Magister Artium - MA (History) / The aim of this mini-thesis is to interrogate an incident that happened in Lesotho in 1982, where the South African Defence Force (SADF) invaded the capital, Maseru, under the guise of searching for ANC operatives and killed 42 people thirty of whom were South Africans, while the remaining 12 were Basotho citizens. A particular concern is how traumatic events are represented by witnesses, how they remember or, rather talk, about the event, and the secrets and silences which may arise. A lack of literature on this period of Lesotho's history and the Raid itself has necessitated a wider engagement with Raid as it is the first raid that involved the SADF, perpetrated in Lesotho. The first chapter draws out and highlights the complicated relationships between Lesotho and South Africa and their respective main opposition political parties, namely, the Basotho Congress Party and the overall South African liberation movements including the African National Congress and the Pan Africanist Congress. This brings me to conclude that the 1982 Maseru Raid and subsequent ones took place on the back of a period that was burdened with gross human rights violations in Lesotho and, this can be argued to explain why the Raid is not particularly spoken about.

Past research on adult memory for childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has provided support for the phenomenon of forgetting and subsequent recovery of the memories, after a period of time. This phenomenon, however, remains a source of debate and is still not fully understood by researchers and psychological and legal practitioners. The research has provided conflicting evidence about the factors which are thought to lead to CSA forgetting for extensive periods of time, in addition to the processes involved in forgetting, triggering and later remembering of the abuse memories by adult survivors. This study utilised a mixed method to investigate and explore the factors and processes associated with CSA forgetting, triggering and later remembering, in a sample of Australian adult CSA survivors (N = 77). Participants were asked to complete a test booklet, containing the Traumatic Events Questionnaire (TEQ), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), Dissociative Experiences Scale II (DES II), Impact of Events Scale - Revised (IES-R), a scale designed to measure persistence of memory (Loftus), and a scale designed to measure emotional intensity at the time of the abuse and now (Williams). Participants were then asked to participate in a semi-structured interview. Seventy-one participants completed the interview process. Five separate analyses were conducted on the data. Methodological issues, such as the use of retrospective data and corroboration of the abuse were outlined. All participants were asked to provide details about any corroboration they had received that the abuse had occurred. The participants were streamed into one of three categories of forgetting (Always Remembered, n = 28; Partial Forgetting, n = 16; and Extensive Forgetting, n = 33). The first analysis (Stage One Analysis One) examined the factors thought to be associated with CSA forgetting, such as abuse parameters (TEQ), current psychological functioning (SCL-90-R), persistence of memory (Loftus), emotional intensity at the time of the abuse and now (Williams), the trauma response experienced at the time of the abuse (IES-R), and current dissociation (DES II), to determine the significant differences between the three groups. A significant difference was found regarding the age at which the abuse commenced, with the Extensive Forgetting group reporting an earlier age at which the abuse commenced. Significant differences were found on the variable that related to being abused by an aunt or uncle, and on the current experience of hostility (SCL-90-R sub-scale), and on the current levels of anger (Williams Emotional Intensity) experienced by the participants. Significant differences between the groups were also found on two of the Persistence of Memory items, namely clarity of memory and participants' memory of the tastes related to the abuse. Finally, a significant difference was found on the participants' current dissociation levels, with the Extensive Forgetting group reporting higher levels of current dissociation than the other two groups. Statistical profiles for each of the three groups were constructed, based on the mean scores of the SCL-90-R, IES-R and DES II, for use in the Stage Two, Analysis Two, profile comparison. Stage Two, Analysis One, provided a qualitative analysis relating to the experience of always remembering the abuse. The aim of this analysis was to provide a deeper understanding of why some participants (n = 23) did not forget about their abuse, when other participants reported being able to forget for a period of time. The results indicated that participants' responses formed clusters, such as older age at abuse onset, failed dissociative mechanisms, constant reminders, and others. Stage Two, Analysis Two, presented and compared each participant's profile against the statistical profiles constructed in Stage One. The participant's profiles included a summary of their TEQ responses and interview responses, in addition to their Stage One test booklet scores. The comparison was made, firstly, on a specific basis against the mean scores obtained by each category of forgetting, and secondly, on a broader basis, against the score range for each measure of the statistical profile. This was done to determine if there was a "typical" member of each category of forgetting and to investigate the within-group differences. The specific profile comparison demonstrated that there was no "typical" member of any of the three groups, with participants varying widely in their scores and patterns of scores. However, when the profile comparison was broadened to include score ranges, 61% of participants, who always remembered the abuse, 44% of participants who partially forgot the abuse, and 47% of participants who extensively forgot their abuse, matched the profile of a "typical" member of their relevant category of forgetting. Stage Two, Analysis Three, provided an in-depth qualitative exploration on the process involved in CSA forgetting, triggering and later remembering, for a selection of participants who reported partially forgetting the abuse (n = 6), and extensively forgetting the abuse (n = 10). Participants' interview responses were transcribed verbatim and analysed, using Interview Analysis. This analysis explored the differences between participants, from the two categories of forgetting, on their experiences of CSA forgetting, triggering and later remembering, in addition to exploring how these participants were able to forget about the abuse; what events triggered their abuse memories; and how the initial memories returned. Issues of memory recovery, while in therapy or under hypnosis, were also explored. Stage Two, Analysis Four, presented the case study of a participant, who had been identified as an "outlier", due to her high score on the DES II, claims of being able to remember abuse incidents that occurred prior to the age of two years, diagnosis of DID, and the substantiated conviction and sentencing of her abuser, based on her recovered memories of the abuse and corroboration from her sister and mother. Her case was examined against some of the criticisms often made by false memory supporters. This thesis found that some CSA survivors forgot about their abuse, either partially or extensively. The thesis also found support for some, but not all, of the factors that previous researchers have identified as being associated with CSA forgetting by adult survivors, specifically the individual's age at the time the abuse commenced and the individual's ability to dissociate from the abuse. The research then explored, in-depth, the issues of: CSA remembering, CSA survivor profiling, and the "how" of CSA forgetting, triggering and later remembering, by adult survivors.

This thesis examines the work of two of the twentieth century’s foremost cultural figures, the Palestinian-American literary critic Edward Said (1935-2003) and the Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish (1941-2008), and focuses specifically on the formulation and representation in their respective work of the theme of identity. It explores the depictions of this concept in their writing; comparing and contrasting their personal viewpoints on the various facets of their own identity as Palestinian Arabs and cosmopolitan global citizens expressed through their chosen literary medium, prose for Said and poetry for Darwish. At the same time, this analysis of the creative writing of these two authors will serve to shed light on the complex and ongoing process which is involved in identity formation and maintenance, and conceptualization of the self. Said and Darwish’s multi-conceptualisations of self-identity take place in Chapter Three, which is divided into seven zones of self-identity. Their understanding of self-identity is observed through the spaces of their names, language, family relationships, friendships, ethnicities, nationalism, hybrid identities, and cosmopolitanism. The concept of post-Nakba and Naksa literature maps the critical developments in evaluations of Arabic literature and, more particularly, Palestinian literature. The understanding of Palestinian cultural context requires an adequate assimilation regarding the impact of Nakba and Naksa in Palestinian literature, linked strongly with the general impact of Nakba in all Arab literature. The thesis begins by establishing the major socio-political, cultural and historical contexts which shaped the lives and work of Said and Darwish. Then using an innovative theoretical framework which draws on elements of post-colonial theory Said’s own contrapuntal technique and close textual analysis, the thesis explores a number of key facets pertaining to identity construction which it can be argued are of particular relevance to the Palestinian case. These include trauma, collective cultural memories, displacement, the Diasporic experience and the dream of return. At the same time, the thesis reveals how whilst both Said and Darwish remained dedicated to the Palestinian cause they adopted a cosmopolitan identity which was reflected in their respective work and its identification with diverse groups of oppressed peoples.

A presente pesquisa trata de analisar a memória dos camponeses do Araguaia sobre um de seus principais Guerrilheiros Osvaldão. A partir da participação da autora da pesquisa em um documentário intitulado Osvaldão foram coletadas entrevistas e através dela identificamos as memórias míticas em torno do personagem supracitado. Essas memórias revelam um homem com qualidades extraordinárias e até sobrenaturais. Nosso objetivo é analisar que elementos propiciaram essa memória mítica e como ela permanece presente entre os moradores do Araguaia. Com as contribuições de Martin Baró, Halbwachs e Selligman Silva compreendemos a relações de trauma e das diferentes estratégias da memória para garantir a própria sobrevivência de quem lembra. A simbolização e a criação do mito surge então como o necessidade para conseguir dar sentido onde não se tem. Essa possibilidade de criação simbólica, de resistência e também o intenso sentimento de solidariedade entre os moradores e Osvaldão funcionam como referências da memória. Em Benjamin, compreendemos que os componentes miraculosos das narrativas funcionam como fatores fixadores e perpetuadores dela. Nas entrevistas percebemos o intenso afeto dos moradores com Osvaldão, o trauma das vivências na guerra e a criação do mito não só como estratégia de sobrevivência dos moradores mas também de Osvaldão / This research is to analyze the memory of the Araguaia peasants on one of its main fighters \"Osvaldão\". From the author\'s participation in the research for the production of the documentary entitled \"Osvaldão\" interviews were collected and, through them, identify the \" mythical \" memories around the aforementioned character. These memories reveal a man with extraordinary and even supernatural qualities. Our goal is to analyze elements that propitiated this memory \"mythical\" and how it remains present among the residents of the Araguaia. With contributions from Martin - Baró, Halbwachs and Selligman - Silva understand the trauma of relationships and different strategies of memory to ensure the survival of those who remember. The symbolization and the creation of the myth then emerge as a need to be able to give direction where no one has. This possibility of symbolic creation, resistance and also the intense feeling of solidarity among residents and Osvaldão function as memory references. In Benjamin, we understand that the miraculous components of the narrative function as fixers and perpetuators of it factors. In the interviews we noticed the intense affection of the residents in relation to Osvaldão, the trauma of the experiences in the war and the creation of the myth not only as a survival strategy of the residents, but also Osvaldão

A presente pesquisa trata de analisar a memória dos camponeses do Araguaia sobre um de seus principais Guerrilheiros Osvaldão. A partir da participação da autora da pesquisa em um documentário intitulado Osvaldão foram coletadas entrevistas e através dela identificamos as memórias míticas em torno do personagem supracitado. Essas memórias revelam um homem com qualidades extraordinárias e até sobrenaturais. Nosso objetivo é analisar que elementos propiciaram essa memória mítica e como ela permanece presente entre os moradores do Araguaia. Com as contribuições de Martin Baró, Halbwachs e Selligman Silva compreendemos a relações de trauma e das diferentes estratégias da memória para garantir a própria sobrevivência de quem lembra. A simbolização e a criação do mito surge então como o necessidade para conseguir dar sentido onde não se tem. Essa possibilidade de criação simbólica, de resistência e também o intenso sentimento de solidariedade entre os moradores e Osvaldão funcionam como referências da memória. Em Benjamin, compreendemos que os componentes miraculosos das narrativas funcionam como fatores fixadores e perpetuadores dela. Nas entrevistas percebemos o intenso afeto dos moradores com Osvaldão, o trauma das vivências na guerra e a criação do mito não só como estratégia de sobrevivência dos moradores mas também de Osvaldão / This research is to analyze the memory of the Araguaia peasants on one of its main fighters \"Osvaldão\". From the author\'s participation in the research for the production of the documentary entitled \"Osvaldão\" interviews were collected and, through them, identify the \" mythical \" memories around the aforementioned character. These memories reveal a man with extraordinary and even supernatural qualities. Our goal is to analyze elements that propitiated this memory \"mythical\" and how it remains present among the residents of the Araguaia. With contributions from Martin - Baró, Halbwachs and Selligman - Silva understand the trauma of relationships and different strategies of memory to ensure the survival of those who remember. The symbolization and the creation of the myth then emerge as a need to be able to give direction where no one has. This possibility of symbolic creation, resistance and also the intense feeling of solidarity among residents and Osvaldão function as memory references. In Benjamin, we understand that the miraculous components of the narrative function as fixers and perpetuators of it factors. In the interviews we noticed the intense affection of the residents in relation to Osvaldão, the trauma of the experiences in the war and the creation of the myth not only as a survival strategy of the residents, but also Osvaldão

This thesis is a response to a lacuna in musicology, namely the near absence of postcolonial and decolonial epistemologies. Employing both diachronic and synchronic perspectives, it provides a historical overview of the institutional positioning of musicology as an academic discipline founded on structures of expectation and exploitation indebted to Western imperialism. This longer historical view is accompanied throughout by an examination of ethics in its institutionalised forms, specifically in the domains of knowledge production and the university. The thesis maintains that while such ostensibly ethical underpinnings may promise redress on the basis of the violence inflicted by an imperialist past, the discourse employed in its application in fact serves to strengthen the ideological hold of Western hegemony and, in so doing, betrays the promise of reparation that ethics is ordinarily understood to encompass. The thesis examines different aesthetic and epistemological manifestations of the postcolonial, considering at length Steve Reich's string quartet, Different Trains (1988), Philip Glass's opera, Waiting for the Barbarians (2005), and Philip Miller's choral work, REwind: A Cantata for Voice, Tape and Testimony (2006). Both content and style weave these works together as they engage, by means of a post-minimalist aesthetic, stream-of-violence narratives intimately bound up with the postcolonial condition. Of particular importance in the consideration of these musical texts is the urgent necessity for epistemological transformation, marked in musicology as the lack of post- and decolonial perspectives. Finally, the thesis grapples with the (im)possibility of complicit scholarship that must, through its very expression, wound its subject.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka det vetenskapliga stödet för teorin bakom behandlingsmetoden Narrative exposure therapy(NET).I NET-modellen delas det autobiografiska minnet upp i varma och kalla minnen och mellan dessa minnestyper finns en koppling. Då en individ utsätts för en traumatisk händelse bryts denna koppling och PTSD kan uppkomma. Avbrottet gör att de som lider av flashbacks blir fast i ångest och rädsla och blir oförmögna att lokalisera en flashback i tid och rum. Med NET kopplas det varma och kalla minnet samman igen i syfte att göra ett traumatiskt minne tillgängligt för terapeutisk bearbetning.Denna minnesmekanism samt minnesindelningen varma och kalla minnen, har en oklar grund.Metoden som användes i detta examensarbete var litteraturstudie. Frågeställningarna var, existerar vetenskapligt underlag,som visar att minnen kan delas upp i varma och kalla minnenochkan PTSD uppstå om kopplingen mellan dessa minnen bryts? I de källor som granskats i denna litteraturstudie fanns inget stöd för NET-modellens minnesindelning och förklaring till uppkomsten av PTSD.Dock finns likheter mellan NET-metoden och forskningsunderlag men de är inte tillräckliga för att kunna ge stöd till NET-modellen. Likheter fanns bland annat mellan NET-modellen och S-reps och C-reps (Brewin, Gregory, Burgess & Lipton 2010) samt datadriven bearbetning av traumaminnen(Halligan, Ehlers & Clark, 2003).