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This thesis seeks to investigate the short- and long-term socio-economic impact of the First Punic War on Carthage and its people. It will do so by exploring three parts of the Carthaginian political and socio-economic system during the fourth through the second centuries BCE. The first is its navy, and specifically the costs – in both material and man – of its use. This will be the subject of the first chapter. The second analyses the additional expenditures which the war extracted from Carthage, such as the outlays to recruit, maintain, and provide for the land army. The final chapter focuses on the long-term ramifications of the war, which will be explored by means of an in-depth analysis of the last few battles of the First Punic War from an economic angle.

The Diploma Thesis deals with the President of the Republic and his/her relation to the International Treaties, to the Negotiation, the Approval and the Ratification. The work contains both international and national perspective of the problem. The thesis is a reflection of the ongoing expert debate, to which extent has the President of the Republic the constitutional right of decision-making autonomy in the field of International Treaties of the Czech Republic. The thesis analyses the current legal situation and presents up-to-date juridical opinions together with arguments from the political science.

Este trabalho investiga quantitativamente as causas da adesão de países a tratados internacionais de segurança. Mais precisamente, tratados de controle de armamentos. O principal tratado a ser estudado aqui é o Tratado de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares. Primeiramente fiz uma reconstrução racional dos programas realista e liberal das relações internacionais, com enfoque em regimes internacionais. Trata-se de uma abordagem qualitativa, feita com o intuito de subsidiar a pesquisa quantitativa. O cerne do trabalho é a análise econométrica do problema da adesão. Utilizo dados em painel na forma país/ano. Utilizo o universo dos países entre os anos 1968 e 2004. A técnica utilizada é a regressão logística com erro padrão robusto agrupado por país. O principal achado é que democracias aderem mais que autocracias na razão de dois para um. Por fim, temos uma modelagem formal, ainda bastante tentativa, do problema da adesão a tratados de segurança, feita com o intuito de prover uma ferramenta de policy implementation, com base num estudo de caso, qual seja, o da adesão de Índia e Paquistão ao Tratado de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares. A metodologia usada nesta parte é a de desenho de mecanismo. / This study investigates the causes of adhesion to security treaties. The main case of study is the Non-Proliferation Treaty. The rational reconstructions of the liberal and realist research programs inform the quantitative work that follows them. The kernel of this piece is the econometric analysis. I use panel data and cluster robust logits to infer the causes of adhesion of countries to arms control treaties. The main finding is that democracies adhere more than authoritarian domestic regimes with a two to one odds ratio. Finally, I model the strategic situation between India and Pakistan. These two countries are not yet signatories of the NPT. I use mechanism design to come up with a means of promoting better equilibria.

Sexualized violence continues to threaten the autonomy of individuals and violate human rights. Scholars debate the effectiveness of international treaties in addressing this problem. The Convention on Elimination and Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) of 1979 requires ratifying countries to uplift equality and denounce discrimination of women nationally, in public and private spheres. Examining Bosnia and Herzegovina as a case study shows the effectiveness CEDAW has in creating political and social change. In addition, the Bosnian War illustrates the threat sexualized violence has on individual autonomy. Findings show that CEDAW and grassroots feminist activism are successful together in advocating for social and political change. These results support the power of international treaties when combined with grassroots support for the cause. Over time, social change is possible as a consequence of international jurisprudence, which will help end sexualized violence globally, one individual at a time.

This thesis investigates the search for new relationships between indigenous and settler peoples in Australia and Canada. Both reconciliation and the treaty-making process in British Columbia are understood as attempts to build such relationships. Yetthese are policies that have arisen in response to the persistence of indigenous claims for recognition of rights and respect for identity. Consequently, I consider what the purpose of new relationships might be: is the creation of new relationships to be the means by which settlers recognise and respect indigenous rights and identities, or is there some other goal? To answer this, I analyse the two policies as the opening of negotiations over indigenous claims for recognition. That is, the opening of new political spaces in which indigenous people�s voices and claims may be heard. Reconciliation opened a space to rethink Australian attitudes to history and culture, to renegotiate Australian identity. Treaties in British Columbia primarily seek to renegotiate ownership and control of lands and resources. Both policies attempt to relegitimise the polities in which they operate, by making new relationships that provide for mutual recognition. However, the thesis establishes that these new spaces are not nearly as expansive or inclusive as they are made out to be. They are in fact defined by the internal struggles of settler society to make life more certain: to resume identities that are secure and satisfying, and to restore territorial control and economic security. This takes place with little regard for the legitimate claims of indigenous peoples to be recognised as people and to enjoy dynamic, flourishing identities of their own. Building new relationships becomes the path to entrenching old certainties.

Double taxation treaties play a vital part in the international relations between states regarding taxation matters. Since double taxation can occur as soon as a person has income in more than one state, it is very important that there can be effective remedies to the problems that can occur in these situations. Double taxation treaties are necessary in most situations created by international trade and they are even more important in such a free flowing economic co-operation such as the EU, where the trade between the Member States is not only free but also very frequent. Most double taxation treaties are based on the Model Treaty created by the OECD. Even states not members of the organization use it as a model for their treaties. This means that treaties between Member States of the EC are often rather similar, but many times have been drafted without consideration taken to EC law. This can create problems since the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has stated in its case law that even though the Member States are solely competent when it comes to direct taxation, that competence must be used in accordance with EC law. Since double taxation treaties are directed at flows of income and capital between states, it is most probable that they can run afoul of EC law. After some judgments of the ECJ the situation is clearer now, but there are still some possible future problems. Examples of such problems are trailing taxes, limitations of benefits and the most favoured nation (MFN) principle. The latter has been before the Court, but there are many questions surrounding the MFN principle that has not been answered satisfactorily. Even if more cases are brought before the Court and it gives more guidance on how the Member States shall conclude treaties with each other, it is still preferable with proper EC legislation on the subject. It must also be mentioned that the ECJ has shown reluctance to disrupting the tax treaty networks in place and has been reluctant to dismiss rules based on the OECD Model Treaty. Several different solutions to these problems have been put forward, ranging from doing almost nothing and just letting the development in the case law have its way to a complete regulation of these issues through legislation by the EC. The two most interesting solutions presented are a Multilateral EU Tax Treaty or an EU Model Tax Treaty. Both of these two different methods would mean that the problems would have a proper solution in that it would implement common rules that would be applicable over the whole of the EU.

This thesis examines the creation of the Witchekan Lake Reserve in Saskatchewan, the resulting treaty land entitlement (TLE) for Witchekan Lake First Nation, and the 1992 Framework Agreement for Saskatchewan Treaty Land Entitlement (TLEFA). The history of the Witchekan Lake Reserve between 1913 and 1919 is reconstructed and reveals a unique situation within TLE. The creation of a Reserve some thirty seven years prior to adherence to Treaty Six presents a challenge to the interpretation of TLE. It also points to the importance of the historical context of Reserve creation within TLE <p>A study of land use and occupancy of Witchekan Lake First Nation and the area occupied by Settlers was facilitated by the use of Department of Indian Affairs files, map biographies, oral interviews, transcripts of earlier interviews with deceased elders, records and correspondence from Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Mangement (SERM) and the Department of the Interior Homestead Files. The analysis employs a non-traditional definition of the ethnicity of Settlers. That definition is based on their birthplace, their land use and their life experiences before arriving at Witchekan Lake. Employing theoretical concepts of colonization and underlying ideologies of racial inferiority, the work proposes that the existence of two opposing types of land use and occupancy and their respective value systems led to a TLE for Witchekan Lake First Nation. It is argued here that these ideologies were present in the homestead period and have persisted into the present due to the late timing of settlement and the pluralistic composition of Settlers. <p> A review of the events around the acquisition of the Bapaume Community Pasture by Witchekan Lake First Nation demonstrates the continuance of conflict with Settlers. This conflict first arose in the homestead era. A critique of the TLEFA, specific to the case of Witchekan Lake First Nation, proposes that lack of attention to their unique circumstances has left the community with unresolved claims. The community hoped that these unresolved claims would be settled in the TLEFA.

This thesis examines the creation of the Witchekan Lake Reserve in Saskatchewan, the resulting treaty land entitlement (TLE) for Witchekan Lake First Nation, and the 1992 Framework Agreement for Saskatchewan Treaty Land Entitlement (TLEFA). The history of the Witchekan Lake Reserve between 1913 and 1919 is reconstructed and reveals a unique situation within TLE. The creation of a Reserve some thirty seven years prior to adherence to Treaty Six presents a challenge to the interpretation of TLE. It also points to the importance of the historical context of Reserve creation within TLE <p>A study of land use and occupancy of Witchekan Lake First Nation and the area occupied by Settlers was facilitated by the use of Department of Indian Affairs files, map biographies, oral interviews, transcripts of earlier interviews with deceased elders, records and correspondence from Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Mangement (SERM) and the Department of the Interior Homestead Files. The analysis employs a non-traditional definition of the ethnicity of Settlers. That definition is based on their birthplace, their land use and their life experiences before arriving at Witchekan Lake. Employing theoretical concepts of colonization and underlying ideologies of racial inferiority, the work proposes that the existence of two opposing types of land use and occupancy and their respective value systems led to a TLE for Witchekan Lake First Nation. It is argued here that these ideologies were present in the homestead period and have persisted into the present due to the late timing of settlement and the pluralistic composition of Settlers. <p> A review of the events around the acquisition of the Bapaume Community Pasture by Witchekan Lake First Nation demonstrates the continuance of conflict with Settlers. This conflict first arose in the homestead era. A critique of the TLEFA, specific to the case of Witchekan Lake First Nation, proposes that lack of attention to their unique circumstances has left the community with unresolved claims. The community hoped that these unresolved claims would be settled in the TLEFA.

<p>Double taxation treaties play a vital part in the international relations between states</p><p>regarding taxation matters. Since double taxation can occur as soon as a person has</p><p>income in more than one state, it is very important that there can be effective remedies</p><p>to the problems that can occur in these situations. Double taxation treaties are</p><p>necessary in most situations created by international trade and they are even more</p><p>important in such a free flowing economic co-operation such as the EU, where the</p><p>trade between the Member States is not only free but also very frequent.</p><p>Most double taxation treaties are based on the Model Treaty created by the OECD.</p><p>Even states not members of the organization use it as a model for their treaties. This</p><p>means that treaties between Member States of the EC are often rather similar, but</p><p>many times have been drafted without consideration taken to EC law. This can create</p><p>problems since the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has stated in its case law that</p><p>even though the Member States are solely competent when it comes to direct taxation,</p><p>that competence must be used in accordance with EC law. Since double taxation</p><p>treaties are directed at flows of income and capital between states, it is most</p><p>probable that they can run afoul of EC law.</p><p>After some judgments of the ECJ the situation is clearer now, but there are still some</p><p>possible future problems. Examples of such problems are trailing taxes, limitations of</p><p>benefits and the most favoured nation (MFN) principle. The latter has been before</p><p>the Court, but there are many questions surrounding the MFN principle that has not</p><p>been answered satisfactorily. Even if more cases are brought before the Court and it</p><p>gives more guidance on how the Member States shall conclude treaties with each</p><p>other, it is still preferable with proper EC legislation on the subject. It must also be</p><p>mentioned that the ECJ has shown reluctance to disrupting the tax treaty networks in</p><p>place and has been reluctant to dismiss rules based on the OECD Model Treaty.</p><p>Several different solutions to these problems have been put forward, ranging from</p><p>doing almost nothing and just letting the development in the case law have its way to</p><p>a complete regulation of these issues through legislation by the EC. The two most interesting</p><p>solutions presented are a Multilateral EU Tax Treaty or an EU Model Tax</p><p>Treaty. Both of these two different methods would mean that the problems would</p><p>have a proper solution in that it would implement common rules that would be applicable</p><p>over the whole of the EU.</p>