As faltas podem ocorrer em diversos componentes de um sistema elétrico de potência, dentre os quais as linhas de transmissão se destacam como elementos susceptíveis. Devido a suas dimensões físicas, ambiente de operação e interconexão com outros sistemas, a localização exata de uma falta em uma linha de transmissão não é trivial dificultando a tarefa das equipes de manutenção para recomposição do fornecimento de energia. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia computacional desenvolvida em ambiente MATLAB® para diagnóstico de faltas em linhas de transmissão baseada na análise de transitórios de alta freqüência nas tensões do sistema. A abordagem desenvolvida neste trabalho inicialmente utiliza a equação de Park para achar a tensão zero, direta e em quadratura e posteriormente detectar a ocorrência da falta através do coeficiente de diferenças. Posteriormente, a teoria de ondas viajantes associada à transformada wavelet contínua são utilizadas objetivando determinar a frequência característica do sinal transitório, a qual é relacionada com o local da falta. Para validar o algoritmo de localização proposto foram realizadas diversas simulações de faltas com o programa ATP (Alternative Transient Program) utilizando dados de uma linha aérea real. A efetividade da abordagem proposta foi avaliada considerando a resistência de falta, o ângulo de incidência da falta e a impedância de curto-circuito do sistema. Os resultados promissores demonstraram a aplicabilidade da formulação proposta para localização faltas em linhas de transmissão aéreas utilizando medições oscilográficas digitais de apenas um terminal. / Faults can occur in several components of an electric power system, among which the transmission line stands out. Due to its physical dimensions, operating environment and interconnection systems, the exact transmission line fault location is non-trivial hindering maintenance crew system restoration. In this context, this work presents a computational methodology developed in MATLAB® environment for fault diagnosis on transmission lines based on voltage high frequency transient analysis. Thus, the approach adopted in this work use firstly the Park equations to find the zero, direct and quadrature voltage and then detect the fault occurrence through the difference coefficient. After, the traveling wave theory associated with continuous wavelet transform application is used for determining the characteristic frequency of the transient signal, which is correlated with the fault location. To validate the proposed fault location algorithm, several fault simulations were executed using ATP software using real overhead line data. The proposed fault location scheme performance was evaluated considering the fault resistance, inception fault angle and short-circuit impedance of the system. The promising results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed formulation for fault location in overhead transmission lines, using one terminal digital oscillographic measurement.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / This paper presents an automatic fault location method in transmission lines based on the Travelling Waves Theory (TWT) using the Stockwell Transform (ST) to determine the travelling waves propagation time and the dominant frequency of transient signals generated by faults. The method considers the case where there is no communication between terminals or loss of synchronism between the devices responsible for estimating the location of faults using, therefore, only data from one terminal. Single-phase faults only involving one of the phases and the earth area evaluated, which occur in the first half of a transmission line of unknown parameters. It is observed that the method (i) wasnât sensitive to fault resistance variations and inception angle and (ii) the obtained results presented errors between 0,10% and 5,82% for faults that occurred between 7km and 99km from the monitoring terminal. To improve the accuracy of estimating the fault location, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) of the type MLP (Multi-Layer Perceptron) is designed, and trained with characteristics extracted from the faulty signals using ST. The ATP (Alternative Transient Program) software was adopted for simulation of a three phase transmission line which voltage signals were sampled at 200kHz. The simulations were performed exploring 1280 combinations of the following parameters: fault locations, fault resistances and inception angle. The method was developed using the software MATLABÂ. According to the obtained results, the combination of ST with ANN presented better results than the application of ST and TWT. Such improvement is highlighted for the estimation of fault location at greater distances from the monitoring terminal, with errors between 0,02% and 1,56% for faults that occurred between 7km and 99km from the monitoring terminal. / Este trabalho apresenta um mÃtodo automÃtico de localizaÃÃo de faltas em linhas de transmissÃo baseado na Teoria das Ondas Viajantes (TOV) utilizando a Transformada de Stockwell (TS) para determinaÃÃo dos tempos de propagaÃÃo das ondas viajantes e da frequÃncia dominante dos sinais transitÃrios gerados pelas situaÃÃes de falta. O mÃtodo considera o caso em que nÃo hà comunicaÃÃo entre terminais ou hà perda de sincronismo entre os equipamentos responsÃveis pela estimaÃÃo da localizaÃÃo das faltas utilizando, portanto, dados provenientes de apenas um terminal. Consideram-se faltas monofÃsicas envolvendo uma das fases e a terra, as quais ocorrem na primeira metade de uma linha de transmissÃo de parÃmetros desconhecidos. Observa-se que o mÃtodo (i) nÃo se mostrou sensÃvel a variaÃÃes de resistÃncia de falta e Ãngulo de incidÃncia e (ii) os resultados obtidos apresentam erros entre 0,10% e 5,82% para faltas que ocorreram entre 7km e 99km do terminal de monitoramento. Para a melhoria da precisÃo na estimaÃÃo da localizaÃÃo das faltas foi projetada uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) do tipo MLP (Multi-Layer Perceptron), treinada a partir de caracterÃsticas dos sinais faltosos extraÃdas atravÃs da TS. Foram utilizados os sinais trifÃsicos de tensÃo amostrados na frequÃncia de 200kHz gerados a partir de simulaÃÃes no software ATP (Alternative Transiente Program), no qual foram realizadas 1280 simulaÃÃes explorando diversas localizaÃÃes e resistÃncias de falta e Ãngulo de incidÃncia. O mÃtodo foi aplicado utilizando o software MATLABÂ. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a combinaÃÃo da TS e RNA projetada apresentou melhores resultados do que a aplicaÃÃo da TS e TOV, destacando-se na estimaÃÃo da localizaÃÃo de faltas que ocorreram a maiores distÃncias do terminal de monitoramento, com erros entre 0,02% e 1,56% para faltas que ocorreram entre 7km e 99km do terminal de monitoramento.

As faltas podem ocorrer em diversos componentes de um sistema elétrico de potência, dentre os quais as linhas de transmissão se destacam como elementos susceptíveis. Devido a suas dimensões físicas, ambiente de operação e interconexão com outros sistemas, a localização exata de uma falta em uma linha de transmissão não é trivial dificultando a tarefa das equipes de manutenção para recomposição do fornecimento de energia. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia computacional desenvolvida em ambiente MATLAB® para diagnóstico de faltas em linhas de transmissão baseada na análise de transitórios de alta freqüência nas tensões do sistema. A abordagem desenvolvida neste trabalho inicialmente utiliza a equação de Park para achar a tensão zero, direta e em quadratura e posteriormente detectar a ocorrência da falta através do coeficiente de diferenças. Posteriormente, a teoria de ondas viajantes associada à transformada wavelet contínua são utilizadas objetivando determinar a frequência característica do sinal transitório, a qual é relacionada com o local da falta. Para validar o algoritmo de localização proposto foram realizadas diversas simulações de faltas com o programa ATP (Alternative Transient Program) utilizando dados de uma linha aérea real. A efetividade da abordagem proposta foi avaliada considerando a resistência de falta, o ângulo de incidência da falta e a impedância de curto-circuito do sistema. Os resultados promissores demonstraram a aplicabilidade da formulação proposta para localização faltas em linhas de transmissão aéreas utilizando medições oscilográficas digitais de apenas um terminal. / Faults can occur in several components of an electric power system, among which the transmission line stands out. Due to its physical dimensions, operating environment and interconnection systems, the exact transmission line fault location is non-trivial hindering maintenance crew system restoration. In this context, this work presents a computational methodology developed in MATLAB® environment for fault diagnosis on transmission lines based on voltage high frequency transient analysis. Thus, the approach adopted in this work use firstly the Park equations to find the zero, direct and quadrature voltage and then detect the fault occurrence through the difference coefficient. After, the traveling wave theory associated with continuous wavelet transform application is used for determining the characteristic frequency of the transient signal, which is correlated with the fault location. To validate the proposed fault location algorithm, several fault simulations were executed using ATP software using real overhead line data. The proposed fault location scheme performance was evaluated considering the fault resistance, inception fault angle and short-circuit impedance of the system. The promising results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed formulation for fault location in overhead transmission lines, using one terminal digital oscillographic measurement.

This thesis is concerned with the existence and spectral stability of periodic waves in the fractional Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation and the fractional modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation. We study the existence of periodic travelling waves using various tools such as Green's function for fractional Laplacian operator, Petviashvili fixed point method, and a new variational characterization in which the periodic waves in fractional KdV and fractional mKdV are realized as the constrained minimizers of the quadratic part of the energy functional subject to fixed L3 and L4 norm respectively. This new variational framework allows us to identify the existence region of periodic travelling waves and to derive the criterion for spectral stability of the periodic waves with respect to perturbations of the same period. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Spontaneous travelling waves of neuronal activity are a prominent feature throughout the developing brain and have been shown to be essential for achieving normal function, but the mechanism of their action on post-synaptic connections remains unknown. A well-known and widespread mechanism for altering synaptic strengths is spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP), whereby the temporal relationship between the pre- and post-synaptic spikes determines whether a synapse is strengthened or weakened. Here, I answer the theoretical question of how these two phenomenon interact: what types of connectivity patterns can emerge when travelling waves drive a downstream area that implements STDP, and what are the critical features of the waves and the plasticity rules that shape these patterns? I then demonstrate how the theory can be applied to the development of the visual system, where retinal waves are hypothesised to play a role in the refinement of downstream connections. My major findings are as follows. (1) Mathematically, STDP translates the correlated activity of travelling waves into coherent patterns of synaptic connectivity; it maps the spatiotemporal structure in waves into a spatial pattern of synaptic strengths, building periodic structures into feedforward circuits. This is analogous to pattern formation in reaction diffusion systems. The theory reveals a role for the wave speed and time scale of the STDP rule in determining the spatial frequency of the connectivity pattern. (2) Simulations verify the theory and extend it from one-dimensional to two-dimensional cases, and from simplified linear wavefronts to more complex realistic and noisy wave patterns. (3) With appropriate constraints, these pattern formation abilities can be harnessed to explain a wide range of developmental phenomena, including how receptive fields (RFs) in the visual system are refined in size and topography and how simple-cell and direction selective RFs can develop. The theory is applied to the visual system here but generalises across different brain areas and STDP rules. The theory makes several predictions that are testable using existing experimental paradigms.

Epidermal wound healing requires the coordinated involvement of complex cellular and biochemical processes. In the case of epidermal wounds associated with burns, the healing process may be less than optimal and may take a significant amount of time, possibly resulting in infection and scarring. An innovative method to assist in the repair of the epidermis (the outer layer of skin) is to use an aerosolised apparatus. This method involves taking skin cells from an area of the patient's undamaged skin, culturing the cells in a laboratory, encouraging them to rapidly proliferate, then harvesting and separating the cells from each other. The cells are then sprayed onto the wound surface. We investigate this novel treatment strategy for the healing of epidermal wounds, such as burns. In particular, we model the application of viable cell colonies to the exposed surface of the wound with the intent of identifying key factors that govern the healing process. Details of the evolution of the colony structure are explored in this two-dimensional model of the wound site, including the effect of varying the initial population cluster size and the initial distribution of cell types with different proliferative capacities. During injury, holoclones (which are thought to be stem cells) have a large proliferative capacity while paraclones (which are thought to be transient amplifying cells) have a more limited proliferative capacity. The model predicts the coverage over time for cells that are initially sprayed onto a wound. A detailed analysis of the underlying mathematical models yields novel mathematical results as well as insight into phenomena of healing processes under investigation. Two one-dimensional systems that are simplifications of the full model are investigated. These models are significant extensions of Fisher's equation and incorporate the mixed clonal population of quiescent and active cells. In the first model, an active cell type migrates and proliferates into the wound and undergoes a transition to a quiescent cell type that neither migrates nor proliferates. The analysis yields the identification of the key parameter constraints on the speed of the healing front of the cells on this model and hence the rate of healing of epidermal wounds. Approximations for the maximum cell densities are also obtained, including conditions for a less than optimal final state. The second model involves two active cell types with different proliferative capacity and a quiescent cell type. This model exhibits two distinct behaviours: either both cell types coexist or one of them dies out as the wound healing progresses leaving the other cell type to fill the wound space. Conditions for coexistence are explored.

Recently, a new kind of turbulence has been discovered in the flow of concentrated polymer melts and solutions. These flows, known as purely elastic flows, become unstable when the elastic forces are stronger than the viscous forces. This contrasts with Newtonian turbulence, a more familiar regime where the fluid inertia dominates. While there is little understanding of purely elastic turbulence, there is a well-established dynamical systems approach to the transition from laminar flow to Newtonian turbulence. In this project, I apply this approach to purely elastic flows. Laminar flows are characterised by ordered, locally-parallel streamlines of fluid, with only diffusive mixing perpendicular to the flow direction. In contrast, turbulent flows are in a state of continuous instability: tiny differences in the location of fluid elements upstream make a large difference to their later locations downstream. The emerging understanding of the transition from a laminar to turbulent flow is in terms of exact coherent structures (ECS) — patterns of the flow that occur near to the transition to turbulence. The problem I address in this thesis is how to predict when a purely elastic flow will become unstable and when it will transition to turbulence. I consider a variety of flows and examine the purely elastic instabilities that arise. This prepares the ground for the identification of a three-dimensional steady state solution to the equations, corresponding to an exact coherent structure. I have organised my research primarily around obtaining a purely elastic exact coherent structure, however, solving this problem requires a very accurate prediction of the exact solution to the equations of motion. In Chapter 2 I start from a Newtonian ECS (travelling wave solutions in two-dimensional flow) and attempt to connect it to the purely elastic regime. Although I found no such connection, the results corroborate other evidence on the effect of elasticity on travelling waves in Poiseuille flow. The Newtonian plane Couette ECS is sustained by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. I discover a purely elastic counterpart of this mechanism in Chapter 3, and explore the non-linear evolution of this instability in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5 I turn to a slightly different problem, a (previously unexplained) instability in a purely elastic oscillatory shear flow. My numerical analysis supports the experimental evidence for instability of this flow, and relates it to the instability described in Chapter 3. In Chapter 6 I discover a self-sustaining flow, and discuss how it may lead to a purely elastic 3D exact coherent structure.

Equações diferenciais de quarta ordem aparecem naturalmente na modelagem de oscilações de estruturas elásticas, como aquelas observadas em pontes pênseis. São considerados dois modelos que descrevem as oscilações no tabuleiro de uma ponte. No modelo unidimensional estudamos blow up em espaço finito de soluções de uma classe de equações diferenciais de quarta ordem. Os resultados apresentados solucionam uma conjectura apresentada em [F. Gazzola and R. Pavani. Wide oscillation finite time blow up for solutions to nonlinear fourth order differential equations. Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 207(2):717752, 2013] e implicam a não existência de ondas viajantes com baixa velocidade de propagação em uma viga. No modelo bidimensional analisamos uma equação não local para uma placa longa e fina, suportada nas extremidades menores, livre nas demais e sujeita a protensão. Provamos existência e unicidade de solução fraca e estudamos o seu comportamento assintótico sob amortecimento viscoso. Estudamos ainda a estabilidade de modos simples de oscilação, os quais são classificados como longitudinais ou torcionais. / Fourth order differential equations appear naturally when modeling oscillations in elastic structures such as those observed in suspension bridges. Two models describing oscillations in the roadway of a bridge are considered. In the one-dimensional model we study finite space blow up of solutions for a class of fourth order differential equations. The results answer a conjecture presented in [F. Gazzola and R. Pavani. Wide oscillation finite time blow up for solutions to nonlinear fourth order differential equations. Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 207(2):717752, 2013] and imply the nonexistence of beam oscillation given by traveling wave profile with low speed propagation. In the two-dimensional model we analyze a nonlocal equation for a thin narrow prestressed rectangular plate where the two short edges are hinged and the two long edges are free. We prove existence and uniqueness of weak solution and we study its asymptotic behavior under viscous damping. We also study the stability of simple modes of oscillations which are classified as longitudinal or torsional.

Cette thèse étudie des ondes localisées pour certaines classes d'équations différentielles non linéaires décrivant des systèmes mécaniques excitables. Ces systèmes correspondent à une chaîne infinie de blocs reliés par des ressorts et qui glissent sur un surface en présence d'une force de frottement non linéaire dépendant de la vitesse. Nous analysons à la fois le modèle de Burridge-Knopoff (avec des blocs attachés à des ressorts tirés à une vitesse constante) et une chaîne de blocs libres glissant sur un plan incliné sous l'effet de la gravité. Pour une classe de fonctions de frottement non-monotones, ces deux systèmes présentent une réponse de grande amplitude à des perturbations au-dessus d'un certain seuil, ce qui constitue l'une des principales propriétés des systèmes excitables. Cette réponse provoque la propagation d'ondes solitaires ou des fronts, en fonction du modèle et des paramètres. Nous étudions ces ondes localisées numériquement et théoriquement pour une grande gamme de lois de frottement et des régimes de paramètres, ce qui conduit à l'analyse d'équations différentielles non linéaires avec avance et retard. Les phénomènes d'extinction de propagation et d'apparition d'oscillations sont également étudiés pour les ondes progressives. L'introduction d'une fonction de frottement linéaire par morceaux permet de construire explicitement des ondes localisées sous la forme d'intégrales oscillantes et d'analyser certaines de leurs propriétés telles que la forme et la vitesse d'ondes. Une preuve de l'existence d'ondes solitaires est obtenue pour le modèle de Burridge-Knopoff pour un couplage faible. / This thesis analyses localized travelling waves for some classes of nonlinearlattice differential equations describing excitable mechanical systems. Thesesystems correspond to an infinite chain of blocks connected by springs and sliding on a surface in the presence of a nonlinear velocity-dependent friction force. We investigate both the Burridge-Knopoff model (with blocks attached to springs pulled at constant velocity) and a chain of free blocks sliding on an inclined plane under the effect of gravity. For a class of non-monotonic friction functions, both systems display a large response to perturbations above a threshold, one of the main properties of excitable systems. This response induces the propagation of either solitary waves orfronts, depending on the model and parameter regime. We study these localized waves numerically and theoretically for a broad range of friction laws and parameter regimes, which leads to the analysis of nonlinear advance-delay differential equations. Phenomena of propagation failure and oscillations of the travelling wave profile are also investigated. The introduction of a piecewise linear friction function allows one to construct localized waves explicitly in the form of oscillatory integrals and to analyse some of their properties such as shape and wave speed. An existence proof for solitary waves is obtained for the excitable Burridge-Knopoff model in the weak coupling regime.

Equações diferenciais de quarta ordem aparecem naturalmente na modelagem de oscilações de estruturas elásticas, como aquelas observadas em pontes pênseis. São considerados dois modelos que descrevem as oscilações no tabuleiro de uma ponte. No modelo unidimensional estudamos blow up em espaço finito de soluções de uma classe de equações diferenciais de quarta ordem. Os resultados apresentados solucionam uma conjectura apresentada em [F. Gazzola and R. Pavani. Wide oscillation finite time blow up for solutions to nonlinear fourth order differential equations. Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 207(2):717752, 2013] e implicam a não existência de ondas viajantes com baixa velocidade de propagação em uma viga. No modelo bidimensional analisamos uma equação não local para uma placa longa e fina, suportada nas extremidades menores, livre nas demais e sujeita a protensão. Provamos existência e unicidade de solução fraca e estudamos o seu comportamento assintótico sob amortecimento viscoso. Estudamos ainda a estabilidade de modos simples de oscilação, os quais são classificados como longitudinais ou torcionais. / Fourth order differential equations appear naturally when modeling oscillations in elastic structures such as those observed in suspension bridges. Two models describing oscillations in the roadway of a bridge are considered. In the one-dimensional model we study finite space blow up of solutions for a class of fourth order differential equations. The results answer a conjecture presented in [F. Gazzola and R. Pavani. Wide oscillation finite time blow up for solutions to nonlinear fourth order differential equations. Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 207(2):717752, 2013] and imply the nonexistence of beam oscillation given by traveling wave profile with low speed propagation. In the two-dimensional model we analyze a nonlocal equation for a thin narrow prestressed rectangular plate where the two short edges are hinged and the two long edges are free. We prove existence and uniqueness of weak solution and we study its asymptotic behavior under viscous damping. We also study the stability of simple modes of oscillations which are classified as longitudinal or torsional.