Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire portent sur l’étude et le développement d’une méthode de mesure d’épaisseur et de reconstruction 3D d’objets en verre creux, dans le cadre d’une application de contrôle industriel sur ligne de production. Les techniques de mesure d’épaisseur de parois transparentes sont actuellement très limitées par leur faible tolérance angulaire sur l’orientation des surfaces. Elles nécessitent une rotation de l’article devant le capteur, donc une manutention contraignante. De plus, les surfaces considérées étant spéculaires, les techniques de numérisation standard ne fonctionnent pas. Nous avons développé deux méthodes basées sur l’observation des réflexions d’une source diffuse ponctuelle sur les deux surfaces de la paroi de l’objet. Une observation simple à l’aide d’une caméra implique une ambiguïté entre l’orientation et la position de chacune des deux surfaces. Notre première méthode consiste à utiliser des informations de polarisation pour lever cette ambiguïté. Des résultats expérimentaux, obtenus avec un ou plusieurs points source témoignent de la faisabilité de la mesure. La seconde méthode consiste à utiliser une seconde caméra, associée à un dispositif optique spécifique. Ceci permet de trianguler directement les points d’incidence sur les deux surfaces. De plus, la source peut être étendue verticalement, de manière à augmenter la taille de la zone inspectée. Les résultats obtenus avec cette seconde technique attestent de la possibilité d’une mise en oeuvre industrielle. / The work presented in this thesis focuses on the study and development of a method for measuringthe thickness and reconstructing the 3D shape of glass containers, within the frame of an industrialon-line quality monitoring. Measuring thickness techniques of transparent objects are currently limited by their lack of toleranceregarding the surface orientation at a given reflection point. A rotation of the article in front ofthe sensor is thus required, which adds complexity to the mechanical handling of the item beingmeasured. Moreover, conventional scanning techniques do not work well on specular surfaces.We developed two methods based on the observation of the reflections by both surfaces of the wallof a given item of a diffuse, point light source. Imaging these reflections with a plain camera leavesan ambiguity between the orientation and position of each surface. Our first approach uses light polarization to remove this ambiguity. Experimental results, obtainedwith one or several point sources have demonstrated the feasibility of the measure. The second approach uses a second camera, associated with a specific optical design, whichenables a mere triangulation of the incident points on the two surfaces. Moreover, the light sourcecan be vertically extended to increase the size of the inspected area. The results obtained with thissecond technique show that industrial implementation is feasible.

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Modern architectures support multiple size pages to facilitate applications that use large chunks of contiguous memory either for buffer allocation, application specific memory management, in-memory caching or garbage collection. Most general purpose processors support larger page sizes, for e.g. x86 architecture supports 2MB and 1GB pages while PowerPC architecture supports 64KB, 16MB, 16GB pages. Such larger size pages are also known as superpages or huge pages. With the help of huge pages TLB reach can be increased significantly. The Linux kernel can transparently use these huge pages to significantly bring down the cost of TLB translations. With Transparent Huge Pages (THP) support in Linux kernel the end users or the application developers need not make any change to their application. Memory fragmentation which has been one of the classical problems in computing systems for decades is a key problem for the allocation of huge pages. Ubiquitous huge page support across architectures makes effective fragmentation management even more critical for modern systems. Applications tend to stress system TLB in the absence of huge pages, for virtual to physical address translation, which adversely affects performance/energy characteristics in long running systems. Since most kernel pages tend to be unmovable, fragmentation created due to their misplacement is more problematic and nearly impossible to recover with memory compaction. In this work, we explore physical memory manager of Linux and the interaction of kernel page placement with fragmentation avoidance and recovery mechanisms. Our analysis reveals that not only a random kernel page layout thwarts the progress of memory compaction; it can actually induce more fragmentation in the system. To address this problem, we propose a new allocator which takes special care for the placement of kernel pages. We propose a new region which represents memory area having kernel as well as user pages. Using this new region we introduce a staged allocator which with change in fragmentation level adapts and optimizes the kernel page placement. Later we introduce Illuminator which with zero overhead outperforms default kernel in terms of huge page allocation success rate and compaction overhead with respect to each huge page. We also show that huge page allocation is not a one dimensional problem but a two fold concern with how the fragmentation recovery mechanism may potentially interfere with the page clustering policy of allocator and worsen the fragmentation. Our results show that with effective kernel page placements the mixed page block counts reduces upto 70%, which allows our system to allocate 3x-4x huge pages than the default Kernel. Using these additional huge pages we show up to 38% improvement in terms of energy consumed and reduction in execution time up to 39% on standard benchmarks.

A tese focaliza na construção de personagens do autor angolano Ondjaki no seuromance Os transparentes (2012). Um tema literário importante no romance é a injustiça socialque prevalece na vida das personagens na Luanda fictícia e é fortemente criticado por Ondjaki.O objetivo da tese é discutir como a construção das personagens contribui a realçar a críticasocial no romance. Portanto a construção das personagens ricas e pobres são comparadas, bemcomo a sua contribuição em enfatizar o tema.A tese utiliza teoria da narrativa para investigar a construção das personagens literárias esobretudo um método desenvolvido por James Phelan e Peter J. Rabinowitz, que argumentaque todas as personagens literárias são compostas de três aspetos: mimético, temático esintético. Os três aspetos orientam a análise e formam o quadro metodológico para poderdiscutir a construção de personagens de Ondjaki. Os resultados mostram que a construção depersonagens ajuda a Ondjaki enfatizar a sua crítica social através de manifestar as diferenças  entre as classes sociais, realçar os problemas experimentados pela classe baixa e apresentar asconsequências possíveis da injustiça social e as possibilidades para melhorar a situação atual. / The thesis focuses on the character construction of Angolan author Ondjaki in hisnovel Os transparentes (2012; Transparent City). An important literary theme in the novel isthe social injustice, which prevails the life of the characters in the fictitious city of Luanda andis heavily criticized by Ondjaki. The objective of the thesis is to discuss how the constructionof the literary characters contributes to highlighting the social critique in the novel. To do sothe construction of the rich and the poor characters are compared, as well as their contributionin asserting the theme.The thesis deploys narrative theory to investigate the construction of the literary characters andespecially a method developed by James Phelan and Peter J. Rabinowitz, which argues that allliterary characters are composed of three aspects: mimetic, thematic and synthetic aspects.These aspects guide the analysis of the characters and are used as a methodological frameworkfor discussing Ondjaki’s character construction. The results show that the construction of thecharacters help Ondjaki to emphasize his social critique by showing class differences,highlighting the problems experienced by the lower classes and presenting potentialconsequences of social injustice as well as the possibilities for improving the current situation.

This thesis solves design and project of construction of training and education centre, contains library, classrooms and administratice facilities. The building is set into a former allotment gardens on outskirt of Brno. The project reclaimed this land. The shape of the bulding is created by two connected curves, it reminds wide open letter "U". There are two buildings connected with glass vestibule, the object is partially sunk below ground. South side of the building consists of a double transparent facade, which contributes to energy savings, the northern facade is clad with wooden battens. Underground constructions are made of concrete, pillars and horizotal structures are made of laminated wood. Green roof is transferred underground on the west and east side of building. In the interior alternates exposed concrete and laminated wood.

A lot of production lines contain camera inspection systems that increase quality of production. Therefore this presented work deals with applications of computer image processing methods in defectoscopy. Concretely the thesis is concerned with defects evaluation of glass bottles in food operations by the help of visual system BTCAM612, which is in existing configuration installed inland and in several foreign countries. The system is developed in conjunction with developer company CAMEA Ltd. from Brno and it is its sole ownership. The whole process of bottles inspection is described in sequence. First of all it is the hardware acquisition of images of three main controlled parts of bottles – neck, bottom and side. Next chapters are concentrated on image processing and features classification. The features are obtained from image by methods based on detection of in-homogeneities on glass material. Essential part of work is focused on filtration of synthetic patterns from bottles bottoms using function of complex invariants. These patterns are occurred especially in many plants in eastern countries, where marketplace with inspection systems and generally with quality inspection of industrial lines is expanded lately.

Le régime de transparence fiscale est traditionnellement associé au régime fiscal des sociétés de personnes. Cependant, une certaine lecture de la législation fiscale semble démontrer que ce régime pourrait connaître un champ d’application beaucoup plus large. En effet, l’évolution de la législation semble rompre avec le traditionnel critère d’attribution de ce régime d’imposition fondé sur la responsabilité illimitée de l’associé pour y substituer le critère de l’investissement personnel de ce dernier. En outre, il apparaît que le législateur ait depuis toujours été animé par le souci d’éviter une double imposition du bénéfice des sociétés de capitaux. De ce fait, il semblerait que certains critères de la transparence fiscale puissent également être remplis par les sociétés réputées « fiscalement opaques ». A cet égard, cette thèse a pour ambition de démontrer que le régime de transparence fiscale constitue le modèle d’imposition du bénéfice des sociétés. Enfin, cette étude propose une mise en perspective des avantages mais également des limites que présente le régime de transparence fiscale afin de proposer un régime prospectif plus souple et plus cohérent constituant le socle d’une fiscalité novatrice. / This thesis proposes to revisit the issue of tax transparency as tax corporate income model based on the criteria of this regime. In this respect, this research aims to highlight the award criteria, and the criteria for identifying this regime. Historically, fiscal transparency is analyzed as being the tax treatment given to partnerships. However, it appears that changes in tax law have challenged the traditional award criteria of this regime which is now granted to certain companies other than partnerships. Moreover, it appears that some of the tax transparency identification criteria are reflected in the corporation tax system. Thus, this research aims to demonstrate that fiscal transparency is the tax model of corporate earnings, and aims to provide a prospective tax system based on fiscal transparency.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) is an emerging photovoltaic technology that opens up new application areas where common inorganic techniques are not able to score. Some of those key features are flexibility, light weight, semitransparency, and low cost processing. The current industry-standard for the transparent electrode, indium tin oxide (ITO), cannot provide these properties because it is brittle and expensive. This thesis aims to investigate an alternative type of promising transparent electrode: silver nanowire (AgNW) networks. They exhibit similar or even better optical and electrical performance than ITO down to a sheet resistance of 12 Ohm/sq at 84% transmission (including the glass substrate). Furthermore, AgNWs are more flexible, solution-processable, and more cost-effective than ITO. However, two challenges occur during implementation as bottom electrode in OSCs. First, their inherently high roughness causes devices to shunt. Second, the AgNW network structure exhibits – in contrast to the continuous ITO – µm²-sized voids that have to be bridged electrically by the organic layers. In the first part of this thesis, solution-processed small molecule charge transport layers are investigated. In the case of hole transport layers (HTL), the host BF-DPB and the dopant NDP9 are investigated using tetrahydrofuran as a solvent. It is shown that BF-DPB is already doped by NDP9 in solution via the formation of a hybrid molecule complex. Solution-processed layers exhibit similar conductivities as compared to the reference deposition, which is thermal evaporation in high vacuum. The layers sufficiently smoothen the AgNW electrode such that DCV5T-Me:C60 organic solar cells with an efficiency up to 4.4% are obtained. Moreover, the influence of the square micrometer large network voids is investigated using HTLs of varying conductivity. As a result, a minimum conductivity of 1e−4 S/cm is needed to avoid macroscopic performance losses. Equivalent circuit simulations are performed to confirm these results. As a second planarization method, the AgNWs are buried in an insulating polymer that serves concurrently as flexible and ultrathin substrate. Out of three different polymers tested, the optical adhesive ’NOA63’ gives the best results. The roughness is strongly reduced from 30 nm down to (2 ± 1) nm. Two different OSC types are employed as testing devices with fully-flexible alumina encapsulation against moisture ingress. Maximum power conversion efficiencies of 5.0% and 5.6% are achieved with a fullerene-free cascade layer architecture and a DCV5T-Me:C60 OSC, respectively. To evaluate the applicability of these fully-flexible and encapsulated devices, degradation studies are performed under continuous illumination and a humid climate. Although employing the intrinsically stable DCV5T-Me:C60 stack design, within one day a fast degradation of the fully-flexible solar cells is observed. The degradation is attributed to AgNW electrode failure that results from photo-oxidation and -sulfurization, photo-migration, and electromigration. It is further shown that the cascade organic solar cell lacks intrinsic stability. In summary, efficient, fully-flexible, and encapsulated devices are shown. However, in terms of competitive OSCs, the low stability of AgNW electrodes is a challenge to be taken care of. In current research, this issue needs to be addressed more frequently. / Organische Solarzellen (OSZ) sind ein junges Forschungsgebiet der Photovoltaik, welches neue Anwendungsgebiete erschließt, für die herkömmliche anorganische Solarzellen nicht einsetzbar sind. Einige der Haupteigenschaften sind Flexibilität, niedriges Gewicht, Teiltransparenz und geringe Herstellungskosten. Indiumzinnoxid (ITO), der aktuelle Industriestandard transparenter Elektrodentechnologie, ist nicht in der Lage, diese Eigenschaften zu gewährleisten. Dies liegt vor allem an der Brüchigkeit von ITO und der begrenzten Verfügbarkeit von Indium, welche mit einem hohen Preis einhergeht. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist die Integration einer alternativen und vielversprechenden Elektrodentechnologie: Netzwerke aus Silbernanodrähten (AgNWs). Mit einem Schichtwiderstand von 12 Ohm/sq bei einer Transmission von 84% (inklusive Glassubstrat) besitzen sie ähnliche oder sogar bessere optische und elektrische Eigenschaften als ITO. Des Weiteren sind AgNW-Elektroden flexibler und kostengünstiger als ITO und aus flüssiger Phase prozessierbar. Es gibt allerdings zwei Herausforderungen, welche die Integration als Grundelektrode in OSZ erschweren. Zum einen sind AgNW-Netzwerke sehr rauh, sodass organische Bauteile kurzgeschlossen werden. Zum anderen weisen AgNW-Elektroden, im Gegensatz zu einer vollflächigen ITO-Schicht, Lücken zwischen den einzelnen Drähten auf. Diese Lücken müssen von den organischen Schichten der OSZ elektrisch überbrückt werden. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden daher flüssigprozessierte Ladungsträgertransportschichten aus kleinen Molekülen untersucht, welche die AgNW-Elektroden glätten und die verhältnismäßig großen Lücken füllen sollen. Im Falle von Lochleitschichten (HTL) wird BF-DPB als Matrix und NDP9 als Dotand in Tetrahydrofuran gelöst und zur Anwendung gebracht. BF-DPB wird dabei schon in Lösung von NDP9 dotiert, wobei sich ein Hybridmolekülkomplex ausbildet. Die Leitfähigkeit der entstehenden Schichten ist ähnlich zu Referenzschichten, die durch thermisches Verdampfen im Hochvakuum hergestellt wurden. Die erhaltenen HTLs glätten die AgNW-Elektroden, sodass DCV5T-Me:C60-Solarzellen mit einer Effizienz von maximal 4.4% hergestellt werden können. Weiterhin wird der Einfluss der quadratmikrometergroßen Löcher auf die makroskopische Effizienz der Solarzelle in Abhängigkeit der HTL Leitfähigkeit untersucht. Um signifikante Effizienzverluste zu verhindern, muss der HTL eine minimale Leitfähigkeit von etwa 1e−4 S/cm aufweisen. Simulationen eines Ersatzschaltkreises bestätigen hierbei die experimentellen Ergebnisse. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird eine Planarisierungsmethode untersucht, in welcher die AgNWs in nichtleitfähigen Polymeren eingebettet werden. Diese Polymere fungieren anschließend als flexibles Substrat. Der optische Kleber ”NOA63” erzielt hierbei die besten Ergebnisse. Die Rauheit der AgNW-Elektroden wird von etwa 30 nm auf 1 bis 3 nm stark reduziert. Anschließend werden diese AgNW-Elektroden in zwei unterschiedlichen OSZ Konfigurationen getestet und mit einer vollflexiblen Schicht aus Aluminiumoxid gegen Wasserdampfpermeation verkapselt. Somit können maximale Effizienzen von 5% mithilfe einer organischen Kaskadenstruktur und 5.6% mit DCV5T-Me:C60 OSZ erreicht werden. Um die Anwendbarkeit dieser vollflexiblen und verkapselten OSZ zu bewerten, werden Alterungsstudien unter konstanter Beleuchtung und feuchtem Klima durchgeführt. Es wird gezeigt, dass die in das Polymer eingebettete AgNW-Elektrode aufgrund von Photooxidation und -schwefelung und Photo- und Elektromigration instabil ist. Dieser Sachverhalt ist für die Anwendung von AgNW-Elektroden in kommerziellen OSZ von großer Bedeutung und wurde in der Forschung bisher nicht ausreichend thematisiert.

Die Temperung mittels Xenon-Blitzlampen (Flash Lamp Annealing - FLA) ist ein Kurzzeittemperverfahren mit Pulszeiten im Bereich von Millisekunden, bei dem nur die Oberfläche eines Substrats erhitzt wird. Durch die Blitzlampentemperung kann der Schichtwiderstand von tansparenten leitfähigen Oxidschichten reduziert und die Transmission im sichtbaren Licht erhöht werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde dies am Beispiel von Indium-Zinn-Oxid (ITO), Indium-Zink-Oxid (IZO) und aluminiumdotiertem Zinkoxid (AZO) gezeigt. Es wurde untersucht, welchen Einfluss verschiedene Prozessparameter wie Energiedichte und Pulszeit des Xenonlichtblitzes, die Absorption der zu behandelnden Schicht, die Gasatmosphäre während der Temperung, die Reflexion im Prozessraum und das Substratmaterial auf die optischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften der Schichten haben. Für ITO-Schichten mit einer Schichtdicke von 150 nm kann der Widerstand von 45 auf <14 Ohm verbessert werden, was vergleichbar mit einer konventionellen Temperung im Umluftofen ist.

<div>A microheater and resistance temperature detector (RTD) are designed and fabricated for various applications. First, a hierarchical manifold microchannel heatsink with an integrated microheater and RTDs is demonstrated. Microfluidic cooling within the embedded heat sink improves heat dissipation, with two-phase operation offering the potential for dissipation of very high heat fluxes while maintaining moderate chip temperatures. To enable multi-chip stacking and other heterogeneous packaging approaches, it is important to densely integrate all fluid flow paths into the device. Therefore, the details of heatsink layouts and fabrication processes are introduced. Characterization of two-phase cooling as well as reliability of the microheater/RTDs are discussed. In addition, another application of microheater for mining particle detection using interdigitated capacitive sensor. While current personal monitoring devices are optimized for monitoring microscale particles, a higher resolution technique is required to detect sub-micron and nanoscale particulate matters (PM) due to smaller volume and mass of the particles. The detection capability of the capacitive sensor for sub-micron and nanoparticles are presented, and an incorporated microheater improved stable capacitive sensor reading under air flow and various humidity. </div><div>This paper also introduces the characterization of nanomaterials such as metallic nanowires (NWs) and single layer graphene. First, the copper nanowire (CuNW)/graphene hybrid networks for transparent conductors (TC) is investigated. Though indium tin oxide (ITO) has been widely used, demands for the next generation of TC is increasing due to a limited supply of indium. Thus, the optical and electrical properties of CuNW/graphene hybrid network are compared with other transparent conductive materials including ITO. Secondly, silver nanowire (AgNW) growth technique using electrodeposition is introduced. A vertically aligned branched AgNW arrays is made using a porous anodic alumina template and the optical properties of the structure are discussed.</div><div><br></div>