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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Infecção experimental em ovelhas e avaliação da possibilidade de transmissão congênita / Experimental infection in ewes and assessment of the possibility of congenital transmission

Pivatto, Rodrigo Antonio 10 February 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-16T16:12:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA17MA223.pdf: 789583 bytes, checksum: 826470c73aedad966296545af60b30b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T16:12:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA17MA223.pdf: 789583 bytes, checksum: 826470c73aedad966296545af60b30b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-10 / In order to assess the possibility of congenital transmission of Neospora caninum in the ovine species and the implications of the infection of the agent in different stages of pregnancy, eleven fertile, serologically negative to N. caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, were distributed in five groups (A = 3 animals, B, C, D and E = 2 animals each one). Group A was inoculated intravenously with 1x107 tachyzoites of N. caninum strain Nc-1, which was insufficient for the detection of seroconversion. The animals of groups B, C and D were inoculated with 2x107 tachyzoites. Group E was maintained as control (not inoculated). The animals of group A were inoculated 30 days before mating, and groups B, C and D at 65, 100 and 120 days of pregnancy, respectively. Animal blood samples were collected on days -2, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days postinfection (DPI) to perform complete blood count (CBC) and to obtain serum for the IgG antibody test by Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT). Clinical examinations (body temperature and heart and respiratory rates) were performed daily between -2 and 14 DPI and, thereafter, weekly until the end of the experiment (42 DPI). From lambs born alive, clinical examination, blood collection for IFAT and CBC were performed. After euthanasia, lambs were necropsied and organs (CNS, liver, heart, lung and placenta) were collected for histopathological examination. All the ewes of Groups B, C and D seroconverted. The animals of groups A and E remained seronegative throughout the experiment. No clinical or hematological changes were observed due to inoculation in the ewes, except for one ewe from group B that presented retained placenta. One lamb born from Group B was seroreagent (precolostral) to N. caninum by IFAT (1:400), indicating transplacental transmission, in addition to presenting hypothermia and low birth weight. Another lamb from group B and one from group C were also seropositive, but they drank colostrum. One lamb from Group C (100 days of gestation) and twin lambs from Group D (120 days of gestation) did not drink colostrum and were seronegative. One Group D lamb was seronegative even after ingesting colostrum. There were no haematological and pathological changes in any of the lambs of all groups. The results demonstrate the occurrence of transplacental transmission of N. caninum in a ewe inoculated at 65 days of gestation and suggest that the same occurred with two other ewes (inoculated at 65 and 100 days of gestation), however, higher specificity tests (PCR) are necessary for the confirmation of congenital transmission in these animals, which, although seropositive, drank colostrum prior to collection of blood / Com o objetivo de avaliar a possibilidade de transmissão congênita de Neospora caninum na espécie ovina e as implicações da infecção do agente em diferentes estádios da gestação, onze ovelhas férteis, sorologicamente negativas para N. caninum e Toxoplasma gondii, foram distribuídas em cinco grupos (A= 3 animais, B, C, D e E = 2 animais cada). O Grupo A foi inoculado intravenosamente com 1x107 taquizoítos da cepa Nc-1 de N. caninum, sendo esta dose insuficiente para a detecção de soroconversão. Os animais dos grupos B, C e D foram inoculados com 2x107 taquizoítos. O Grupo E foi mantido como controle (não inoculado). Os animais do grupo A foram inoculados 30 dias antes da cobertura, e os grupos B, C e D aos 65, 100 e 120 dias de gestação, respectivamente. Amostras de sangue dos animais foram colhidas nos dias -2, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 dias pós-infecção (DPI) para realização de hemogramas e obtenção de soro para a pesquisa de anticorpos IgG por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Exames clínicos (temperatura corporal e frequências cardíaca e respiratória) foram realizados diariamente entre -2 e 14 DPI e, na sequência, semanalmente até o final do experimento (42 DPI). Dos cordeiros nascidos, realizou-se exame clínico, colheita de sangue para realização da RIFI e hemograma. Após eutanásia, os cordeiros foram necropsiados e órgãos foram colhidos (SNC, fígado, coração, pulmão e placenta) para exame histopatológico. Todas as ovelhas dos Grupos B, C e D soroconverteram. Os animais dos grupos A e E mantiveram-se soronegativos ao longo de todo o experimento. Não foram observadas alterações clínicas ou hematológicas decorrentes da inoculação nas ovelhas, com exceção de uma ovelha do grupo B que apresentou retenção de placenta. Uma cordeira nascida do Grupo B foi sororreagente (pré-colostral) para N. caninum pela RIFI (1:400), indicando transmissão transplacentária, além de apresentar hipotermia e baixo peso ao nascer. Outro cordeiro do grupo B e um do grupo C também foram soropositivos, entretanto mamaram colostro. Um cordeiro do Grupo C (100 dias de gestação) e os dois cordeiros gêmeos do Grupo D (120 dias de gestação) não mamaram o colostro e foram soronegativos. Um cordeiro do Grupo D apresentou-se soronegativo mesmo após ter ingerido o colostro. Não houve alterações hematológicas e patológicas em nenhum dos cordeiros de todos os grupos. Os resultados demonstram ocorrência de transmissão transplacentária de N. caninum em uma ovelha inoculada aos 65 dias de gestação e sugerem que o mesmo ocorreu com outras duas ovelhas (inoculadas aos 65 e aos 100 dias de gestação), no entanto, testes com maior especificidade (PCR) são necessários para a confirmação da transmissão congênita nestes animais que, embora soropositivos, mamaram o colostro antes da colheita do sangue
2

Impact de l’infection par le sérotype 8 du virus de la Fièvre Catarrhale Ovine (BTV-8) chez le caprin (Capra hircus) / Impact of Bluetongue Virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in goats (Capra hircus)

Belbis, Guillaume 15 September 2015 (has links)
La Fièvre Catarrhale Ovine est une arbovirose due à un Orbivirus touchant les ruminants. Récemment, une épizootie majeure, notamment due au sérotype 8 du virus (BTV-8), a touché les ruminants Européens. Ce sérotype a présenté plusieurs particularités telles que le spectre d’hôte original, et la transmission transplacentaire. L’impact de l’infection par le BTV-8 chez le caprin a été étudiée dans ce travail d’un point de vue clinique, virologique, hématologique et sérologique, et notamment pour ce dernier aspect à travers le développement de deux outils sérologiques. L’impact d’une infection maternelle sur le fœtus a également été étudié.Ces travaux ont confirmé que l’impact de l’infection par le BTV-8 chez les caprins est modéré, tant d’un point de vue clinique que d’un point de vue hématologique. Ce travail a également permis de faire ressortir plusieurs connaissances nouvelles: un impact modéré sur les comptages leucocytaires ; une transmission transplacentaire du virus lors d’infection en milieu de gestation ; une détection du virus dans la semence ; une possible transmission « directe », non vectorielle.Ces 3 dernières constatations n’avaient jusqu’alors pas été rapportées dans la littérature chez les caprins, mais avaient été observées chez les ovins et les bovins. Ceci confirme que, même si les caprins sont des animaux sensibles mais que l’impact clinique est limité, la plupart des caractéristiques faisant la spécificité de l’infection par la souche européenne du BTV-8 peuvent également être retrouvées dans cette espèce. Néanmoins, l’absence de description de ces particularités dans des conditions d’infection naturelle ne permet pas de conclure quant à leur impact sur le terrain.Des outils sérologiques ont été également développés afin d’étudier les propriétés antigéniques des protéines virales chez le caprin. La production des protéines recombinantes NS1, NS3, VP7 et VP2 en système baculovirus, et de la protéine NS2 en système E. coli, ont permis l’obtention de protéines recombinantes. Ces 5 protéines recombinantes ont permis le développement de tests sérologiques permettant d’étudier leurs propriétés antigéniques et la cinétique d’apparition des anticorps après vaccination ou/et infection par le BTV-8 chez le caprin.Dans un premier temps, des tests ELISA indirect NS1, NS2, NS3, VP7 et VP2 ont été développés, et la capacité des tests ELISA NS et VP7 à permettre une différenciation entre les animaux infectés et vaccinés a été évaluée. Cependant, des anticorps anti-NS2 et NS3 ont été détectés dans les sérums d’animaux vaccinés et une faible réponse obtenue en ELISA NS1 chez les animaux infectés rend difficile l’utilisation d’un test ELISA DIVA basé sur ces 3 protéines non structurales. Enfin, une réponse en anticorps anti-VP2 est détectée par le test ELISA VP2 après vaccination et après épreuve virulente, suggérant une détection d’anticorps spécifiques de type par ce test.Dans un second temps, un test Luminex multiplex, basé sur l’utilisation des protéines VP7 et VP2 a été développé. Le Luminex VP7 présente une très bonne corrélation avec l’ELISA VP7 lorsque les sérums d’animaux infectés sont testés, avec une aire sous la courbe de 0,987. Les performances de ce test paraissent cependant modérées lorsque des sérums issus d’animaux ayant reçu une unique injection vaccinale sont testés. Le Luminex VP2 présente des performances également excellentes, avec une aire sous la courbe de 0,978. Les VPP et VPN ont été calculées pour des prévalences très faibles (0,5%, correspondant à la prévalence devant être détectée par le screening sérologique d’animaux sentinelles) : la VPP est alors très faible mais la VPN est très élevée (99,99% pour VP7, 99,95% pour VP2). Le test Luminex multiplex développé, caractérisé par une VPN très élevée, permet d’exclure avec confiance la présence du BTV-8 dans une région indemne lors de résultat négatif, correspondant parfaitement aux objectifs assignés. / Bluetongue is an infectious non contagious arbovirosis caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV), belonging to the genus Orbivirus. Recently, a major epizooty, due to BTV-8, was encountered in European ruminants. This serotype presented several original features such as an original host spectrum and transplacental transmission. This work consisted in studying the impact of BTV-8 infection in goats from a clinical, virological, haematological and serological (after development of two new serological tests) point of view, because of the lack of knowledge in this specie. The impact on foetuses of infection during gestation was also studied.The different animal studies realised confirmed that the BTV-8 infection has a moderate impact in goats from a clinical and haematological point of view. These studies led to obtain new information about BTV-8 impact: moderate impact on leucocytes counts; transplacental transmission of the virus when infection occurs in mid-pregnancy; detection of BTV-8 in bucks’ semen; direct, non vectorial transmission. The last 3 results had never been described in goats with BTV-8 before but had been encountered in sheep and cattle: it proves that, even if goats are susceptible to the infection but are less affected by the virus, most of feature of BTV-8 North European strain can also be encountered in this specie. However, these features have not been described in natural conditions, making impossible to conclude on their impact in the field.In a second part of this thesis, serological tool have been developed in order to study antigenic properties of viral proteins in goats. Recombinant proteins NS1, NS3, VP7 and VP2 were produced in baculovirus system, while NS2 was produced in E. coli system. These recombinant proteins were used to develop serological test in order to study antigenic properties and the kinetic of antibodies response against this 5 proteins after vaccination against and infection by BTV-8 in goats.In a first part, indirect ELISA NS1, NS2, NS3, VP7 and VP2 were developed, and the opportunity to develop DIVA ELISA test using NS and VP ELISA was evaluated. However, detection of antibodies against NS2 and NS3 in vaccinated animals, and the difficulties to detect antibodies against NS1 in infected animals led us to conclude that a DIVA ELISA test using non-structural proteins was difficult. Finally, it was possible to detect antibodies against VP2 in infected and vaccinated animals using our VP2 ELISA, suggesting a detection of antibodies specific of serotype by this test.In a second part, a multiplex Luminex test, using VP7 and VP2, was developed. This test has, for VP7 detection, a strong correlation with cELISA VP7, with an area under the curve of 0.987. Luminex VP7 performance is moderate when sera from goats having only one vaccine administration were tested. Concerning Luminex VP2, test performance are also excellent with an area under the curve of 0.978. When a prevalence of 0.5% was applied (prevalence that should be detected by serological screening in Europe), de predictive negative value was very high (99.99% for Luminex VP7; 99.95% for Luminex VP2). The Luminex test developed, with a very high PNV, can exclude with a high level of confidence the presence of BTV-8 in a free-area.
3

Tripanossomas de ungulados no Brasil e na África: novas abordagens em estudos epidemiológicos de genótipos, vetores e reservatórios, e patologia de isolados Brasileiros. / Trypanosomes of ungulates in Brazil and Africa: new approaches in epidemiological studies of genotypes, vectors and reservoirs, and pathology of Brazilian isolates.

Rodrigues, Carla Monadeli Filgueira 29 September 2016 (has links)
Os tripanosomas são parasitas hemoflagelados com importância médica para humanos e animais domésticos. Surtos de infecções agudas graves por T.vivax têm sido relatados em todo Brasil onde perdas econômicas e falhas reprodutivas são observadas. Neste trabalho, uma infecção experimental por T. vivax em ovinos confirmou sua transmissão transplacentária. Em relação à epidemiologia de T. vivax, para entender o papel dos jumentos em surtos no Semiárido Brasileiro, foram realizados ensaios parasitológicos e moleculares em infecções naturais e experimentais. Nossos resultados mostraram animais assintomáticos, portanto, podem atuar como potenciais reservatórios. Além disso, estudos filogenéticos revelaram uma diversidade genética inesperada em tripanossomas no Leste da África, especialmente em moscas tsé-tsé. Novos genótipos de T. vivax foram caracterizados e tripanossomas do subgênero Nanomonnas se mostraram prevalentes nestas infecções. Nesta abordagem, conseguimos identificar T. suis e novas espécies do subgênero Pycnomonas presentes em animais selvagens e domésticos. / Trypanosomes are hemoflagellates parasites with medical importance to humans and domestic animals. Outbreaks of severe acute infections by T. vivax have been reported throughout Brazil, where economic loss and reproductive failure are observed. In this study, an experimental infection by T. vivax in sheep confirmed the transplacental transmission of this parasite. Regarding T. vivax epidemiology, to understand the role played by donkeys in outbreaks in the Brazilian Semiarid, we performed parasitological and molecular assays in naturally and experimentally infections. Our findings show that infected donkeys are asymptomatic and, thus, are potential reservoirs. In addition, phylogenetic studies have revealed an unexpected genetic diversity in East Africa, especially in tsetse flies. New genotypes of T. vivax were characterized and trypanosomes of the subgenus Nanomonnas were prevalent in these infections. In this approach, we can identify T. suis and new species of the subgenus Pycnomonas present in wild and domestic animals.
4

Estudos de parâmetros clínicos e patológicos em ovelhas infectadas por Trypanosoma vivax no início e final da gestação / Study of clinical and pathological parameters in ewes infected with Trypanosoma vivax in the beginning and end of pregnancy

Silva, Taciana de Melo Fernandes 25 May 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TacianaMFS_DISSERT.pdf: 5120739 bytes, checksum: 32c27cee135df1f36b3fe8821e9ab1ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-25 / This study aimed to investigate the effect of experimental infection with Trypanosoma vivax in ewes at different stages of pregnancy, to determine the pathogenesis of reproductive failure, and confirm transplacental transmission by PCR. A total of 12 pregnant ewes twelve, adults into three groups G1, consisting of three ewes infected in the first third of pregnancy, G2, consisting of three infected ewes in the final third of gestation, and G3, consisting of six non-infected sheep (control group .) Each ewes G1 and G2 were inoculated with trypomastigotes 1.25 x105. Clinical examination, assessment of hematocrit, serum chemistry, determination of plasma progesterone and parasitemia were determined daily. Pathological examinations were conducted of the fetus, placenta, umbilical cord blood and DNA detection of the parasite in the placenta, amniotic fluid, blood and tissues of fetuses. The parasitaemia was high, reaching peaks of 2.7 x106, being persistent throughout the experimental period. The infection was characterized by the ewes mortality and perinatal mortality in the first third; abortion and perinatal mortality in the final third of gestation. The factors possibly related maternal reproductive failures were low body score, hematocrit, serum glucose, total protein, cholesterol and progesterone. The presence of DNA of T. vivax in the blood and tissues of fetuses, placenta and amniotic fluid, confirming transplacental transmission of the parasite. The presence of histological lesions in the fetal organs and placenta suggest the involvement of the parasite in the pathophysiological mechanism of reproductive damage / O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da infecção experimental por Trypanosoma vivax em ovelhas em diferentes fases da gestação, determinar a patogênese das falhas reprodutivas, e confirmar a transmissão transplacentária por PCR. Foram utilizadas 12 doze ovelhas prenhas, adultas em três grupos experimentais G1, formado por três ovelhas infectadas no terço inicial da gestação; G2, composto por três ovelhas infectadas no terço final da gestação; e G3, constituído por seis ovinos não infectados (grupo controle). Cada ovelha do G1 e G2 foi inoculada com 1,25x105 tripomastigotas. Exames clínicos, avaliação do hematócrito, bioquímica sérica, determinação da concentração plasmática de progesterona e parasitemia foram determinados diariamente. Foram realizados exames anatomopatológicos dos fetos, placenta, cordão umbilical e pesquisa de DNA do parasita na placenta, liquido amniótico, sangue e tecidos dos fetos. A parasitemia foi alta, alcançando picos de 2,7x106, sendo persistente durante todo o período experimental. A infecção foi caracterizada por mortalidade das ovelhas e mortalidade perinatal no terço inicial; aborto e mortalidade perinatal no terço final da gestação. Os fatores possivelmente relacionados com as falhas reprodutivas maternas foram baixos escore corporal, hematócrito, níveis séricos de glicose, proteína total, colesterol e progesterona. A presença do DNA do T. vivax no sangue e tecidos de fetos, placenta e liquido amniótico, confirma a transmissão transplacentária do parasita. A presença de lesões histológicas nos órgãos fetais e placenta sugerem a participação do parasita no mecanismo etiopatogênico de danos reprodutivos
5

Diagnóstico sorológico e avaliação da ocorrência da transmissão vertical de Neospora caninum nos rebanhos bovinos Curraleiro e Pantaneiro / Serological diagnosis and evaluation of occurrence of vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in Curraleiro and Pantaneiro cattle

GUIMARÃES, Marcelo Sales 24 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcelo Sales Guimaraes.pdf: 3899079 bytes, checksum: 38f856923d6a5606a0da0a5054c4e8f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Bovine neosporosis is a parasitic disease of cosmopolitan distribution, caused by the obligatory intracellular cyst forming protozoan Neospora caninum (Phylum Apicomplexa, family Sarcocystidae). It has a strong association with bovine abortion, being N. caninum protozoan considered the most important for this species. The main route of transmission is vertical, determining the endemic-type neosporosis in cattle. Brazilian local breeds as Curraleiro and Pantaneiro present hardiness and resistance to adverse conditions, e.g. poor nutrition and microbiological challenges, as predominant characteristics. The conservation program of such breeds has encouraged studies aiming at a greater knowledge of these animals peculiarities. The purpose of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of these breeds for N. caninum and the occurrence of vertical transmission in herds, evaluating the importance of bovine neosporosis for these herds. Five farms in the state of Goiás and one in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, with Curraleiro and Pantaneiro herds, respectively, were observed. Blood was collected from females at reproductive age and their offspring before colostrum intake, if possible. If it was not possible, blood was periodically collected from the offspring (five collections) until about ten months of age. A total of 358 animals was examined, 249 (198 females and 51 calves) Curraleiros and 109 (62 females and 47 calves) Pantaneiros. Seropositivity to N. caninum was evaluated by using the indirect immunofluorescence (cutoff ≥ 1:200) and ELISA (HerdChek® IDEXX Laboratories) (cutoff S/P ≥ 0.50). The total incidence of seropositives was 47,49% (170/358), 51% (127/249) Curraleiro and 39,45% (43/109) Pantaneiro. One hundred percent of the farms observed presented seropositive animals. The highest titer was 1:25600. The overall vertical transmission rate observed in herds was 51% (95%, CI 37%-64%), being 48% (95%, CI 30%-66%) in Curraleiro and 54% (95%, CI 35%-73%) in Pantaneiro. There was no statistically significant association between breed or titer of the cows and the occurrence of vertical transmission (OR 0,79; CI 0,27-2,34 95%). A low-moderate agreement was found between the two diagnostic techniques used (κ = 0.34). Thus, N. caninum is present in Curraleiro and Pantaneiro cattle breeds, with significant rates of seropositivity and vertical transmission. Although widely distributed, N. caninum does not seem to cause problems in Curraleiro and Pantaneiro herds, as abortion problems are rare and females have good fertility, within the constraints of the breed. / A neosporose bovina é uma enfermidade parasitária causada pelo protozoário intracelular obrigatório Neospora caninum (filo Apicomplexa, família Sarcocystidae), formador de cistos. Enfermidade de distribuição cosmopolita, a neosporose apresenta forte associação com o abortamento bovino, sendo N. caninum considerado o protozoário mais importante para essa espécie. A principal rota de transmissão é a vertical determinando a neosporose do tipo endêmica nos rebanhos. Raças locais brasileiras como o gado Curraleiro e Pantaneiro apresentam como características preponderantes a rusticidade e resistência às condições adversas tais como carência nutricional e desafios microbiológicos. O programa de conservação destas raças incentivou estudos que visam o maior conhecimento das particularidades destes animais. A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar a soropositividade destas raças para N. caninum e a ocorrência de transmissão vertical nos rebanhos, permitindo determinar a importância da neosporose bovina nestes rebanhos. Cinco propriedades criadoras de Curraleiro (estado de Goiás) e uma criadora de Pantaneiro (estado de Mato Grosso do Sul) foram acompanhadas. Foi colhido sangue das fêmeas em idade reprodutiva e de suas crias antes da ingestão do colostro, quando possível. Quando não, foi colhido sangue das crias periodicamente (cinco colheitas) até em torno dos dez meses de idade. Um total de 358 animais foi analisado, sendo 249 (198 fêmeas e 51 bezerros) Curraleiros e 109 (62 fêmeas e 47 bezerros) Pantaneiros. Avaliou-se a soropositividade para N. caninum por meio das técnicas de imunofluorescência indireta (ponto de corte ≥ 1:200) e ELISA indireto (HerdChek® IDEXX Laboratories) (ponto de corte S/P ≥ 0,50). A ocorrência total de soropositivos foi 47,49% (170/358), com 51% (127/249) do gado Curraleiro e 39,45% (43/109) do gado Pantaneiro soropositivo. Cem por cento das propriedades acompanhadas apresentaram animais positivos. O maior título encontrado foi de 1:25600. A taxa de transmissão vertical geral observada nos rebanhos foi de 51% (95%, IC 37%-64%), sendo de 48% (95%, IC 30%-66%) no gado Curraleiro e de 54% (95%, IC 35%-73%) no Pantaneiro. Não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre título ou raça das mães e ocorrência de transmissão vertical (OR 0,79; IC 0,27-2,34 95%). Uma concordância moderada-baixa foi verificada entre as duas técnicas de diagnóstico utilizadas (κ = 0,34). Assim, N. caninum está presente nos rebanhos bovinos das raças Curraleiro e Pantaneiro, com consideráveis taxas de soropositividade e transmissão vertical. Embora amplamente distribuído, N. caninum parece não representar problema nos rebanhos Curraleiro e Pantaneiro, visto que problemas de abortamento são raros e as fêmeas apresentam boa fertilidade, dentro das limitações das raças.

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