MARTINS, Francisco Gomes. A lógica das entidades intencionais. 2012. 130f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2012. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-12T12:03:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-FGMARTINS.pdf: 986022 bytes, checksum: dc59d2215a6ff9289414db0edc6b00d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-12T14:25:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-FGMARTINS.pdf: 986022 bytes, checksum: dc59d2215a6ff9289414db0edc6b00d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-12T14:25:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012-DIS-FGMARTINS.pdf: 986022 bytes, checksum: dc59d2215a6ff9289414db0edc6b00d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / A feature of the distinction between extensionalism and intensionalism, which has been widely taken as a criterion to separate the two positions, is that within an extensionalist logic, substitution is possible salva veritate (that is, without thereby changing the truth-value of the statement concerned) with respect to identical instances of some basic logical form – and in an intensionalist logic it is not. The different logical forms with respect to which such substitution might take place accounts for some of the variety of different extensionalisms on offer in the current philosophical landscape. So our starting-point is Frege’s puzzle. This question is frequently accepted as one of the foundations of modern semantics. To explain why a true sentence of the form “a = b” can be informative, unlike a sentence of the form “a = a”, Frege introduced an entity standing between an expression and the object denoted (bezeichnet) by the expression. He named this entity Sinn (sense) and explained the informative character of the true “a=b”-shaped sentences by saying that ‘a’ and ‘b’ denote one and the same object but differ in expressing (ausdrücken) distinct senses. The problem, though, is that Frege never defined sense. The conception of senses as procedures that is developed here has much in common with a number of other accounts that represent meanings, also, as structured objects of various kinds, though not necessarily as procedures. In the modern literature, this idea goes back to Rudolph Carnap’s (1947) notion of intensional isomorphism. Church in (1954) constructs an example of expressions that are intensionally isomorphic according to Carnap’s definition (i.e., expressions that share the same structure and whose parts are necessarily equivalent), but which fail to satisfy the principle of substitutability. The problem Church tackled is made possible by Carnap’s principle of tolerance (which itself is plausible). We are free to introduce into a language syntactically simple expressions which denote the same intension in different ways and thus fail to be synonymous. Tichý’s objectualist take on ‘operation-processes’ may be seen in part as linguistic structures transposed into an objectual key; operations, procedures, structures are not fundamentally and inherently syntactic items, but fully-fledged, non-linguistic entities, namely, constructions. / Um grave problema presente quando aplicamos semântica composicional, que atribui simples valores de verdade a frases, é que quando essas seqüências estão presentes em alguns contextos específicos, a substituição de certas expressões com a mesma referência pode cambiar o valor de verdade da frase maior ou então impedir que inferências válidas sejam realizadas. Por exemplo, da afirmação "Pedro acredita que Alexandre o Grande foi aluno de Aristóteles", não se pode inferir corretamente neste contexto de crença que a substituição de "Alexandre o grande" por "o vencedor da batalha de Arbela" seja válida porque eventualmente Pedro pode não saber que "Alexandre o Grande é o vencedor da batalha de Arbela" e por isso a verdade das premissas não garante a verdade da conclusão: "Pedro acredita que o vencedor da batalha de Arbela foi aluno de Aristóteles". A conclusão não se segue pois ela não depende da relação de identidade efetiva entre “Alexandre o Grande” e “O vencedor da Arbela”, e sim depende, de maneira contingente, do conjunto de crenças de Pedro; ou ainda, segundo Frege, depende do sentido que Pedro associa a descrição “Alexandre o Grande”. Em contextos intensionais a verdade da conclusão (após substituição) depende de uma maneira específica da maneira de conceber o nome em questão, por isso a substituição entre nomes cujo referente é o mesmo, mas que diferem em sentido, não funciona em todos os casos. O fato é que Frege nunca estabeleceu critérios de identidade para o sentido (Sinn), apenas reservou-se a declarar simplesmente que o sentido é o "modo de apresentação" da referência. Pretendemos apresentar critérios de identidade para o sentido em geral, e em contextos intensionais, em particular. Os sucessores de Frege, dentre eles o lógico Alonzo Church e o filósofo Rudolf Carnap foram os primeiros a estabelecer que duas expressões têm o mesmo sentido se e somente se são sinonimamente isomorfas e intensionalmente isomorfas, respectivamente. Tais critérios devem ser entendidos à luz dos pressupostos lógicos de Church em sua Lógica do Sentido e da Denotação (LSD) e das idéias de Carnap – muitas delas constituintes do programa filosófico do Positivismo lógico, em seu livro Meaning and Necessity. Mais recentemente, Pavel Tichý estabeleceu de maneira mais exata o que é o sentido e sua identidade através do Procedural isomorphism o qual constitui um dos fundamentos da Lógica Intensional Transparente (TIL).

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / In this work, we analyze the structural, optical and electrical properties of thin films of ZnO - doped with aluminum (Al) and chromium (Cr), with concentrations of 3%, grown by non - reactive magnetron sputtering. The samples were grown using glass as substrates. For the production of the capacitors used in the electric characterization an Al layer was grown on the substrate which was used as the lower electrode. The films studied here were obtained by varying the thickness and temperature of the substrate, between ambient temperature and 400 ° C. The films obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflectometry (XRR), optical spectroscopy in the UV-Vis region, and IxV voltage current plotes. The results showed that the films produced have a large preferential orientation with planes (002) of the ZnO wurtzite hexagonal phase perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. By means of the XRR measurements, the experimental thicknesses were obtained as well as the roughness and mass density of the films. From the UV-Vis measurements, it was observed that the films have a high transmittance (above 80%) with a slight reduction with increasing thickness. The measurements of the IxV curves showed that the films have an ohmic behavior with a low resistance and resistivity, therefore possessing compatible properties to be used with conductive oxides and transparent for both dopants. The bandgap values for all films are close to 3.3 eV without significant variation with the parameters used. / Neste trabalho, são apresentadas discussões sobre as propriedades estruturais, óticas e elétricas de filmes finos de ZnO — dopado com alumínio (Al) e cromo (Cr), com concentrações de 3%, crescidos por pulverização catódica não reativa. As amostras foram crescidas utilizando vidro como substratos. Para a produção dos capacitores utilizados na caracterização elétrica foi crescido uma camada de Al sobre o substrato que foi utilizado como eletrodo inferior. Os filmes aqui estudados foram obtidos variando a espessura e a temperatura do substrato, entre temperatura ambiente e 400 °C. Os filmes obtidos foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de difração de raios X (DRX), reflectometria de raios X (XRR), espectroscopia óptica na região do UV-Vis e curvas de corrente por tensão IxV. Os resultados mostraram que os filmes produzidos possuem uma grande orientação preferencial com planos (002) da fase hexagonal wurtzita do ZnO perpendicular à superfície do substrato. Por meio das medidas de XRR, foram obtidas as espessuras experimentais assim como a rugosidade e densidade de massa dos filmes. A partir das medidas de UV-Vis, foi observado que os filmes possuem uma alta transmitância (acima de 80%) com uma leve redução com o aumento da espessura. As medidas das curvas IxV mostraram que os filmes apresentam um comportamento ôhmico com uma baixa resistência e resistividade, possuindo, portanto, propriedades compatíveis para serem utilizados como óxido condutore e transparente para ambos os dopantes. Os valores do bandgap para todos os filmes são próximos de 3,3 eV sem variação significativa com os parâmetros utilizados. / São Cristóvão, SE

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Christiano Gianesi Bastos Andrade.pdf: 4665123 bytes, checksum: 8d1e670ead9649307d1227e06331c6af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-05 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The ballistic-resistant glass is composed of layers of glass, polycarbonate or the like, or a polyurethane and poly(vinyl butyral) resin through an autoclaving process joins materials by obtaining the desired properties. The thickness and the quantity of blades vary with the level of ballistic resistance to be attained. Each manufacturer has its own composition and the Brazilian Army is responsible for certification of glasses. The delamination occurs with aging of the glass with ballistic resistance. Knowledge of the change in mechanical properties due to delamination of the glass is an important data due to use of they. Were compared the properties of glass samples irradiated by gama irradiation with glass samples not irradiated. The tests used were atomic absorption spectrometry, hardness, compression, flexure stress rupture testing, and testing ballistic tunnel test according to standard ballistic - NBR 15000. The data showed that samples irradiated are less resistant in tensile strength and ballistic test. / O vidro com resistência balística é composto por camadas de vidro, policarbonato ou similares, poliuretano e poli(vinil butiral) e uma resina que por meio de um processo de autoclavagem une os materiais obtendo as propriedades desejadas. As espessuras bem como, a quantidade de lâminas variam de acordo com o nível de resistência balística que se deseja alcançar. Cada fabricante possui sua própria composição sendo o Exército Brasileiro o responsável pela certificação dos vidros com resistência balística. A delaminação ocorre com o envelhecimento do vidro com resistência balística. O conhecimento da alteração das propriedades mecânicas relacionado a delaminação do vidro é um importante dado em razão da utilização dos mesmos. Compararam-se as propriedades das amostras de vidro exposto à radiação gama com amostras de vidro não irradiados. Os ensaios utilizados foram espectrometria de absorção atômica, dureza, compressão, tensão de ruptura à flexão em três pontos e o ensaio balístico em túnel de prova segundo a norma de balística - NBR 15000. Os dados mostraram que as amostras irradiadas possuíam menor resistência no ensaio de flexão em três pontos e também apresentaram menor resistência no ensaio balístico.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-10-24T15:44:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leisabrandrios.pdf: 3333252 bytes, checksum: eb46615b96454ef8cb84c80277532dff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-11-06T13:27:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leisabrandrios.pdf: 3333252 bytes, checksum: eb46615b96454ef8cb84c80277532dff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T13:27:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leisabrandrios.pdf: 3333252 bytes, checksum: eb46615b96454ef8cb84c80277532dff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho, filmes finos de Óxido de Índio-Estanho (ITO) foram crescidos sobre substratos de vidro e de quartzo, pela técnica de deposição por pulverização catódica com radiofrequência assistida por um campo magnético constante do inglês “RF Magnetron Sputtering” à temperatura ambiente. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a influência dos parâmetros de deposição nas propriedades elétricas, ópticas e estruturais desses filmes. Caracterizações elétricas, ópticas e estruturais foram realizadas, respectivamente, por medidas de Efeito Hall, absorção óptica no UV-VIS e difração de Raios-X. Observou-se que os parâmetros de deposição - potência de pulverização e pressão de trabalho - têm forte influência sobre as propriedades elétricas e estruturais dos filmes finos ITO, mas a transmitância óptica na região visível (400 ˂ λ ˂ 700) nm sempre esteve acima de 80% para todos os filmes a 550 nm. Por meio das medidas de difração de Raios-X verificamos que os filmes apresentaram pequena orientação na direção [111] e a cristalinidade dos filmes aumentou com o acréscimo da potência de pulverização. A otimização dos parâmetros de crescimento reduziu a resistividade elétrica dos filmes, principalmente devido ao aumento da concentração e da mobilidade dos portadores de carga. Os melhores filmes finos foram obtidos com a potência de pulverização de 140 W, pressão de trabalho de 0,08 mbar e fluxo de argônio de 300 sccm, com baixa resistividade elétrica, e mobilidade e concentração de portadores elevadas de, respectivamente, 8,81 x 10⁻⁴ Ωcm, 9,98 cm²/Vs e 6,30 x 10²⁰ cm⁻³, aliados a uma alta transmitância óptica de 97,7% em 550nm e gap óptico de 3,78 eV. O filme otimizado foi utilizado como cátodo em um diodo emissor de luz orgânico (OLEDs) que apresentou uma eficiência satisfatória quando comparado a um dispositivo similar feito com ITO comercial. O próximo passo foi produzir um diodo emissor de luz orgânico transparente (TOLED), que emite luz para ambos os lados usando filmes transparentes de ITO para ânodo e cátodo. Para isso, as películas de ITO foram depositadas sobre camadas orgânicas, que são sensíveis a potências de pulverização elevadas. Assim, uma nova série de deposições com diferentes pressões de trabalho foram realizadas mantendo-se a potência fixa em 40 W. O melhor filme com esta potência menor foi obtido com pressão de trabalho de 0,08 mbar e fluxo de argônio de 300 sccm. Estes filmes apresentaram, como resistividade elétrica, mobilidade e concentração de portadores, 3,99 x 10⁻³ Ωcm, 2,07 cm²/Vs e 7,55 x 10²⁰ cm⁻³, respectivamente. Eles também mostraram uma transmitância acima de 92% para 400 < λ < 700 nm e gap óptico de 3,50 eV. Através das medidas de XRD, verificamos que todos os filmes depositados com baixa potência de pulverização apresentaram uma banda amorfa com picos de difração referentes a direção [111] com baixa intensidade, indicando que as películas são praticamente amorfas. Finalmente, serão apresentados os resultados da caracterização de TOLEDs, utilizando os filmes de ITO otimizados fabricados com uma potência de 40 W. / In this work, thin films of Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) were grown onto glass and quartz substrates by R.F. Magnetron Sputtering deposition technique at room temperature. The objective of this work was to study the influence of deposition parameters on the electrical, optical and structural properties of these films. Electrical, optical and structural characterizations were performed, by Hall Effect measurements, UV-VIS optical absorption and X-ray diffraction, respectively. It was observed that the deposition parameters – sputtering power and working pressure– have a strong influence on the electrical and structural properties of ITO thin films, but the optical transmittance in the visible region (400 ˂ λ ˂ 700) nm was always above 80 % for all films at 550 nm. By means of the XRD measurements, we verified that the films showed small orientation in the direction [111] and the crystallinity of the films increased with the increase of the sputtering power. The optimization of growth parameters reduced the electrical resistivity of the films mainly because of the increase of carrier concentration and carrier mobility. Thin films with the best electrical properties were obtained with sputtering power of 140 W, working pressure of 0.08 mbar and argon flow of 300 sccm. The best ITO thin films had electrical resistivity of 8.81 x 10⁻⁴ Ωcm, mobility of 9.98 cm²/Vs, and carrier concentration of 6.30 x 10²⁰ cm⁻³ together with a high optical transmittance of 97.7 % at 550 nm and a band gap of 3.78 eV. The optimized film was used as cathode in an organic light-emitting diode (OLEDs) that presented a satisfactory efficiency when compared to a similar device made with commercial ITO. The next step was to produce a Transparent Organic Light Emitting Diode (TOLED), which emits light from both sides by using ITO transparent films for both anode and cathode. To do so, ITO films were deposited on top of organic active layers, which are sensitive to high sputtering powers. So a new series of depositions with different working pressures were performed with a fixed power of 40 W. The best film with this smaller power was obtained with working pressure of 0.08 mbar and argon flow of 300sccm. These films presented, as electrical resistivity, mobility and carrier concentration, 3.99 x 10⁻³ Ωcm, 2.07 cm2 / Vs and 7.55 x 10²⁰ cm⁻³, respectively. They also showed a transmittance above 92 % for 400 < λ < 700 nm and band gap of 3.50 eV. Through X rays difraction measurements, we verified that all films deposited with low sputtering power presented an amorphous band with diffraction peaks referring to the [111] direction with low intensity, indicating that the films are practically amorphous. Finally, the results of the characterization of TOLEDs presented, using the optimized ITO films made with a sputtering power of 40 W.

Ce travail de thèse est principalement dédié à la mise en forme et à l’utilisation de nano-objets unidimensionnels comme matériaux d’électrodes transparentes. Les nanofils d’argent font partie des candidats les plus prometteurs pour le remplacement de l’oxyde d’indium-étain, actuellement le plus répandu dans les dispositifs commerciaux. La forte instabilité des nanofils d’argent à l’oxydation est néanmoins un problème critique puisque les électrodes deviennent moins performantes en peu de temps. En premier lieu, la triphénylphosphine a été utilisée comme agent inhibant l’oxydation. Contrairement aux électrodes non modifiées, celles-ci sont stables pendant plus de trois mois. Une deuxième partie est consacrée à l’utilisation de l’électrofilage pour élaborer des électrodes transparentes à base de nanofibres de matériaux conducteurs (nanofibres de cuivre, nanotubes de carbone, oxyde de graphène réduit). Enfin, une dernière partie concerne l’étude des propriétés mécaniques de nanofibres d’alcool polyvinylique par l’écoulement d’un fluide porteur dans une constriction réalisée en impression 3D. Cette méthode permet une analyse et une évaluation simple et rapide de la contrainte à la rupture des nanofibres, propriété difficilement accessible par des mesures mécaniques traditionnelles. / This PhD work deals mainly with the high scale organization and use of unidimensional nano-objects for making transparent electrodes. Among the candidates of choice for the replacement of indium tinoxide, the main material used in commercial devices, silver nanowires (Ag NW) are among the most promising. However, the tendency of silver nanowires to be quickly oxidized can severely affect their performances. Firstly, this drawback is circumvented through the use of triphenylphosphine (PPh3)as a protective agent. Unlike bare Ag NW electrodes, the PPh3 modified Ag NW electrodes are stable over three months. A second part is dedicated to the production of transparent electrodes via the electrospinning technique. Materials such as copper nanofibers, carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide are investigated. The last part of the manuscript deals with the measurement of the mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers. To do so, the flowing of a fluid in a3D-printed constriction is used. Usually determined with difficulty, the fracture strength of the nanofibers can be evaluated quickly at ease.

Die Temperung mittels Xenon-Blitzlampen (Flash Lamp Annealing - FLA) ist ein Kurzzeittemperverfahren mit Pulszeiten im Bereich von Millisekunden, bei dem nur die Oberfläche eines Substrats erhitzt wird. Durch die Blitzlampentemperung kann der Schichtwiderstand von tansparenten leitfähigen Oxidschichten reduziert und die Transmission im sichtbaren Licht erhöht werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde dies am Beispiel von Indium-Zinn-Oxid (ITO), Indium-Zink-Oxid (IZO) und aluminiumdotiertem Zinkoxid (AZO) gezeigt. Es wurde untersucht, welchen Einfluss verschiedene Prozessparameter wie Energiedichte und Pulszeit des Xenonlichtblitzes, die Absorption der zu behandelnden Schicht, die Gasatmosphäre während der Temperung, die Reflexion im Prozessraum und das Substratmaterial auf die optischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften der Schichten haben. Für ITO-Schichten mit einer Schichtdicke von 150 nm kann der Widerstand von 45 auf <14 Ohm verbessert werden, was vergleichbar mit einer konventionellen Temperung im Umluftofen ist.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Among the semiconducting oxides, ZnO has received considerable attention as a promising material for several applications in optoelectronic devices due to its high optical transparency in the visible range and good electrical conductivity achieved by doping with suitable elements. The present work, part developed in the Laboratório de Magnetismo e Materiais Magnéticos Nanoestruturados (UNIPAMPA/BAGÉ) and part in the Laboratório de Magnetismo e Materiais Magnéticos (UFSM), aimed mainly the development of an experimental procedure of ZnO thin films potentiostatic electrodeposition using 0.1 M aqueous solution of zinc nitrate seeking potential applications in solar cells. The electrodeposition technique is the growth of certain material on a solid substrate by electrochemical reactions and emerges as an alternative to traditional techniques (sputtering, sol-gel, spray pyrolysis) production of thin films. Besides being relatively easy to implement and has low production cost. The ZnO thin films were deposited on Au (111) substrates, obtained from commercial CD-Rs (CDtrodos). Voltammetry technique was used for the electrochemical processes involved analysis and to establish suitable areas of potential for films growth. ZnO deposits were characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. / Dentre os óxidos semicondutores, o ZnO tem recebido considerável atenção como um material promissor para diversas aplicações em dispositivos opto-eletrônicos devido a sua alta transparênciaóptica na faixa do visível e boa condutividade elétrica alcançada por dopagem com elementos adequados. O presente trabalho, desenvolvido parte no Laboratório de Magnetismo e Materiais Magnéticos Nanoestruturados (UNIPAMPA/BAGÉ) e parte no Laboratório de Magnetismo e Materiais Magnéticos (UFSM), teve como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de um procedimento experimental de eletrodeposição potenciostática de filmes finos de ZnO visando possíveis aplicações em células solares, utilizando-se 0:1M de solução aquosa de nitrato de zinco. A técnica de eletrodeposição consiste no crescimento de determinado material sobre um substrato sólido através de reações eletroquímicas e surge como uma alternativa às técnicas tradicionais (sputtering, sol-gel, spray-pirólise) de produção de filmes finos. Além de ser relativamente de fácil implementação e tem baixo custo de produção. Os filmes finos de ZnO foram depositados sobre substratos de Au (111), obtidos a partir de CD-Rs comerciais (CDtrodos). Utilizou-se a técnica de voltametria para analise dos processos eletroquímicos envolvidos e para estabelecer as regiões de potenciais adequadas para crescimento dos filmes. Os depósitos de ZnO foram caracterizados utilizando as técnicas de difração de raios-X e microscopia de força atômica (AFM).

Dans cette thèse, des films à base de graphène ont été étudiés comme alternatives viables dans la fabrication d'électrodes transparentes (TCE). Elle met l'accent sur des couches fines de graphène (FLG), sur l'oxyde de graphène réduit (RGO) et leurs hybrides avec des nanotubes de carbone (NTCs) pour être utilisé comme TCE dans les cellule solaires organiques (OSC). Les FLGs et RGO ont été préparés par des méthodes d'exfoliation mécanique ou en phase liquide assistée par micro-ondes. Ces nanomatériaux dilués dans un solvant liquide ont été déposé en couche mince par aérographe. Des caractérisations de transport de charge ont été obtenues grâce à la méthode des 4 pointes. Ces échantillons ont été caractérisés: leur transparence(UV-Visible), leur morphologie et leur topographique (MEB, MET, AFM) ainsi que le travail de sortie (UPS). Pour obtenir des informations sur la qualité structurelle des échantillons, nous avons utilisés les méthodes de spectroscopie XPS, Raman et la photoluminescence. / Graphene mate rials have been researched as viable alternatives of transparent conductors electrodes (TCEs) in this thesis. Current study focuses on few layer graphene (FLG), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and their hybrids with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for TCE applications inorganic solar cells (OSCs). FLGs and rGOs have been prepared by mechanical and microwave-assisted exfoliation methods. This films of these materials have been produced by hot-spray method. Results of charge transport characterizations by four-point probes, transparency (UV-Vis), measurements, along with morphological (SEM, TEM) and topgraphic (AFM) studies of films have been presented. UPS studies were performed to determine for a work-function. XPS,Raman and Photoluminescence studies have been employed to obtain the information about the structural quality of the samples.

On s'intéresse dans ce travail au problème de propagation acoustique dans des guides à parois traitées avec des matériaux absorbants à réaction localisée ou non localisée en présence d'écoulement. En effet, dans les systèmes industriels comme les turboréacteurs d'avions, les silencieux d'échappement et les systèmes de ventilation, le bruit est le plus souvent canalisé vers l'extérieur par des guides de géométries plus ou moins complexes. Une étude des guides d'ondes permet donc de prédire et de comprendre les phénomènes physiques tels que la réfraction, la convection, l'absorption et l'atténuation des ondes. Dans l'étude des guides d'ondes, on considère souvent qu'ils sont infiniment longs afin de s'affranchir de certains phénomènes (réflexion par exemple) à leurs extrémités. Résoudre le problème de propagation dans les guides infinis par la méthode des éléments finis nécessite de tronquer le domaine infini par des frontières artificielles sur lesquelles des conditions limites transparentes doivent être écrites. Dans ce travail, les conditions limites transparentes sont écrites sous forme d'un opérateur Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) basé sur une décomposition de la pression acoustique sur la base des modes propres du guide étudié tout en prenant en compte l'influence des paramètres comme l'écoulement et le traitement acoustique avec des matériaux absorbants. La propagation acoustique dans le guide est régie par un modèle scalaire basé sur l'équation de Helmholtz et les matériaux absorbants utilisés sont des matériaux absorbants d'impédance locale Z et des matériaux poreux. Nous nous sommes intéressés en particulier aux matériaux poreux ? squelette rigide que l'on modélise par un fluide équivalent car la propagation acoustique dans ces matériaux est aussi gouvernée par l'équation de Helmholtz comme dans un milieu fluide. Des résultats d'étude de la propagation acoustique dans des guides rectilignes uniformes traités en présence d'un écoulement uniforme ont permis de valider la méthode développée pour tronquer les domaines infinis. L'étude a aussi été menée avec succés pour des guides non uniformes traités en présence d'un écoulement potentiel. / Our concern in this work is the problem of acoustic propagation in guides lined with locally or non locally reacting materials with the presence of mean fluid flow. In several industrial systems such as aircraft jet engines, mufflers exhaust and ventilation systems, noise is mostly channeled outside by guides of more or less complex geometries. A study of waveguides makes it possible to predict and understand the physical phenomena such as refraction, convection, absorption and wave attenuation. In waveguides studies, guides are often considered infinitely long to get rid of some phenomena (reflection for example) at their ends. Solving the problem of acoustic propagation in infinite guides by finite element method requires to truncate the infinite domain by artificial boundaries on which transparent boundary conditions must be written. In this work, the transparent boundary conditions are written as a Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) operators based on sound pressure decomposition on the eigenmodes basis of the studied guide by taking into account the influence of parameters such as flow and acoustic liners in the guide walls. Acoustic propagation in the guide is governed by a model based on the scalar Helmholtz equation and the used liners are locally reacting materials of local impedance Z and porous materials. In this study, we focused particularly rigid porous materials modelized by an equivalent fluid because the acoustic propagation in these materials is also governed by the Helmholtz equation as in a fluid medium. Results of studies of acoustic propagation in uniform straight lined guides with a uniform flow allowed to validate the method developed to truncate infinite domains. The study was also done successfully for non uniform lined guides with a potential mean flow.

Abstract The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of each component layer constituting the structure of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells (OSC-BHJ) contribute significantly towards its overall performance. One of the prevalent issues resulting in reduced device efficiency is due to the conformational inhomogeneities in the active and buffer layers. The mechanical stress, extended thermal exposure and presence of mutually reactive component layers etc., affects negatively on the device stability. Effective methods to address these issues will be extensively benefited by the industry since the current commercialisation of the technology is hindered owing to the lower efficiency and stability of these devices. This dissertation focuses on methods to coherently enhance the performance and longevity of the OSC-BHJ devices. The efficiency enhancements of the devices in this work were achieved through two main routes. The first route was through morphological improvement of the active layer. The second route was through boosting the electrical characteristics of hole transporting conducting polymer layer (HTL) by controlled annealing conditions. The introduction of a suitable additive in the active layer was found to reduce unfavourable phase segregation thus resulting in enhanced morphology. Further, the annealing conditions in different atmospheres (air, nitrogen and vacuum) were found to have a clear influence on the optimum functioning of the HTL in the device. Regarding the stability improvement study done in this work, a method of employing suitable interlayer was developed to effectively abate the internal degradation occurring in the device due to etching reaction on the indium tin oxide (ITO) anode by the HTL. Moreover, experimental investigations were carried out for drawing fundamental understanding of stability degenerating issues such as the influence of mechanical defects on transparent conducting metal oxide (ITO) anode on the performance of the device and heat induced degradations in the low band gap polymer-fullerene active layer. The highlight of this research is that the discovered methods are inexpensive, efficient, and easy to adopt. The results of the study could help the technology to overcome some of its limitations and accelerate its progress towards commercialisation. / Tiivistelmä Orgaanisten heteroliitosaurinkokennojen kerrosrakenteen ominaisuudet ja laatu vaikuttavat merkittävästi aurinkokennojen toiminnallisuuteen. Erityisesti rakenteelliset epähomogeenisuudet aktiivi- ja puskurikerroksissa heikentävät kennon hyötysuhdetta. Kennojen stabiilisuutta tarkasteltaessa myös mekaanisella rasituksella, pitkittyneellä lämpöaltistuksella ja materiaalien reagoinneilla keskenään kerrosten välillä, on selkeä negatiivinen vaikutus kennojen stabiilisuuteen. Orgaanisen aurinkokennoteknologian kaupallistamisen rajoitteina ovat kennojen heikko hyötysuhde ja stabiilisuus, joten menetelmät jotka tarjoavat ratkaisuja edellä mainittuihin ongelmiin, ovat erittäin tärkeitä teknologiaa kaupallistavalle teollisuudelle. Tämä väitöskirja keskittyy johdonmukaisesti selvittämään tapoja, joilla voidaan parantaa heteroliitosaurinkokennojen hyötysuhdetta ja elinikää. Hyötysuhteen tehostamiseksi valittiin kaksi eri lähestymistapaa, joista ensimmäisessä keskityttiin aktiivikerroksen morfologian parantamiseen ja toisessa aukkoja kuljettavan kerroksen sähköisten ominaisuuksien parantamiseen lämpökäsittelyprosessin avulla. Sopivan lisäaineen avulla aktiivikerroksen ei-toivottua kiteytymistä voidaan pienentää ja parantaa näin kerroksen morfologiaa. Lisäksi työssä todettiin, että lämpökäsittelyn aikaisella ympäristöolosuhteella (ilma, typpi, tyhjiö) on merkittävä vaikutus puskurikerroksen optimaaliseen toimintaan aurinkokennossa. Stabiilisuuden parantamiseksi kehitettiin välikerroksen hyödyntämiseen perustuva menetelmä, jolla voidaan tehokkaasti vähentää kennojen sisäisessä rakenteessa tapahtuvaa toiminnallisuuden heikkenemistä, joka aiheutuu aukkoja kuljettavan kerroksen syövyttävästä vaikutuksesta indiumtinaoksidi (ITO) pohjaiseen anodiin. Tämän lisäksi työssä tutkittiin kokeellisesti stabiilisuuteen heikentävästi vaikuttavia tekijöitä, kuten mekaanisen rasituksen aiheuttamia vaurioita metallioksidi (ITO) anodissa ja lämpöaltistuksesta aiheutuvia vikoja polymeeri-fullereeni rakenteeseen perustuvassa aktiivikerroksessa. Tutkimuksen keskeisin tulos on, että esitellyt keinot aurinkokennojen hyötysuhteen ja stabiilisuuden parantamiseen ovat edullisia, tehokkaita ja helppoja hyödyntää. Tulokset voivat merkittävästi edistää orgaanisten aurinkokennojen teknistä kehitystä ja kiihdyttää niiden tuloa kaupallisiksi tuotteiksi.