Thesis (doctoral)--Université Michel de Montaigne Bordeaux III. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 536-[549]).

In modern pop-culture, the prevalence of tropes is eminent. Without a knowledge of common themes and overgeneralizations, an author’s work will fail to attract a sufficient audience. One of these encompassing tropes includes the pirate trope. Pirate tropes range from physical aspects, such as eyepatches and tricornes, to the psychological implications of greed and villainy. Understanding the origin of tropes helps eliminate the over usage and transformation of tropes. The current study, a textual analysis, examines the popularized pirate novel Treasure Island and compares its’ tropes to the first collection of pirate biographies, A General History of Pyrates. The researcher hopes to discover many, if not all, of the tropes found in Treasure Island originated, through explicit evidence or variances, from A General History of Pyrates. The study will also utilize the New Historicism approach. Through New Historicism, the researcher will examine what historical accounts, including political, cultural, and economic strife, led Treasure Island to emerge as the most well-known pirate novel, rather than its predecessors. Thus far, the research has indicated that Treasure Island emerged as the prime pirate novel due to several factors, including America’s proximity to piracy during the 18th century. These associations include, but are not limited to: America’s trade system with pirates, proximity to pirate dwellings in North America, Americans’ desire of freedom associated with pirates, and democracy based politics practiced among outlaw captains and crewmembers. Stevenson illustrated these points in Treasure Island, which ties the novel’s timeless tropes with today’s conceptions of piracy. In addition, Stevenson used tropes from other novels associated with pirates including: Sir Walter Scott’s The Pirate; Washington Irving’s Tales of a Traveller; Captain Frederick Marryat’s “The Pirate”; Edgar Allen Poe’s “The Gold-Bug”; and several works by Daniel Defoe. Stevenson combined these tropes in Treasure Island while also using A General History of Pirates as a guide to ensure creditability. These tropes, brought to attention by Stevenson, continue to flourish in modern depictions of 18th century pirates.

The aim of this essay is to show how both Treasure Island and Black Sails depict master narratives that are mainly influenced by imperialist ideology. The essay analyzes elements present in both the novel and the television series that reflect imperialist practices such as “othering,” propaganda, and exploitation. The aim of this essay is also to underline the plurality of voices created by various narratives of marginalized people present in the two sources. By analyzing the perspective and social organization of minority groups such as children, gay men, and people with disabilities, this essay demonstrates how the narratives of marginalized people can be both subversive and complementary to the master narrative.

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中共對外使用武力是一個很複雜、龐大的研究議題。自中共建政以來，不僅和意識形態對立的美國發生嚴重的軍事衝突，亦和同屬社會主義陣營的蘇聯、越南爆發軍事衝突；除了涉及統一問題而爆發多次台海危機外，亦與第三世界大國印度爆發大規模邊境衝突。早期的研究通常從冷戰的角度出發，帶有明顯的工具性質，但囿於資料保密，使得研究成果難以突破，臆測性大於實證性，此窘境直至冷戰結束後始有轉變。 有利於學術研究氛圍的主要因素有四點：一是前蘇聯、美國檔案的解密、部分中共檔案的開放、及少數智庫提供部分解密檔案，使得研究者可以取得重要的一手資料；二是關鍵人物之訪談與回憶錄的出版，可以補充檔案文獻的不足；三是中國崛起與中國威脅論成為國際關注焦點後，連帶地使得軍事議題浮上檯面，西方學界主要從權力結構及歷史的角度關注中國權力增長的意義，透過中共使用武力的分析，藉以預測未來是否出現權力轉移與中國在軍事上的應對方式；四是1995-96年台海危機的爆發，以及近期中共與越南、菲律賓及日本，因南海島礁與釣魚臺主權爭議問題而引發的衝突，使得有關中共對外使用武力的研究再度引起學界的關注。 目前有關中共使用武力的研究範疇相當廣泛，少數研究採取多重案例研究，嘗試歸納出中共對外使用武力的模式、步驟、原則或特徵；多數的研究則針對單一案例研究，並聚焦於分析中共發動戰爭的原因。此外，學界開始從歷史文獻分析轉而採取理論分析與建構。凡此種種，皆提供了一個重新詮釋中共對外使用武力的視野。然而，現有的研究成果雖然相當豐碩，卻無法建立一個一般性的分析框架或理論性模式，並且忽略中共對外使用武力的預防性動機與其政策選擇之間的動態關係，因此無法完整地解釋中共對外使用武力行為。 本文的研究目的並不是建立一個宏大的普遍理論，而是在一定的時空範疇內針對某一類現象建立一個合理、具有經驗性與理論性意涵的模式。換言之，即是借鑒相關國際關係、心理學及經濟學等相關理論的核心概念，並透過將中共對外使用武力的原因概念化過程，以預防性動機為主軸，提出一個「中共對外使用武力之動態衝突抉擇模式」，以解釋：中共較容易與何者發生軍事衝突、領導人在戰爭（衝突）前的認知、為何會使用武力、以及使用武力的決策選擇如何確立？並透過六個正例（1950年韓戰、1953-54年第一次台海危機、1962年中印邊境衝突、1969年珍寶島衝突、1979年懲越戰爭、1995-96年第三次台海危機）及一個反例（1999年「特殊國與國關係」）的多重案例檢驗，以回答上述的問題。 本文的研究發現： 一、中共的確比較容易與實力或意圖上具有潛在挑戰其周邊權力地位的國家發生軍事衝突。 二、中共領導人在戰爭（衝突）前，的確有產生錯誤認知。 三、中共是出於防止周邊權力地位衰退的預防性動機而對外使用武力。 四、中共對外使用武力中，領導人對周邊權力地位衰退的程度與衰退的必然性之認知強弱，會影響其決策選擇。

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