefore, their designs need to be commercially competitive. The TL tower design has the following deficiencies such as misappropriate design assumptions, deficit detailing, defects in material, errors in fabrication, force fitting of members during erection, variation in grade of bolts, improper gusset plate detailing, notch cutting of member, vocalization of bolt holes, etc. Hence, to check the design and detailing aspects of members along with bolted connections and to study the behavior of tower under complex loading conditions, the prototype testing of tower is made mandatory requirement in many countries throughout the world. The structural behavior of TL tower is determined from its deflection response. Thus, the full scale testing of the towers is the only way that one can counteract the un conservatism due to structural analysis. The premature failure of TL towers occurs during prototype testing due to deficiencies in joint detailing, uncertainties in framing eccentricity, force fitting of members, unequal force distribution in bolts and gusset plate connections, etc. To have better structural response of TL tower to be tested, there is need to develop reliable model for bolted connections in TL towers. The bolted connection model plays an important role in determining the deflection response and predicting the premature member buckling failure of TL towers. The issues related to prototype testing of full scale TL towers such as fabrication errors, force fitting and notch cutting of members, application of loads, joint and crossarm detailing are discussed. The need to develop bolt slip model to simulate the actual behaviour of bolted connection in TL towers is also discussed. The bolted connections in TL towers play an important role in determining its structural behavior. The angle members used in TL towers are subjected to bi-axial bending in addition to axial load. The slip will occur in the bolted connections, due to the provision 1.5 mm bolt hole clearance. In the conventional Finite Element Analysis (FEA), the bolted connections are modeled as pin joint assuming the axial load transfer. The deflection predicted from pin joint analysis in TL towers generally does not match with experimental results. The analytical and experimental deflection value varies in the range of 30 to 50%. Hence, there is need to develop model to account bolt slip for accurate deflection and dynamic characteristic prediction of TL towers. Experimental and analytical investigations have been carried out to develop and validate bolt slip model for bolted connections in TL towers. All six degrees of freedom (both translational and rotational) have been considered to simulate the exact behaviour of bolted connections in TL towers. The model is developed based on experimental results of Ungkurapinan’s bolt slip model for axial stiffness. The rotational stiffness is formulated based on the component level experiment conducted on lap joint made of steel angle with single and double bolt subjected to tensile loading. The axial and rotational stiffness for different stages of bolt tightening is also formulated based on component level experimental investigation on lap joint. The proposed model is validated by comparing with experimental results at sub-structural level on full scale king post truss subjected to tensile loading. Further the bolt slip model is validated for different bolt tightening and failure prediction of TL tower sub panel subjected to tensile loading. Finally the proposed model is also validated for full scale TL tower for deflection prediction. NE NASTRAN, a nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) software is used for analytical simulation and the load-deflection predictions, which are compared with the corresponding experimental results. The experimental and analytical results are in good agreement with each other. The steel pole structures are replacing the conventional lattice towers, because they have smaller plan dimension and occupy less space, when compared to lattice towers. The steel pole structures are dynamically sensitive structures and the determination of their natural frequency is extremely important. For the calculation of wind load through gust factor method, the preliminary estimation of natural frequency is required. Hence, the primary step involved in dynamic analysis is the evaluation of its natural frequency. Hence, a simplified model is proposed based on model order reduction technique for the evaluation of natural frequency of TL towers and steel pole structures. For the development of base line model to detect damage in TL towers, the natural frequency has to be updated. A semi empirical approach is proposed based on the deflection by using the proposed bolt slip model. The proposed approach of updating natural frequency is validated for different cases of member damage in TL tower sub panel, such as removal of tension, compression and hip bracing members. The transmission pole structures accumulate damage during their service life. Damage in these structures will cause a change in stiffness of the system and the physical properties of these structures, such as modal frequencies and mode shapes. Hence in the present study, the damage localization study based on modified modal strain energy approach is carried out for steel pole structures and the location of damage is identified correctly. To prevent premature failure of towers during its service life testing and failure analysis of TL towers is a mandatory requirement. In the present study, forensic failure investigation of a full scale TL tower due to deficient design of a redundant member is emphasized and the remedial measures are explained in detail. The stub failure of TL tower due to reduction in cross sectional area due to unfilled bolt hole is also discussed. To investigate the effect of unfilled bolt holes on the compression capacity of leg member, detailed FEA is carried out and compared with experimental results. The reason for failure of 9 m roof top communication tower due to redundant member deficiency is also discussed. The importance of guyed tower accessories in the guy rope design of 7 m roof top guyed pole structure is also investigated. Finally, failure investigation of compression bracing member, which has failed during testing of TL tower sub panel has been investigated. The failure load is predicted by using the proposed bolt slip model in the analysis. Thus the overall research contributions emerging from this thesis are, i) development of bolt slip model accounting for rotational stiffness, ii) development of direct method of damage detection for steel pole structures based on modified modal strain energy approach, iii) development of simplified model for prediction of natural frequency of TL tower and steel pole structures, iv) development of model updating technique through natural frequency based on semi-empirical approach and v) prediction of failure load for TL tower panel using the proposed bolt slip model.

A high-precision mixed-signal mismatch measurement technique for metal-oxide metal (MoM) capacitors as well as the design of a 13-GHz 5-bit 360-degree phase shifter are presented. This thesis presents a high-precision, mixed-signal mismatch measurement technique for metal-oxide–metal capacitors. The proposed technique incorporates a switched-capacitor op amp within the measurement circuit to significantly improve the measurement precision while relaxing the resolution requirement on the backend analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The proposed technique is also robust against multiple types of errors. A detailed analysis is presented to quantify the sensitivity improvement of the proposed technique over the conventional one. In addition, this thesis proposes a multiplexing technique to measure a large number of capacitors in a single chip and a new layout to improve matching. A prototype fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology demonstrates the ability to sense capacitor mismatch standard deviation as low as 0.045% with excellent repeatability, all without the need of a high-resolution ADC. The 13-GHz 5-bit 360-degree phase shifter consists of 2 stages. The first stage utilizes a delay line for 4-bit 180-degree phase shift. A second stage provides 1-bit 180-degree phase shift. The phase shifter includes gain tuning so as to allow a gain variation of less than 1 dB. The design has been fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology and measurement results show a complete 360◦ phase shift with an average step size of 10.7◦ at 13-GHz. After calibration the phase shifter presented an output gain S21 of 0.5 dB with a gain variation of less than 1 dB across all codes at 13-GHz. The remaining s-parameter testing showed a S22 and S11 below -11 dB and a S12 below -49 dB at 13 GHz.

Dans le contexte de développement de produits sans-contact communiquant à très haut débit, dît systèmes VHBR (Very High Bit Rate), il s’avère que les cartes ou passeports VHBR, télé-alimentés à partir du lecteur qui communique avec eux, sont contraints de fonctionner avec une alimentation bien plus faible que les produits communiquant à des débits standards. Pour répondre à cette problématique de manque de puissance d’alimentation, il a été nécessaire de commencer par reprendre la théorie des lignes en l'orientant de manière à ce qu'elle permette de quantifier les transferts de puissance entre une source et une charge séparées par un média quelconque. Ensuite, ce nouveau moyen de quantification des transferts de puissance a été utilisé pour faire de l'aide à la conception des lecteurs VHBR. Ensuite, ce travail de recherche se concentre sur les cartes ou passeports VHBR. En effet, pour permettre à un tel système sans contact de fonctionner de manière télé-alimentée dans un environnement où la puissance disponible est réduite, il faut optimiser sa conception. Les solutions proposées ici consistent à déterminer la géométrie des antennes inductives qui optimisent la récupération d'énergie et le transfert de puissance vers la puce d'une carte VHBR. Ainsi, les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit apportent des solutions globales à cette problématique de récupération d'énergie dans les objets connectés que sont les systèmes sans contact, en décrivant des méthodes de conception qui permettent d'une part de limiter les pertes de puissance au sein des lecteurs VHBR, et d'autre part d'optimiser la récupération d'énergie au sein des cartes VHBR. / The research work presented in this thesis provides solutions to help industrials to better design RFID readers and RFID tags that implement VHBR (Very High Bit Rate) protocols. Indeed, VHBR technology has a large drawback on the functionning of RFID tags as it lowers the energy available to supply the tag. First, this research work focuses on RFID reader design, and especially matching networks design. After describing a new way of assessing power transfer in Radio Frequency systems, it is shown that T matching networks as thoses proposed in ISO/IEC 10373-6 give the best results in terms of power transfer and signal integrity. Thus, a design method is proposed to correctly choose the three T matching network components that will optimize the power transfer and still meet the signal integrity requirements.Second, this thesis will focus on the design of RFID tags, by describing a new tag's antenna design method that optimize the energy harvested by the antenna and meanwhile reduce the power reflections between the antenna and the tag's chip. This design method is based on new explicit formula that compute a rectangular planar antenna inductance as a function of its geometric characteristics. This method showed very accurate results, and can become an interesting tool for industrials to speed up and optimize their antenna design procedure.Finally, a platform that measures RFID chip's impedance in every state of the chip has been designed, even during load modulation communication. The accuracy of this tool and its importance in order to achieve a good antenna design confer it a great usefulness.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um método de localização de faltas em linhas de transmissão constituídas de circuito simples e continuamente transpostas com derivações. Este método utiliza fasores de tensão e corrente pré-falta e pós-falta medidos apenas nos terminais local e remoto, para determinar as informações da falta, as quais são: local, distância, resistência e tipo. O método de localização de faltas proposto neste trabalho é composto pelo processo de obtenção dos fasores, pelo algoritmo de determinação do tipo de falta, pelos algoritmos de estimativa de cargas e de localização de faltas, onde o algoritmo de localização de faltas foi proposto neste trabalho. A principal característica deste novo método é a de não haver necessidade de reduzir a linha para uma linha equivalente de dois terminais para aplicação do método de localização de faltas usando dados de um ou dois terminais para determinar o possível ou os possíveis locais de ocorrência da falta, uma vez que o algoritmo de localização de faltas proposto neste trabalho possui uma função objetivo que determina de forma direta o trecho de ocorrência da falta. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do método de localização de faltas proposto, este foi submetido a simulações de variação de distância de falta, de resistência de falta, de tipo de falta e simulações de erros nos fasores e nos parâmetros da linha de transmissão. / In this work was developed a fault location method on single circuit continuously transposed transmission lines with derivations. This method uses pre-fault and post-fault voltage and current phasors, measured at local and remote terminals only, to determine the information about the fault, which are: location, distance, resistance and type. The fault location method proposed in this work is composed by the phasor obtaining process, the fault type determination algorithm, the load estimation algorithm and the fault location algorithm, where the fault location algorithm has been proposed in this work. The main characteristic of this new method is no need to reduce the line to two terminals equivalent line to application of the one or two terminal fault location method which determine the possible fault location occurrence, since the fault location algorithm proposed in this work has an objective function that determines by direct way the exact path of fault occurrence. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed fault location method, it was subjected to fault distance, fault resistance and fault type variation simulations and phasors and transmission lines parameters errors simulations.