En radiothérapie externe, l'imagerie par rayons X (CT-scan et CBCT) est l'imagerie de référence pour la planification et la délivrance du traitement. Le CT-scan permet l'accès aux densités électroniques des tissus, requises pour le calcul de dose. Le CBCT permet le positionnement du patient, le tracking et le gating de la tumeur. Cependant, l'imagerie par rayons X présente un faible contraste entre les tissus mous et est irradiante. Grâce à un meilleur contraste, l'IRM pourrait améliorer le positionnement du patient, la délinéation des volumes d'intérêt, et le ciblage de la dose. L'IRM présente ainsi un intérêt majeur pour la planification de radiothérapie. L'objectif de cette thèse a été premièrement d'optimiser un protocole d'acquisition d'images IRM de la sphère ORL, avec patient en position de traitement. Le second objectif a été de réaliser une dosimétrie à partir de l'IRM. Cependant, à contrario du CT-scan, l'IRM ne fournit pas la densité électronique des tissus. Pour palier cela, une méthode patch-based (PBM) et une méthode de deep learning (DLM) ont été utilisées pour générer des pseudo-CT, et calculer la dose. La DLM fut un réseau antagoniste génératif et la PBM fut développée en utilisant une recherche de patchs similaires avec des descripteurs d'images. Ces méthodes ont été évaluées et comparées à une méthode atlas (ABM) et une méthode d'assignation de densité (BDM) à partir de critères de jugement images et dosimétriques. La DLM et la PBM apparurent comme les méthodes les plus précises. La DLM fut la méthode la plus rapide et robuste aux variations anatomiques. / In external beam radiotherapy, X-ray imaging (CT-scan and CBCT) is the main imaging modality for treatment planning and dose delivery. CT-scan provides the electron density information required for dose calculation. CBCT allows fast imaging for patient positioning, tracking and gating of the tumor. However, X-ray imaging has a poor soft tissue contrast, and it is an ionizing imaging, in contrast of MRI. Thanks to this better soft tissue contrast, MRI could improve patient positioning, tumor and organs at risk delineation, and dose targeting. The introduction of MRI in the radiotherapy workflow is therefore a topical issue. This thesis firstly aims to optimize an MRI protocol with patient in head-and-neck radiotherapy treatment position. This protocol was endorsed by our clinical center. The second aim of this thesis was to conducted dose calculation from MRI. However, this imaging, unlike CT, lacks the electron density information required for dose calculation. To address this issue, an original non-local-mean patch-based method (PBM) and a deep learning method (DLM) were used to generate pseudo-CTs from MRIs, and compute the dose. The DLM was a generative adversarial network, and the PBM was performed by using an approximate nearest neighbor search with MR feature images. These both methods were evaluated and compared to an atlas-based method (ABM) and a bulk density method (BDM). This comparison was performed by using image and dosimetric endpoints. The DLM and PBM appeared the most accurate methods. The DLM was faster and more robust to anatomical variations than the PBM.

In modern, advanced radiotherapy (e.g. intensity modulated photon radiotherapy, IMXT) the delivery time for each fraction becomes prolonged to 10-20 minutes compared with the conventional, commonly 2-5 minutes. The biological effect of this prolongation is not fully known. The large number of beam directions in IMXT commonly leads to a large integral dose in the patient. Electrons would reduce the integral dose but are not suitable for treating deep-seated tumour, due to their limited penetration in tissues. By combining electron and photon beams, the dose distributions may be improved compared with either used alone. One obstacle for using electron beams in clinical routine is that there is no available treatment planning systems that optimise electron beam treatments in a similar way as for IMXT. Protons have an even more pronounced dose fall-off, larger penetration depth and less penumbra widening than electrons and are therefore more suitable for advanced radiotherapy. However, proton facilities optimised for advanced radiotherapy are not commonly available. In some instances electron beams may be an acceptable surrogate. The first part of this study is an experimental in vitro study where the situation in a tumour during fractionated radiotherapy is simulated. The effect of the prolonged fraction time is compared with the predictions by radiobiological models. The second part is a treatment planning study to analyse the mixing of electron and photon beams for at complex target volume in comparison with IMXT. In the next step a research version of an electron beam optimiser was used for the improvement of treatment plans. The aim was to develop a method for translating crude energy and intensity matrices for optimised electrons into a deliverable treatment plan without destroying the dose distribution. In the final part, different methods of treating the spinal canal in medulloblastoma were explored in a treatment planning study that was evaluated with biological models for estimating risks for late radiation effects. The effect on cell survival of prolonging fraction time at conventional doses/fraction is significant in an in vitro system. This effect is underestimated by biological models. Prolonging the fraction time will spare tissues with a fast DNA repair. Thus, there is a risk for sparing tumours. The mixed electron and photon beam technique has the potential to treat deep-seated tumours. Compared with IMXT the number of beams can be reduced and as a consequence, the time for each fraction could be kept shorter. The integral dose in the patient will also be lower. The mixed beam technique could potentially be further improved if automatic optimisation for electrons was available. The results suggest that optimisation and segmentation can be automated, and a deliverable treatment plan can be obtained with simple procedures without destroying the quality of the dose distribution. The integral dose in patients may lead to late radiation side effects. In childhood cancers the risk for development of radiation induced cancers is a reality and the integral dose outside the target volume should be minimised. Based on models for cancer induction, protons show the lowest risk while electrons have some benefit compared with different photon techniques. All methods are able to similarly well treat the target volume.

Two innovative radiotherapy (RT) approaches are under development at the ID17 Biomedical Beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF): microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) and minibeam radiation therapy (MBRT). The two main distinct characteristics with respect to conventional RT are the use of submillimetric field sizes and spatial fractionation of the dose. This PhD work deals with different features related to small-field dosimetry involved in these techniques. Monte Carlo (MC) calculations and several experimental methods are used with this aim in mind. The core of this PhD Thesis consisted of the development and benchmarking of an MC-based computation engine for a treatment planning system devoted to MRT within the framework of the preparation of forthcoming MRT clinical trials. Additional achievements were the definition of safe MRT irradiation protocols, the assessment of scatter factors in MRT, the further improvement of the MRT therapeutic index by injecting a contrast agent into the tumour and the definition of a dosimetry protocol for preclinical trials in MBRT.

Evidensbaserad praktik inom socialtjänsten förutsätter att de professionella ställer sig positiva till forskningsbaserad kunskap om insatser och användandet av bedömningsinstrument. I vår studie undersöks vilken tilltro socialarbetare på vuxenenheten i en mindre stad har till bedömningsinstrumentet Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning och semistrukturerade intervjuer valdes som metod för att besvara syfte och frågeställningarna. Sammanlagt har sex respondenter intervjuats varav fyra handläggare, en projektledare samt enhetschefen på verksamheten. Forskning visar att handläggare upplever olika fördelar och nackdelar i användandet av ASI. Av resultatet framgår att handläggarna använder ASI Grund regelbundet i sitt arbete men att det finns svårigheter med att implementera ASI Uppföljning. Samtliga handläggare upplever att ASI Grund är tidskrävande och har en del invändningar mot vissa av frågorna. Trots detta uttrycker de ändå att användandet av ASI kan bidra till ett rättsäkerhetsperspektiv, ett strukturerat arbetssätt och en bra grund inför behandlingsplaneringen. I studien diskuteras även förbättringsområden inom ASI. / Evidence-based practice in social services presupposes that the professionals are in favor of research-based knowledge on services an the use of assessment instruments. The purpose of this study is to examining the confidence of social workers in an adult unit, in a small town has to assess the instrument Addiction Severity Index (ASI). The study is a qualitative survey ans semi-structured interviews were chosen as a method to answer the purpose and research questions. A total of six respondents were interviewed; four social workers, one project manager and the head of unit in operation. Research shows that social workers experience different advantages and disadvantages in the use of ASI. The results show that social workers use the ASI on a regular basis in their work, but there are difficulties in implementing the ASI follow-up interview. All social workers feel that the ASI base interview is time consuming and has concerns with some of the questions. Nevertheless, they express that the use of the ASI can contribute to a legal security perspective, a structured approach and a good basis for treatment planning. The study also discusses areas for improvement in the ASI.

Ο σκοπός της διπλωματικής εργασίας ήταν η βελτιστοποίηση του πλάνου θεραπείας στο μαστό για τα 2 εφαπτόμενα συνεπίπεδα πεδία ενέργειας 6 MV. Η ανάγκη αυτή πρόκυψε από το γεγονός της εμφάνισης ελλείμματος στην κατανομή της δόσης καθώς όπως φαίνεται και στις παρακάτω εικόνες (στην αξονική και στην οβελιαία τομή) είχαμε ικανοποιητική κάλυψη του CTV στην περιφέρεια του μαστού αλλά στο κέντρο του CTV και σε μεγαλύτερα βάθη όχι. Για την πραγματοποίηση του παραπάνω σκοπού εφαρμόστηκαν 4 τεχνικές ακτινοβόλησης: 1. Δύο εφαπτόμενα συνεπίπεδα πεδία ενέργειας 6 MV, 2. Δύο εφαπτόμενα συνεπίπεδα πεδία ενέργειας 15 MV, 3. Δύο εφαπτόμενα συνεπίπεδα πεδία ενέργειας 6 MV + 1 Field In a Filed (FiF) πεδίο ενέργειας 15 MV και 4. . Δύο εφαπτόμενα συνεπίπεδα πεδία ενέργειας 6 MV + 2 Field In a Filed (FiF) πεδία ενέργειας 15 MV. Η παραπάνω μεθοδολογία εφαρμόστηκε σε πλήθος Ν=100 ασθενών, κατά 95% μεγέθους όγκου Τ1 (έως 2cm) και Τ2 (2-5 cm) και με αριθμό διηθημένων λεμφαδένων Ν<3. Ο υλικοτεχνικός εξοπλισμός που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την υλοποίηση της εργασίας ήταν: 1. Αξονικός τομογράφος- Simulator Somatom Duo Siemens, 2. Σύστημα διαχείρισης (RVS) ακτινοθεραπευτικού τμήματος ARIA της VARIAN, 3. Σύστημα σχεδιασμού θεραπείας (TPS) Eclipse της VARIAN, 4. Σύστημα κλασσικού εξομοιωτή Aquity της VARIAN και 5. Γραμμικός Επιταχυντής ELEKTA SL 15. Για την στατιστική επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων για πλήθος Ν=100 ασθενών χρησιμοποιήθηκε το πρόγραμμα IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) έκδοση 20. Η στατιστική επεξεργασία έδειξε ότι μέσος όρος της μέσης δόσης για τις διάφορες τεχνικές ήταν 96.5%, 98.9%, 100.7%, 101.9% για τα 6MV, 15MV, 6MV + 1FIF 15MV και 6MV + 2FIF 15MV, αντίστοιχα. Τα 95% διαστήματα εμπιστοσύνης (Confidence Intervals) ήταν (96.2-96.8), (98.6-99.1), (100.4-100.9), (101.7-102.1) αντίστοιχα. Η ανάλυση έδειξε πως όλες οι ομάδες διέφεραν μεταξύ τους σε επίπεδο στατιστικής σημαντικότητας p < 0.001. Τα αποτελέσματα της εργασίας ήταν ότι η μέση δόση αυξάνεται από μέθοδο σε μέθοδο όπως έδειξε και η στατιστική ανάλυση, ο δείκτης ομοιογένειας μειώνεται αντίστοιχα από μέθοδο σε μέθοδο και αυτό αποτελεί δείγμα βελτίωσης της κατανομής της δόσης. Ακόμα ότι από ένα συγκεκριμένο όγκο του CTV και πάνω η καλύτερη μέθοδος αποδείχτηκε ότι είναι η 6MV + 2FIF 15MV, ενώ από ένα συγκεκριμένο όγκο του CTV και κάτω οι μέθοδοι έχουν περίπου την ίδια αποτελεσματικότητα. Τέλος όσον αφορά τα φυσιολογικά όργανα (organs at risk), τον αντίστοιχο πνεύμονα και την καρδιά, μετρήθηκε το V20 (ο όγκος του οργάνου που λαμβάνει από 2000 cGy και πάνω) και αποδείχτηκε ότι είναι ανεξάρτητο από την τεχνική ακτινοβόλησης. / The purpose of this thesis is to optimize the breast cancer treatment planning for the coplanar tangential fields of 6MV energy. The need for this arose as the dose distribution appears deficient both at the center and deeper in the CTV, as shown in the CT and sagittal images below, whereas the dose is satisfactory distributed at the perimeter of the breast. In order to accomplish that, there were applied 4 radiation techniques: 1. Two coplanar tangential fields of 6MV energy, 2. Two coplanar tangential fields of 15MV energy, 3. Two coplanar tangential fields of 6MV energy with Field in a Field (FiF) of 15MV energy and 4. Two coplanar tangential fields of 6MV energy with two Fields in a Field (FiF’s) of 15MV energy. The method above was applied on 100 patients. 95% of them had T1 tumor (T<2cm), T2 tumor (T=2-5cm) and a number of infiltrated lymph N<3. The equipment that has been used for the materialization of the procedure was: 1. A Computed Tomographer Somatom Duo Siemens, 2. An RVS system of VARIAN, 3. A TPS Eclipse system of VARIAN, 4. A Simulator Aquity of VARIAN and 5. A linear accelerator ELEKTA SL 15. Using the program IBM SPSS 20 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), for a hundred patients, the statistical analysis showed that the average of the mean dose was 96.5% for the 6MV, 98.9% for the 15MV, 100.7% for the 6MV + 1 FIF of 15MV and 101.9% for the 6MV + 2 FIF of 15MV respectively (95% CI, p<0.001). There was an interaction between CTV size and mean dose, notably for large breasted patients (CTV>750cc). In this particular clinical scenario two 6MV tangential fields with 2 FIFs consistently outperformed the others. Minimum dose was also statistically different among all groups (p<0.05) except for the two FIF-less tangential fields with 6 and 15 MV. Interestingly, minimum dose (%) lacked a dependence on volume size. The result of this procedure was that the mean dose increases from method to method as it was obvious from the statistical analysis. The homogeneity index decreases respectively from method to method which indicates improvement of the dose distribution. It was also proved that, for certain large volumes of CTV the best method was the 6MV with two FIF’s of 15MV energy, whereas for smaller volumes of CTV the other three methods were of the same effectiveness. In conclusion, as far as the organs at risk concern, it has been found that the V20, of the heart and the right or left lung each time, is irrelevant of the technique that has been used each time.

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are widely used in the field of medical biophysics, particularly for modelling light propagation in biological tissue. The iterative nature of MC simulations and their high computation time currently limit their use to solving the forward solution for a given set of source characteristics and tissue optical properties. However, applications such as photodynamic therapy treatment planning or image reconstruction in diffuse optical tomography require solving the inverse problem given a desired light dose distribution or absorber distribution, respectively. A faster means for performing MC simulations would enable the use of MC-based models for such tasks. In this thesis, a gold standard MC code called MCML was accelerated using two distinct hardware-based approaches, namely designing custom hardware on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and programming commodity graphics processing units (GPUs). Currently, the GPU-based approach is promising, offering approximately 1000-fold speedup with 4 GPUs compared to an Intel Xeon CPU.

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are widely used in the field of medical biophysics, particularly for modelling light propagation in biological tissue. The iterative nature of MC simulations and their high computation time currently limit their use to solving the forward solution for a given set of source characteristics and tissue optical properties. However, applications such as photodynamic therapy treatment planning or image reconstruction in diffuse optical tomography require solving the inverse problem given a desired light dose distribution or absorber distribution, respectively. A faster means for performing MC simulations would enable the use of MC-based models for such tasks. In this thesis, a gold standard MC code called MCML was accelerated using two distinct hardware-based approaches, namely designing custom hardware on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and programming commodity graphics processing units (GPUs). Currently, the GPU-based approach is promising, offering approximately 1000-fold speedup with 4 GPUs compared to an Intel Xeon CPU.

Orientador: Marco Antônio Rodrigues Fernandes / Resumo: O presente estudo consiste na análise da viabilidade econômica e financeira da implantação da radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) no tratamento do câncer de próstata e comparar seus benefícios clínicos frente aos procedimentos similares custeados pelos sistemas de saúde públicos e privados. Para tanto, foram analisadas as distribuições de dose de radiação preconizadas nos planejamentos radioterápicos com as técnicas de radioterapia conformacional tridimensional (3D-CRT) e de intensidade modulada (IMRT), prescrita para 20 pacientes com câncer de próstata tratados em um serviço de radioterapia privado. Para verificação da qualidade da distribuição de dose de radiação no volume de tratamento, foram analisados os índices de homogeneidade (IH) e de conformidade (IC) de cada um dos planos radioterápicos estudados. Em comparação com a técnica 3D-CRT, a técnica de IMRT permitiu uma melhor cobertura e conformação da dose prescrita no volume alvo de planejamento (PTV), porém distribuída de forma mais heterogênea. Além disso, avaliou-se os custos financeiros para aquisição dos equipamentos de irradiação e manutenção dos tratamentos, bem como os valores de repasses feitos pelos sistemas de saúde para os procedimentos de radioterapia em próstata. / Mestre

Submitted by ISABELLA PAZIAM FERNANDES NUNES null (ipaziam@me.com) on 2018-03-14T12:47:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao - nunes ipf.pdf: 3167962 bytes, checksum: bd9df494a7b84197900f4be8d90cd090 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Pizzani null (luciana@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-03-19T11:47:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nunes_ipf_me_bot.pdf: 3167962 bytes, checksum: bd9df494a7b84197900f4be8d90cd090 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T11:47:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nunes_ipf_me_bot.pdf: 3167962 bytes, checksum: bd9df494a7b84197900f4be8d90cd090 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / O presente estudo consiste na análise da viabilidade econômica e financeira da implantação da radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) no tratamento do câncer de próstata e comparar seus benefícios clínicos frente aos procedimentos similares custeados pelos sistemas de saúde públicos e privados. Para tanto, foram analisadas as distribuições de dose de radiação preconizadas nos planejamentos radioterápicos com as técnicas de radioterapia conformacional tridimensional (3D-CRT) e de intensidade modulada (IMRT), prescrita para 20 pacientes com câncer de próstata tratados em um serviço de radioterapia privado. Para verificação da qualidade da distribuição de dose de radiação no volume de tratamento, foram analisados os índices de homogeneidade (IH) e de conformidade (IC) de cada um dos planos radioterápicos estudados. Em comparação com a técnica 3D-CRT, a técnica de IMRT permitiu uma melhor cobertura e conformação da dose prescrita no volume alvo de planejamento (PTV), porém distribuída de forma mais heterogênea. Além disso, avaliou-se os custos financeiros para aquisição dos equipamentos de irradiação e manutenção dos tratamentos, bem como os valores de repasses feitos pelos sistemas de saúde para os procedimentos de radioterapia em próstata. / The present study consists in analyzing the economic and financial viability to establish the intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the treatment for prostate cancer and compare its clinical benefits to similar procedures funded by public and private health systems. In order to do so, the radiation absorbed-dose distributions recommended in the radiotherapy plans with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques, prescribed for 20 patients with prostate cancer treated in a private radiotherapy clinic, were evaluated. To verify the quality of the radiation dose distribution in the treatment volume, the homogeneity index (HI) and the conformity index (CI) of each radiotherapy plans studied were analyzed. In contrast to the 3D-CRT technique, the IMRT technique allowed a better coverage and conformation of the radiation dose prescribed in the planning target volume (PTV), but distributed in a more heterogeneous way. It was also evaluated the financial costs for the acquisition of the irradiation equipment and for the maintenance of the treatments, as well as the values of the on-lending made by the health systems for the radiotherapy procedures for the prostate.

In todays Radiotherapy Treatment Planning, RTP, it is common to use Computed Tomography, CT, together with Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI, where CT provides electron density information and a geometrical reference, and where MRI provides superior soft tissue contrast. To sim- plify the workflow and improve treatment accuracy, research groups have demonstrated how to exclude CT and use a MRI-only approach. In this thesis, a method for spatial distortion analysis, ultimately enabling quality assurance, QA, of the spatial accuracy of MRI, was defined, tested and evaluated. A phantom was built to cover the entire clinical Field Of View, FOV, and 6mm-diameter fluid filled paintball markers were placed in a well-defined geometrical pattern within the phantom, and used as positive contrast. The phantom was imaged with a 3D Fast Gradient Echo sequence and a 3D Fast Spin Echo sequence. The markers were identified in the image data by a MATLAB-algorithm, and the location of the center of mass was calculated for each marker and compared to a theoretical reference. The location error was defined as the spatial distortion - a measurement of the spatial accuracy. Imaging parameters were altered and the effect on the spatial accuracy was analyzed. The spatial distortions were successfully measured within the entire (maximal) clinical FOV. It was shown that high readout bandwidth reduced distortions in the frequency encoding direction. These distortions could thus be attributed to B0-inhomogeneities. It was also determined that increasing the readout bandwidth to the maximum value reduced the maximum distortions in the frequency encoding direction to the same level as the maximum distortions in the other two phase-encoding directions of the 3D acquisitions. The voxel size had a very small effect on the spatial accuracy, enabling large voxelsize to be used when imaging the phantom, to decrease the scan time. The method was deemed capable of serving as a basis for QA of the spatial accuracy of large FOV MRI, which is needed in future MRI-only RTP approaches.