Under mitten av 1900-talet förändrades Stockholm. Delar av stadskärnan ersattes av kontorsbyggnader och parkeringshus. Samtidigt byggdes Stockholms tunnelbana och många nya förorter uppfördes. Schakt- och rivningsmassor tippades i högar på olika platser vid stadens utkant och stora toppar skulpterades för att fungera som rekreations- och friluftsområden. En historia som nu faller i glömska. Detta projekt strävar efter att uppmärksamma dessa toppars relation till varandra samt deras funktion som frilufts- och rekreationsområden. / In the middle of the 20th century Stockholm changed. Parts of the city centre were replaced with office buildings and road systems and the subway as well as new suburbs were constructed. Rubble was transported to different sites in the outskirts of Stockholm and huge heights were sculptured as recreational areas. A past that is now falling into oblivion. This project aims to uncover the heights' connection to each other and at the same time enhance their function as recreational areas.

Over the past few years a large amount of work has provided growing insight into the molecular mechanisms that direct post-Golgi trafficking events in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae. However, a key event in this process, the formation of secretory vesicles at the Golgi and sorting of cargo into these transport carriers, remains poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P) generated by the PI(4)-kinase Pik1p plays an essential role in maintenance of Golgi secretory function and morphology. Up to now relatively few targets of Pik1/PI(4)P signaling at the Golgi have been identified and it thus remains elusive how Pik1p mediates its essential function in Golgi secretion. During my thesis work, I used synthetic genetic array analysis (SGA) of a temperature-sensitive mutant allele of PIK1 (pik1-101) in order to gain better understanding of Pik1p function at the TGN and to isolate new regulators of post-Golgi transport in yeast. I identified a total of 85 genes, whose deletion resulted in a synthetic growth defect when combined with the pik1-101 mutation. 21 isolated deletion mutants were used for further analysis, several of which were found to share common trafficking phenotypes with the pik mutant. A striking result of the screen was the finding that Pik1p interacts genetically with several components of a potential post-translational modification pathway referred to as “urmylation pathway”. In addition, a novel, previously uncharacterized subunit of the Transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex was isolated as genetic interactor of Pik1p, suggesting a function for the TRAPP complex in a Pik1p dependent trafficking pathway. Using tandem affinity purification, I could also demonstrate that TRAPP shows previously unknown interactions with other regulators of post-Golgi transport. The second part of this thesis describes the development of a new visual screening approach. Recent work indicates that secretory cargo in yeast can be transported to the cell surface via at least two different exocytic branches. Upon block of one pathway cargo can be partially redistributed into the other pathway. This partial redundancy of exocytic pathways provides one explanation why genetic screens in the past were largely unsuccessful in identifying the molecular machinery that directs vesicle budding and cargo sorting at the TGN. I collaborated in the development of a novel screening method that was devised to circumvent this problem. The method took advantage of the systematic yeast knockout array and was based on the assumption that a defect in cargo sorting and cell surface transport could be detected as intracellular accumulation of a GFP-tagged model cargo. The suitability of our approach for identifying regulators of secretory transport has been demonstrated in a small-scale pilot study that will be presented in this thesis. The screening method proofed to be applicable on a genome-wide scale and can now be used for the screening of additional markers. This novel approach provides an entry point to the comprehensive study of TGN sorting.

Over the past few years a large amount of work has provided growing insight into the molecular mechanisms that direct post-Golgi trafficking events in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae. However, a key event in this process, the formation of secretory vesicles at the Golgi and sorting of cargo into these transport carriers, remains poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P) generated by the PI(4)-kinase Pik1p plays an essential role in maintenance of Golgi secretory function and morphology. Up to now relatively few targets of Pik1/PI(4)P signaling at the Golgi have been identified and it thus remains elusive how Pik1p mediates its essential function in Golgi secretion. During my thesis work, I used synthetic genetic array analysis (SGA) of a temperature-sensitive mutant allele of PIK1 (pik1-101) in order to gain better understanding of Pik1p function at the TGN and to isolate new regulators of post-Golgi transport in yeast. I identified a total of 85 genes, whose deletion resulted in a synthetic growth defect when combined with the pik1-101 mutation. 21 isolated deletion mutants were used for further analysis, several of which were found to share common trafficking phenotypes with the pik mutant. A striking result of the screen was the finding that Pik1p interacts genetically with several components of a potential post-translational modification pathway referred to as “urmylation pathway”. In addition, a novel, previously uncharacterized subunit of the Transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex was isolated as genetic interactor of Pik1p, suggesting a function for the TRAPP complex in a Pik1p dependent trafficking pathway. Using tandem affinity purification, I could also demonstrate that TRAPP shows previously unknown interactions with other regulators of post-Golgi transport. The second part of this thesis describes the development of a new visual screening approach. Recent work indicates that secretory cargo in yeast can be transported to the cell surface via at least two different exocytic branches. Upon block of one pathway cargo can be partially redistributed into the other pathway. This partial redundancy of exocytic pathways provides one explanation why genetic screens in the past were largely unsuccessful in identifying the molecular machinery that directs vesicle budding and cargo sorting at the TGN. I collaborated in the development of a novel screening method that was devised to circumvent this problem. The method took advantage of the systematic yeast knockout array and was based on the assumption that a defect in cargo sorting and cell surface transport could be detected as intracellular accumulation of a GFP-tagged model cargo. The suitability of our approach for identifying regulators of secretory transport has been demonstrated in a small-scale pilot study that will be presented in this thesis. The screening method proofed to be applicable on a genome-wide scale and can now be used for the screening of additional markers. This novel approach provides an entry point to the comprehensive study of TGN sorting.

The advent of unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) as disruptive technology has a lasting impact on remote sensing, geophysics and most geosciences. Small, lightweight, and low-cost UAS enable researchers and surveyors to acquire earth observation data in higher spatial and spectral resolution as compared to airborne and satellite data. UAS-based applications range from rapid topographic mapping using photogrammetric techniques to hyperspectral and geophysical measurements of surface and subsurface geology. UAS surveys contribute to identifying metal deposits, monitoring of mine sites and can reveal arising environmental issues associated with mining. Further, affordable UAS technology will boost exploration data availability and expertise in the global south. This thesis investigates the application of UAS-based multi-sensor data for mineral exploration, in particular the integration of hyperspectral imagers, magnetometers and digital cameras (covering the visible red, green, blue light spectrum). UAS-based research is maturing, however the aforementioned methods are not unified effectively. RGB-based photogrammetry is used to investigate topography and surface texture. Image spectrometers measure mineral-specific surface signatures. Magnetometers detect geomagnetic field changes caused by magnetic minerals at surface and depth. The integration of such UAS sensor-based methods in this thesis augments exploration potential with non-invasive, high-resolution, safe, rapid and practical survey methods. UAS-based surveying acquired, processed and integrated data from three distinct test sites. The sites are located in Finland (Fe-Ti-V at Otanmäki; apatite at Siilinjärvi) and Greenland (Ni-Cu-PGE at Qullissat, Disko Island) and were chosen as geologically diverse areas in subarctic to arctic environments. Restricted accessibility, unfavourable atmospheric conditions, dark rocks, debris and vegetation cover and low solar illumination were common features. While the topography in Finland was moderately flat, a steep landscape challenged the Greenland field work. These restraints meant that acquisitions varied from site to site and how data was integrated and interpreted is dependent on the commodity of interest. Iron-based spectral absorption and magnetic mineral response were detected using hyperspectral and magnetic surveying in Otanmäki. Multi-sensor-based image feature detection and classification combined with magnetic forward modelling enabled seamless geologic mapping in Siilinjärvi. Detailed magnetic inversion and multispectral photogrammetry led to the construction of a comprehensive 3D model of magmatic exploration targets in Greenland. Ground truth at different intensity was employed to verify UAS-based data interpretations during all case studies. Laboratory analysis was applied when deemed necessary to acquire geologic-mineralogic validation (e.g., X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy for mineral identification to establish lithologic domains, magnetic susceptibility measurements for subsurface modelling), for example for trace amounts of magnetite in carbonatite (Siilinjärvi) and native iron occurrence in basalt (Qullissat). Technical achievements were the integration of a multicopter-based prototype fluxgate-magnetometer data from different survey altitudes with ground truth, and a feasibility study with a high-speed multispectral image system for fixed-wing UAS. The employed case studies transfer the experiences made towards general recommendations for UAS application-based multi-sensor integration. This thesis highlights the feasibility of UAS-based surveying at target scale (1–50 km2) and solidifies versatile survey approaches for multi-sensor integration. / Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Potenzial einer Drohnen-basierten Mineralexploration mit Multisensor-Datenintegration unter Verwendung optisch-spektroskopischer und magnetischer Methoden zu untersuchen, um u. a. übertragbare Arbeitsabläufe zu erstellen. Die untersuchte Literatur legt nahe, dass Drohnen-basierte Bildspektroskopie und magnetische Sensoren ein ausgereiftes technologisches Niveau erreichen und erhebliches Potenzial für die Anwendungsentwicklung bieten, aber es noch keine ausreichende Synergie von hyperspektralen und magnetischen Methoden gibt. Diese Arbeit umfasste drei Fallstudien, bei denen die Drohnengestützte Vermessung von geologischen Zielen in subarktischen bis arktischen Regionen angewendet wurde. Eine Kombination von Drohnen-Technologie mit RGB, Multi- und Hyperspektralkameras und Magnetometern ist vorteilhaft und schuf die Grundlage für eine integrierte Modellierung in den Fallstudien. Die Untersuchungen wurden in einem Gelände mit flacher und zerklüfteter Topografie, verdeckten Zielen und unter oft schlechten Lichtverhältnissen durchgeführt. Unter diesen Bedingungen war es das Ziel, die Anwendbarkeit von Drohnen-basierten Multisensordaten in verschiedenen Explorationsumgebungen zu bewerten. Hochauflösende Oberflächenbilder und Untergrundinformationen aus der Magnetik wurden fusioniert und gemeinsam interpretiert, dabei war eine selektive Gesteinsprobennahme und Analyse ein wesentlicher Bestandteil dieser Arbeit und für die Validierung notwendig. Für eine Eisenerzlagerstätte wurde eine einfache Ressourcenschätzung durchgeführt, indem Magnetik, bildspektroskopisch-basierte Indizes und 2D-Strukturinterpretation integriert wurden. Fotogrammetrische 3D-Modellierung, magnetisches forward-modelling und hyperspektrale Klassifizierungen wurden für eine Karbonatit-Intrusion angewendet, um einen kompletten Explorationsabschnitt zu erfassen. Eine Vektorinversion von magnetischen Daten von Disko Island, Grönland, wurden genutzt, um großräumige 3D-Modelle von undifferenzierten Erdrutschblöcken zu erstellen, sowie diese zu identifizieren und zu vermessen. Die integrierte spektrale und magnetische Kartierung in komplexen Gebieten verbesserte die Erkennungsrate und räumliche Auflösung von Erkundungszielen und reduzierte Zeit, Aufwand und benötigtes Probenmaterial für eine komplexe Interpretation. Der Prototyp einer Multispektralkamera, gebaut für eine Starrflügler-Drohne für die schnelle Vermessung, wurde entwickelt, erfolgreich getestet und zum Teil ausgewertet. Die vorgelegte Arbeit zeigt die Vorteile und Potenziale von Multisensor-Drohnen als praktisches, leichtes, sicheres, schnelles und komfortabel einsetzbares geowissenschaftliches Werkzeug, um digitale Modelle für präzise Rohstofferkundung und geologische Kartierung zu erstellen.