Este trabalho investiga quantitativamente as causas da adesão de países a tratados internacionais de segurança. Mais precisamente, tratados de controle de armamentos. O principal tratado a ser estudado aqui é o Tratado de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares. Primeiramente fiz uma reconstrução racional dos programas realista e liberal das relações internacionais, com enfoque em regimes internacionais. Trata-se de uma abordagem qualitativa, feita com o intuito de subsidiar a pesquisa quantitativa. O cerne do trabalho é a análise econométrica do problema da adesão. Utilizo dados em painel na forma país/ano. Utilizo o universo dos países entre os anos 1968 e 2004. A técnica utilizada é a regressão logística com erro padrão robusto agrupado por país. O principal achado é que democracias aderem mais que autocracias na razão de dois para um. Por fim, temos uma modelagem formal, ainda bastante tentativa, do problema da adesão a tratados de segurança, feita com o intuito de prover uma ferramenta de policy implementation, com base num estudo de caso, qual seja, o da adesão de Índia e Paquistão ao Tratado de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares. A metodologia usada nesta parte é a de desenho de mecanismo. / This study investigates the causes of adhesion to security treaties. The main case of study is the Non-Proliferation Treaty. The rational reconstructions of the liberal and realist research programs inform the quantitative work that follows them. The kernel of this piece is the econometric analysis. I use panel data and cluster robust logits to infer the causes of adhesion of countries to arms control treaties. The main finding is that democracies adhere more than authoritarian domestic regimes with a two to one odds ratio. Finally, I model the strategic situation between India and Pakistan. These two countries are not yet signatories of the NPT. I use mechanism design to come up with a means of promoting better equilibria.

Sexualized violence continues to threaten the autonomy of individuals and violate human rights. Scholars debate the effectiveness of international treaties in addressing this problem. The Convention on Elimination and Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) of 1979 requires ratifying countries to uplift equality and denounce discrimination of women nationally, in public and private spheres. Examining Bosnia and Herzegovina as a case study shows the effectiveness CEDAW has in creating political and social change. In addition, the Bosnian War illustrates the threat sexualized violence has on individual autonomy. Findings show that CEDAW and grassroots feminist activism are successful together in advocating for social and political change. These results support the power of international treaties when combined with grassroots support for the cause. Over time, social change is possible as a consequence of international jurisprudence, which will help end sexualized violence globally, one individual at a time.

Este trabalho investiga quantitativamente as causas da adesão de países a tratados internacionais de segurança. Mais precisamente, tratados de controle de armamentos. O principal tratado a ser estudado aqui é o Tratado de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares. Primeiramente fiz uma reconstrução racional dos programas realista e liberal das relações internacionais, com enfoque em regimes internacionais. Trata-se de uma abordagem qualitativa, feita com o intuito de subsidiar a pesquisa quantitativa. O cerne do trabalho é a análise econométrica do problema da adesão. Utilizo dados em painel na forma país/ano. Utilizo o universo dos países entre os anos 1968 e 2004. A técnica utilizada é a regressão logística com erro padrão robusto agrupado por país. O principal achado é que democracias aderem mais que autocracias na razão de dois para um. Por fim, temos uma modelagem formal, ainda bastante tentativa, do problema da adesão a tratados de segurança, feita com o intuito de prover uma ferramenta de policy implementation, com base num estudo de caso, qual seja, o da adesão de Índia e Paquistão ao Tratado de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares. A metodologia usada nesta parte é a de desenho de mecanismo. / This study investigates the causes of adhesion to security treaties. The main case of study is the Non-Proliferation Treaty. The rational reconstructions of the liberal and realist research programs inform the quantitative work that follows them. The kernel of this piece is the econometric analysis. I use panel data and cluster robust logits to infer the causes of adhesion of countries to arms control treaties. The main finding is that democracies adhere more than authoritarian domestic regimes with a two to one odds ratio. Finally, I model the strategic situation between India and Pakistan. These two countries are not yet signatories of the NPT. I use mechanism design to come up with a means of promoting better equilibria.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:46:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ONOFRE ROSA ALEXANDRE.pdf: 1619480 bytes, checksum: 166fbc5bbbf54269fd55d6c5f00c4e63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-09 / This dissertation deals with the reflections in the tax area, the applicability in Brazilian law of international human rights treaties. Such applicability stems from the opening of the national legal system, by Constitution of 1988, the international system of human rights protection, enabling the incorporation of those treaties into domestic law, as normative source for the protection of those rights. As regards the legal impact of such treaties in domestic law, presents to the situations of normative conflict, the effectiveness of the dialogical method of solution of antinomies, guided by hermeneutical principle international pro homine. And because of the hierarchical superiority attributed to international treaties of human rights, demonstrates that they appear as vertical limits to production materials normative state, and possible control of conventionality of domestic legislation in the face of such international treaties. From these findings, we study the applicability of international human rights treaties in tax being examined specific violations of human rights by the current taxation model in matters relating to the technical implementation of the principle of ability to pay, not granting tax benefits for discrimination arising from economic position; disrespect the right not to self-incrimination; disrespect to the principle of non bis in idem. It was concluded in the end that the application of the Human Rights Treaties to tax matters arises as indispensable foundation and essential to be invoked by the taxpayer and by applying the law, concerning the violations of such rights by the system of taxation in force, in addition to contribute to the tax law becomes an instrument for minimizing social inequalities and trigger development of peoples. / Esta dissertação trata dos reflexos, na área tributária, da aplicabilidade no direito brasileiro dos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos. Tal aplicabilidade decorre da abertura da ordem jurídica nacional, pela Constituição de 1988, ao sistema internacional de proteção dos direitos humanos, possibilitando a incorporação daqueles tratados ao direito interno, como fonte normativa para a proteção dos referidos direitos. Quanto ao impacto jurídico de tais tratados no direito interno, apresenta-se, para as situações de conflitos normativos, a eficácia do método dialógico de solução de antinomias, norteado pelo princípio hermenêutico internacional pro homine. E em razão da superioridade hierárquica atribuída às normas internacionais de direitos humanos, demonstra-se que elas se afiguram como limites verticais materiais à produção normativa estatal, sendo possível o controle de convencionalidade da legislação doméstica em face de tais tratados internacionais. A partir das referidas constatações, estuda-se a aplicabilidade dos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos na área tributária, sendo examinadas específicas violações dos direitos humanos pelo atual modelo de tributação, em matérias relacionadas com as técnicas de concretização do princípio da capacidade contributiva; a não concessão de benefícios tributários por discriminação decorrente de posição econômica; o desrespeito ao direito de não-autoincriminação; o desrespeito ao princípio do non bis in idem. Conclui-se, ao final, que a aplicação dos tratados de direitos humanos à matéria tributária exsurge como fundamento imprescindível e inafastável a ser invocado, pelo contribuinte e pelo aplicador do direito, frente às violações de tais direitos pelo sistema de tributação vigente; além de contribuir para que o direito tributário se converta em instrumento minimizador das desigualdades sociais e propulsor do desenvolvimento dos povos.

The allocation of water resources is typically accomplished within the framework of water allocation systems (WAS). In general, a WAS sets priorities, applies rules, and organizes responses to a range of water allocation scenarios. This research presents a comprehensive study of water allocation strategies and provides a conceptual framework of principles and guidelines for designing, assessing, implementing and supporting WAS. The voluminous compilation of international treaties and conventions, interstate compacts, intrastate administrative documentation, and scientific/engineering literature was researched in order to identify different water allocation strategies and mechanisms. From this analysis eight fundamental areas of WAS were identified: water rights, determination of water allotment, administrative systems, reservoir storage considerations, system reliability, multiple uses, instream flow requirements, and drought management. The systematic scrutiny of these eight areas at the international, interstate, and intrastate levels defined the conceptual framework for assessing WAS. The Texas experience with regard to its Water Availability Modeling system is also reviewed with particular emphasis on the application of the Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) model in supporting water allocation efforts. The Lower Rio Grande WAS was used as a case study to demonstrate how the principles presented in the conceptual framework can be used to assess water allocation issues and identify alternative strategies. Three WRAP simulation studies utilizing several components of the conceptual framework were performed in order to assess the Lower Rio Grande WAS. The simulations focused on three of the major water allocation issues of the Texas Rio Grande: reallocation among uses, instream flow requirements, and drought management. The simulations showed several deficiencies in the Lower Rio Grande WAS, particularly regarding the size of the domestic-municipal-industrial (DMI) reserve and its effect on the reliability of other uses. The simulation results suggest that water from the DMI can be liberated to be used by irrigators and to support environmental flows without affecting the reliability to municipal users. Several strategies were proposed that can potentially improve the overall efficiency of the system. Nonetheless, implementing new strategies and water allocation policies in the Lower Rio Grande WAS would require considerable changes in regulation policies.

In the dissertation the author conducts analysis of general and special international legal regulations governing the ways for resolving treaty conflicts. Author researches the content and systemic ties between norms of the law of treaties, state responsibility and international legal proceedings pertinent to treaty conflict resolutions, as well as ways methods of treaty conflict resolution embodied in selected subsystems of international law (European Union law, World Trade Organization law, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental freedoms). Based on this research the author provides conceptual findings concerning the notion of conflict of treaties, relationship between methods for resolving treaty conflicts in general and special international law and provides recommendations cncerning interpretation and application of legal regulations governing treaty conflict resolutions. / Disertacijoje tiriamas bendrasis bei specialusis tarptautinių sutarčių kolizijų sprendimo būdus nustatantis teisinis reguliavimas bei jo keliamos mokslinės ir praktinės problemos. Disertacijoje analizuojamas tarptautinių sutarčių teisės, valstybių atsakomybės teisės bei tarptautinio teisminio proceso normų turinys bei jų tarpusavio ryšiai, o taip pat analizuojami tarptautinės teisės posistemėse (Europos Sąjungos teisėje, Pasaulinės Prekybos Organizacijos teisėje ir Žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijoje) nustatyti tarptautinių sutarčių kolizijų sprendimo būdai. Disertacinio tyrimo pagrindu autorius pateikia konceptualias išvadas dėl sutarčių kolizijų sampratos, bendrojoje bei specialiojoje tarptautinėje teisėje nustatytų kolizijų sprendimo būdų santykio, bei pateikia pasiūlymus dėl sutarčių kolizijų sprendimą nustatančio teisinio reguliavimo aiškinimo bei taikymo.

Disertacijoje tiriamas bendrasis bei specialusis tarptautinių sutarčių kolizijų sprendimo būdus nustatantis teisinis reguliavimas bei jo keliamos mokslinės ir praktinės problemos. Disertacijoje analizuojamas tarptautinių sutarčių teisės, valstybių atsakomybės teisės bei tarptautinio teisminio proceso normų turinys bei jų tarpusavio ryšiai, o taip pat analizuojami tarptautinės teisės posistemėse (Europos Sąjungos teisėje, Pasaulinės Prekybos Organizacijos teisėje ir Žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijoje) nustatyti tarptautinių sutarčių kolizijų sprendimo būdai. Disertacinio tyrimo pagrindu autorius pateikia konceptualias išvadas dėl sutarčių kolizijų sampratos, bendrojoje bei specialiojoje tarptautinėje teisėje nustatytų kolizijų sprendimo būdų santykio, bei pateikia pasiūlymus dėl sutarčių kolizijų sprendimą nustatančio teisinio reguliavimo aiškinimo bei taikymo. / In the dissertation the author conducts analysis of general and special international legal regulations governing the ways for resolving treaty conflicts. Author researches the content and systemic ties between norms of the law of treaties, state responsibility and international legal proceedings pertinent to treaty conflict resolutions, as well as ways methods of treaty conflict resolution embodied in selected subsystems of international law (European Union law, World Trade Organization law, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental freedoms). Based on this research the author provides conceptual findings concerning the notion of conflict of treaties, relationship between methods for resolving treaty conflicts in general and special international law and provides recommendations cncerning interpretation and application of legal regulations governing treaty conflict resolutions.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-06-05T17:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oscar Silvestre Filho.pdf: 755831 bytes, checksum: 2daf663a1f81edb79fd0a6578a75cfd4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T17:35:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oscar Silvestre Filho.pdf: 755831 bytes, checksum: 2daf663a1f81edb79fd0a6578a75cfd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-19 / This study aims to compare the Brazilian human rights policies for immigrants with international human rights policies. For It had been made a literature review of international legal institutions for the protection of migrants' rights. Research work have been started from Advisory Opinions study before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, noting the concern of nations in the commitment of respect for fundamental rights, establishing a comparison with the policies implemented by the Brazilian government and its verification in practice regarding the application of the rule in the guarantee of human rights. Also noted the importance of States to establish migration policies consistent with international legal orders regarding the rights of migrants, in order to seek a balance in the creation of a universal order, marked by match rights between national and foreign. / O objetivo deste trabalho tem a finalidade de analisar a aplicação dos direitos humanos dos migrantes e as políticas migratórias estabelecidas pelo Estado brasileiro em comparação com instrumentos jurídicos de proteção do estrangeiro no âmbito internacional. Para tanto, faz-se uma revisão de institutos jurídicos de proteção dos migrantes no âmbito internacional, partindo-se, inclusive, de estudo de Pareceres Consultivos perante a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, observando a preocupação das nações no compromisso do respeito aos direitos fundamentais, estabelecendo-se comparação com as políticas implementadas pelo Estado brasileiro e a sua verificação na prática, no que concerne a aplicação da norma na garantia dos direitos humanos. Observou-se também a importância dos Estados em estabelecer políticas migratórias condizentes com as ordens jurídicas internacionais relativamente aos direitos dos migrantes, no sentido de se buscar um equilíbrio na criação de uma ordem universal, marcada pela equiparação de direitos entre o nacional e o estrangeiro.

Phénomène généralement oublié des études de contentieux administratifs, les conflits de traités internationaux n’en constituent pas moins une problématique juridique de taille pour le juge administratif, devant lequel ils semblent destinés à se multiplier. Ces conflits, souvent présentés comme particuliers, du fait de l’inapplicabilité prétendue des méthodes classiques de résolution des conflits de normes, posent au juge administratif un certain nombre de difficultés juridiques relatives tant à leur reconnaissance qu’à leur résolution. A la frontière de deux ordres juridiques, l’ordre juridique interne, par leur lieu de survenance, et l’ordre juridique international, par l’origine internationale des traités, les conflits de traités sont souvent appréhendés avec réticence par le juge administratif, ce qui se traduit par un régime juridique encore difficilement saisissable.La thèse entend offrir une clé de compréhension du traitement jurisprudentiel des conflits de traités par le juge administratif. Plus particulièrement, en s’attachant à distinguer les forces propres au droit interne des forces inhérentes au droit international, dans les solutions rendues, il s’agit de démontrer que les conflits de traités ne constituent pas un problème juridique de droit international, soumis par accident au juge administratif. Ce dernier, acteur de la reconnaissance et de la résolution des conflits de traités, a développé une jurisprudence, en la matière, relevant d’un équilibre complexe et fragile entre les logiques du droit interne et les logiques du droit international public au cœur de la singularité essentielle des conflits de traités devant le juge administratif. / Although conflicts between international treaties are generally a forgotten topic in administrative litigation studies, they constitute a major legal problem for the administrative judge, which are meant to increase. These conflicts, often considered as particular due to the alleged inapplicability of traditional resolving methods for conflicts of norms, raise a number of legal problems for the administrative judge concerning both their recognition and resolution. On the borderline between two legal systems, the internal legal system, owing to its place of occurrence, and an the other hand the international legal system, due to the international origin of treaties, conflicts between treaties are often deal with reluctance by the administrative judge. As a result, this leads to a legal regime still difficult to grasp.This thesis aims at offering a key to understand the treatment by the administrative judge of conflicts of treaties. It demonstrates, through the distinction of the inherent forces/strengths of domestic law on judicial decisions and those of international law, that the conflicts of treaties do not constitute a legal problem of international law, submitted by accident to the administrative judge. The latter, who is an actor in the recognition and resolution of treaty conflicts, has developed a precedent on this subject, resulting in a complex and fragile balance between the logics of domestic and international public law at the core of the essential singularity of the conflicts between treaties before submitted to the administrative judge.

In the second, common part describes public international law and it's relation to the national law. Subsequently the system of sources of public international law and application of the international treaties to the system of the national law. In the third, analytical part describes relationship between international and the Czech law, it's historical development and present situation and the relation of the Czech national law to the acquis communautaire as well.