Globalization affects many sectors of society. Higher education is no exception. Universities worldwide respond to challenges presented by globalization in various ways. One response is the internationalization of the university campus. This paper argues that many US higher education research institutions engage in processes of internationalization. This study examines the geography of international education programs associated with US research institutions and shows that world cities emerge as popular places for US institutions to interact with other universities. The paper contributes to both educational and globalization literature by examining on a macro-scale the internationalization programs associated with US research institutions. This research shows that Paris, Tokyo, Seoul, London, and Melbourne emerge as the top five locations for US abroad activities among the universities studied. While in many instances US abroad programs displayed characteristics that allowed students and researchers the opportunity to gain exposure to another language and culture, some abroad programs expanded the opportunities for participants by including the opportunity to work and interact with international firms and pursue degrees (international business, masters of economics, and international law) that make individuals competitive in the global employment market. Finally, this research shows that many US universities locate abroad programs in world cities. Although no clear reason or relationship for this phenomenon emerged during the course of this research, it illustrates and area for potential further study in a variety of fields. / Master of Public and International Affairs

The current study is concerned with the role that transnational criminal organizations play in the ability of a small country, such as Jamaica, to govern itself effectively. Jamaica is identified as a major producer and distributor of cannabis, since the 1970s, and today plays an active role in other established illicit markets for cocaine and illegal weapons. Despite a long-term and continued involvement in U.S. funded drug trafficking and counterdrug programs, and the establishment of several anti-crime organizations within the country, Jamaica’s successes have been marginal. The current study attempts to examine first, how criminal groups located within the garrisons of Kingston have managed to strengthen their involvement in illegal activities and to evade the state. Second, it explores how these criminal groups have successfully offset the Jamaican state’s monopoly on power within garrison communities. Through a qualitative research design, I utilized a wide range of research methods- observation, open-ended interviews, focus groups, document data, audio-visual data, and text and image analysis- in order to identify the mechanisms by which non-state actors have been able to alter their power relation with the state. The study explores the relationship between the Jamaican state and criminal groups residing within garrisons specifically located in the Kingston Metropolitan Area. The study concludes that the interactions between garrisons and the Jamaican state have become increasingly more transnational over time. Using Nye and Keohane’s (1971) understanding of transnational relations in an analysis of the garrison, the dissertation asserts that network based criminal groupings residing within garrisons are directly shaping the behavior and policy goals of the Jamaican state by forming coalitions and interactions across state boundaries. These coalitions and interactions involve a wide cross section of non-state actors both criminal and legal, as well as corruptible elements of government. Network based criminal groupings located with Jamaica’s garrisons are increasingly competent in evading the law and in carrying out criminal activity. They do so by employing more fluid organizational and power structures, assuming a more influential role in the distribution and use of violence, and by taking advantage of the liberalization and privatization of the Jamaican economy.

Cette thèse étudie la transnationalisation d'un mouvement issu de la confrérie musulman Tidjaniyya : le mouvement Tidjaniyya Ibrahimiyya. Fondé en 1929, ce mouvement a pu s'exporter dans différents pays d'Afrique grâce à une forme de prédication itinérante développée par son fondateur (Ibrahim Niasse, 1902-1975) et ses premiers lieutenants. Depuis la disparition d'Ibrahim Niasse, un groupe hétérogène d'acteurs (les héritiers), poursuivent cette dynamique de transnationalisation en vue, d'une part d'assurer la promotion du mouvement et, d'autre part, d'acquérir une meilleure considération sociale et politique. Cette thèse s'appuie sur l'ethnographie multi-située, l'observation participante, l'analyse de discours et le traitement des archives (internes et externes), en vue d'interroger l'expérience de l'itinérance transnationale chez les héritiers de la Ibrahimiyya. Dans un second temps, il est question de faire l'inventaire des enjeux socio-politiques et économiques qui délimitent la transnationalisation de ce mouvement Ibrahimiyya. / This thesis investigates the trans movement from the Muslim brotherhood Tidjaniyya: the Tidjaniyya Ibrahimiyya movement. Founded in 1929, this movement could be exported to different countries in Africa through a form of itinerant preaching developed by its founder (Ibrahim Nisse, 1902-1975) and his first lieutenant. Since the disappearance of Ibrahim Niasse, a diverse group of stakeholders (the heirs), continuing the momentum of trans nationalization to ensure on the one hand, promoting movement; and secondly, to gain a better social and political status. This thesis is based on the multi-located ethnography, participant observation, discourse analysis and processing records (internal and external), to examine experience of transnational roaming among heirs of Ibrahimiyya.

Within the European Union, policies promoting integration and transnationalization have raised questions about the nature of borders and boundaries. With these shifts in conception emerge an opportunity to re-imagine how borders might be urbanized and developed. The Dreiländerecke (the Three Countries Corner between Switzerland, France, and Germany in Metrobasel) is one instance of this phenomenon, standing at the threshold of change towards increased transborder cooperation and a loosening of political boundaries. However, this process is hindered by residual urban barriers. This thesis investigates the liminal space of borders which provides a rich basis for forming a multi-scalar approach towards infrastructural, architectural, and programmatic strategies for cross-border development. Although connectivity is sought, it is not the ultimate aim, for unfettered integration risks a globalizing homogenization. Instead, this thesis investigates an architecture that facilitates the liminal process as core identities become translated at the meeting point of national cultures.

<p>“Unemployment is a restriction of people’s social</p><p>networks and the feeling of participation in the society”</p><p>-Marita Eastmond & Lisa Åkesson</p><p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>The main aim of this study is to discuss integration in the labour market by analyzing and discussing a governmental Proposition and a Pilot Project as well as the results of the field work herein carried out. In order to understand how integration in the labour market occurs and to provide some suggestions to improve the governmental documents, the concepts of securitization of migration and transnationalization of migration were used as analytical frameworks. The Pilot Project chosen is <em>Pilotverksamhet med etableringssamtal och etableringsplan – Uppdaterad projektplan med mål och riktlinjer för den utvidgade försöksverksamheten </em>based on the Proposition <em>2009/10:60</em> ”<em>Nyanlända invandrares arbetsmarknadsetablering – egenansvar med professionellt stöd”. </em>The research questions are 1) which questions are left aside from the Proposition and which are possible suggestions to the questions found? 2) How are the interviewees and the Pilot Project/Proposition affected by securitization of migration and transnationalization of migration? Furthermore, suggestions to improve the proposition were discussed. Interviews with primary and secondary stakeholders were also carried out. This analysis was carried out together with the results of the field work in Kronoberg (focused on residents of Araby, Arbetsförmedlingen and Växjö Kommun) in the view of the concepts of securitization and transnational migration issues. The method of this research is qualitative with an abductive approach. The result of this study indicates a number of issues to be improved in the Proposition document before the law be promulgated by the government, as well as some issues that hinder the integration process of the primary stakeholders. Reflection for future studies concerning the influence of securitization and transnationalization phenomena, as well as suggestions to improve people’s integration processes are presented in the conclusion of this study. </p><p>Keywords: Arbetsförmedlingen, Araby, county, immigration, integration, international migration, municipality, Kommun, policy, Proposition, securitization, Sweden, Swedish, Växjö</p>

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur une forme contemporaine du vodou haïtien telle qu'elle est pratiquée dans la diaspora et plus particulièrement à Montréal. J'ai choisi de focaliser mon étude sur l'une de ses formes présentes en Haïti, appelée vodou asogwe. Ma thèse concerne ainsi l'étude d'une religion diasporique et transnationale dans le contexte de la globalisation. Les données empiriques de ma recherche amènent au constat que la pratique du vodou asogwe à Montréal repose autant sur des adaptations à son nouveau contexte que sur une continuité de sa logique profonde. J'ai élaboré ma méthodologie de manière à pouvoir saisir dans la mesure du possible le sens de la pratique de l'intérieur, en pratiquant régulièrement avec mes interlocuteurs. J'ai mené mes recherches de doctorat pendant deux ans au sein d'une famille spirituelle, tout en prenant également en compte le lignage religieux plus large dans lequel celle-ci s'inscrit. Cela m'a également amené à observer la ritualité et à faire des entretiens dans plusieurs lieux répartis entre Montréal et Haïti, connectés par ce lignage religieux transnational.L'analyse que je mène articule l'étude des religions transnationales à l'approche théorique de l'anthropologie ontologique. La démonstration vise alors à analyser la manière dont l'adaptation du vodou asogwe diasporique à la globalisation permet à celui-ci de se perpétuer tout en étant inséré dans la modernité mais en reposant toujours sur une ontologie distincte. Pour déployer cette analyse, la thèse est organisée autour de l'étude de la dynamique entre adaptations et continuités dans la pratique du vodou asogwe qui se manifeste notamment dans son inscription spatiale et ses processus de territorialisation. / This Ph.D. thesis deals with a contemporary form of Haitian vodou practiced in the diaspora and especially in Montreal. I chosen to focus my study on one of its version existing in Haiti, called vodou asogwe. Thereby my thesis analyzes a diasporic and transnational religion in the context of globalization. Empiric data of my research expose that the practice of vodou asogwe in Montreal lies as on adaptations to this new context than a continuity of its deep logic.I designed my methodology to grasp the meaning of the religious practice from the inside, regularly practicing with my interlocutors. I led my Ph.D. fieldwork during two years into a spiritual family, while taking into account the wider religious lineage in which it is embedded. This drove me to observe the rituality and to conduct interviews in several locations spread between Montreal and Haiti, all of them connected by this transnational religious lineage.The analysis I develop combines the study of transnational religions to the theoretical lens of ontological anthropology. The demonstration aims to analyze the way in which adaptation of diasporic vodou asogwe to globalization allows it to perpetuate itself while being inside a modern context but still lying on a specific ontology. In order to unfold this analysis the thesis is structured by the study of the dynamic between adaptations and continuities in the practice of vodou which appears in particular in its spatial insertion and its territorialization process.

This study aims to evaluate conceptual considerations of the sociology of agriculture and food from inside and outside of the literature in relation to transnationalization and its claim on the emergence of a transnational state. Although the history of the literature can be traced back to mid-1970s, its development corresponds to 1990s which is also the period that witnessed the hegemony of the concept of globalization in social sciences. This study argues that the claim on transnationalization reflects the intimate relationship of sociology of agriculture and food with the globalist interpretation of the concept of globalization or globalization theory which suffers from methodological and theoretical problems mainly in relation to the analysis of immanent contradictions and distinctive features of capitalism. With the criticism of the concepts of globalization and transnationalization, this study aims to break the intimate relationship of the sociology of agriculture and food with the globalization theory and suggests that the concept of imperialism is a powerful analytical concept in comprehending the transformation of capitalist relations, particularly the agrifood relations since late 1970s. In other words, this study aims to reevaluate the concepts (agrifood system and food regime) and problematics formulated in the sociology of agriculture and food literature within the theoretical framework based on the concept of capitalist imperialism exemplified in the analysis of transformation of agrifood relations since 1980 in the case of Turkey.

La tesi esamina in che modo i complessi fenomeni della globalizzazione e della digitalizzazione contribuiscano a riscrivere la nozione di «sistema mediatico» in una chiave di superamento dei tradizionali confini nazionali. Se, infatti, per lungo tempo vi è stata una coincidenza tra i confini dei sistemi mediatici e quelli degli stati nazionali, è altresì evidente che la nascita di organismi sovranazionali e attori non statali e le relazioni transnazionali rese possibili dallo sviluppo dei media digitali hanno comportato un mutamento di paradigma. La ricerca si sofferma sui casi di Spagna e Italia, due Paesi appartenenti al cosiddetto “modello pluralista-polarizzato” (Hallin e Mancini, 2004) e che condividono diverse caratteristiche del sistema della comunicazione, nella convinzione che un’analisi comparativa incentrata su due sistemi simili (Przeworski e Teune, 1970) possa aiutare a evidenziare maggiormente le differenze tra i singoli casi. Entrambi i sistemi mediatici sono stati messi in relazione con i livelli di globalizzazione e digitalizzazione espressi dai principali indici di misurazione e sono stati indagati, secondo una prospettiva macro, sulla base di quattro dimensioni cruciali: l’internazionalizzazione della proprietà mediatica, la diffusione delle nuove tecnologie, la legislazione e i riferimenti sovranazionali in essa contenuti, i legami linguistici e la presenza di media ispanici e italici in altri Paesi del mondo. / The dissertation examines how globalization and digitalization concur to rewrite the notion of «media system» in overcoming national boundaries. For many years, in fact, there has been a coincidence between boundaries of media systems and those of national states; nowadays, the growth of supranational organizations, non-state actors and transnational relations made possible by the development of digital media led to a change of paradigm. The research dwells on cases of Spain and Italy, two countries that belong to the “pluralist-polarized model” (Hallin and Mancini, 2004) and that share some characteristics of communication system, in the belief that a comparative analysis focused on “most similar systems” (Przeworski and Teune, 1970) can help to highlight the difference between them. Both media systems have been related to globalization and digitalization degrees and analysed in a macro perspective according to four crucial dimensions: internationalization of media ownership, development of new technologies, supranational references in media laws, language legacies and diffusion of Hispanic and Italic media worldwide.

Desde o princípio do século XX o pentecostalismo tem se apresentado como um movimento de renovação do cristianismo no Norte que se espalhou rapidamente ao Sul. Atualmente, o intercâmbio global e cultural estimula a diversificação das relações sociais internas dessa rama religiosa. Analisaremos nessa tese redes pessoais entre líderes pentecostais e carismáticos que conduzem organizações religiosas com menos de vinte mil membros. Através dessas redes baseadas em contato e influência, tais líderes compartilham imaginários religiosos e políticos específicos e podem expandir o escopo de suas atuações atravessando fronteiras nacionais. Examinaremos de que forma dois conjuntos de relações pessoais foram construídos, como estão conectados entre si como uma única rede, e como estão integrados a uma cena transnacional mais ampla de pregadores itinerantes globais. Cada uma dessas sub-redes tem uma trajetória relacionada pelos atores com as “ondas” descritas pelas histórias oficiais do pentecostalismo e do movimento carismático. Nossa pesquisa foi desenvolvida durante os anos 2008 e 2009 em três cidades ao Sul da América Latina: Buenos Aires (Argentina), Porto Alegre (Brasil) e Montevidéu (Uruguai). / Since the beginning of the 20th Century Pentecostalism has been presented as a Christianity renewal movement emerged in the North that quickly spread to the South. Currently, increasing global and cultural exchange stimulates the diversification of internal social relations of this religious linkage. In this thesis it will be analyzed networks among leaders who conduct centralized religious organizations with less than twenty thousand members. Through these networks based on contact and influence, such leaders share specific religious and political imageries and can expand the range of their performance trespassing national boundaries. It will be examined in which way two sets of personal networks were built up, how they are linked between themselves as a unique network, and how they are integrated with a wider transnational scene of global itinerant preachers. Each of these subnetworks has a story linked by actors to the “waves” described by Pentecostal and charismatic movement official histories. Our research was performed during the years 2008 and 2009 among Pentecostal and charismatic leaders in three cities situated at Southern Latin America: Buenos Aires (Argentina), Porto Alegre (Brazil) and Montevideo (Uruguay).

Este trabalho versa sobre a transnacionalização da religião Santo Daime para o Uruguai a partir da década de 1990. O trabalho mostra como se produziu esta transnacionalização e quais os mecanismos que essa nova alteridade gera num novo contexto nacional. Traça certos aspectos que singularizam o campo religioso uruguaio para compreender o contexto no qual o Santo Daime se insere. Propõe-se identificar traços de uma subjetividade daimista que se transnacionaliza. O conjunto da dissertação evidencia como a modernidade brasileira é produtora de religião. A etnografia começou de forma multissituada, realizada em três igrejas daimistas localizadas em três cidades diferentes: Porto Alegre (Brasil), Santana do Livramento-Rivera (fronteira Uruguai- Brasil) e Montevidéu (Uruguai); porém, a ênfase recaiu na comunidade daimista uruguaia. Finalmente propõe, tensionando o próprio método multissituado, uma articulação dos diferentes contextos em questão. / This dissertation deals with the transnationalization of the Santo Daime religion to Uruguay from the 1990s. The work shows how this process occurred and which are the mechanisms that this new alterity mobilize in a new national context. Traces some aspects that singularize the Uruguayan religious field to understand the context in which the Santo Daime is integrated. Aims to identify traces of a daimista subjectivity that is transnationalized. The whole dissertation shows how brazilian modernity is religious producer. The ethnography begins multi-sited, in three daimista churches, located in three different cities: Porto Alegre (Brazil), Rivera-Santana do Livramento (Uruguay- Brazil border) and Montevideo (Uruguay). However, the emphasis was on uruguayan daimista community. Finally propose, stressing the multi-sited method an articulation of the different contexts in question. / Este trabajo trata sobre la transnacionalización de la religión Santo Daime al Uruguay a partir de la década de 1990. El trabajo muestra cómo se produjo este proceso y cuáles son los mecanismos que esta nueva alteridad articula en un nuevo contexto nacional. Traza ciertos aspectos que singularizan al campo religioso uruguayo para comprender el contexto en el que el Santo Daime se integra. Propone identificar trazos de una subjetividad daimista que se transnacionaliza. El conjunto de la disertación muestra cómo la modernidad brasilera es productora de religión. La etnografía comenzó de forma multisituada, en tres iglesias daimistas localizadas en tres ciudades diferentes: Porto Alegre (Brasil), Rivera-Santana do Livramento (frontera Uruguay-Brasil) y Montevideo (Uruguay); sin embargo, el énfasis estuvo en la comunidad daimista uruguaya. Finalmente propone, tensionando el propio método multisituado, una articulación de los diferentes contextos en cuestión.