In this thesis, a tool to visualize duplicate parts in a series of given documents is developed. Text duplicates are very common nowadays in all fields. This behavior severelyharms the rights of the original authors though it facilitates the work of those whocopy from them. Effective legal measures have been taken when it comes to copyrightissue. An increasing large number of people have paid serious attention to what theywrite when they refer to other people's works. Although references are properly madeby many who admire and respect others' achievements, plagiarism takes place all thetime. Therefore, an intuitive way of visualizing duplicate parts is needed so thatpeople can easily grasp the purpose and decide the legality of those duplicates. Whenit comes to computer science, software clone is very typical phenomenon amongdifferent development groups or even within one group. Since a piece of softwareusually have its hierarchy, it is also interesting to group members when they do aclone detection of their own or other software. For example, if a good overview of thehierarchies is provided in a tree representation, one can easily locate the clones of aparticular node in other trees. More interaction techniques can allow concrete codeaccesses through double clicking on a highlighted node. To visualize duplicate parts in a nice and intuitive way, a visualization tool isdeveloped for this thesis project. By the time it is done, the following features shouldbe fulfilled. First, the tool can visualize similar or identical parts given a data set.Second, hierarchies of those files can be demonstrated with proper layout. Third, theuser can manipulate the data items on the screen in order to get a better insight of thedata set and help with analysis tasks. Forth, different levels of abstraction areprovided so that the user can either get an overview of all the files or specificallycheck the duplicate parts in the documents of interest. / Visualization of Text Duplicates in Documents

<p>In this thesis, a tool to visualize duplicate parts in a series of given documents is developed.</p><p>Text duplicates are very common nowadays in all fields. This behavior severelyharms the rights of the original authors though it facilitates the work of those whocopy from them. Effective legal measures have been taken when it comes to copyrightissue. An increasing large number of people have paid serious attention to what theywrite when they refer to other people's works. Although references are properly madeby many who admire and respect others' achievements, plagiarism takes place all thetime. Therefore, an intuitive way of visualizing duplicate parts is needed so thatpeople can easily grasp the purpose and decide the legality of those duplicates. Whenit comes to computer science, software clone is very typical phenomenon amongdifferent development groups or even within one group. Since a piece of softwareusually have its hierarchy, it is also interesting to group members when they do aclone detection of their own or other software. For example, if a good overview of thehierarchies is provided in a tree representation, one can easily locate the clones of aparticular node in other trees. More interaction techniques can allow concrete codeaccesses through double clicking on a highlighted node.</p><p>To visualize duplicate parts in a nice and intuitive way, a visualization tool isdeveloped for this thesis project. By the time it is done, the following features shouldbe fulfilled. First, the tool can visualize similar or identical parts given a data set.Second, hierarchies of those files can be demonstrated with proper layout. Third, theuser can manipulate the data items on the screen in order to get a better insight of thedata set and help with analysis tasks. Forth, different levels of abstraction areprovided so that the user can either get an overview of all the files or specificallycheck the duplicate parts in the documents of interest.</p> / Visualization of Text Duplicates in Documents

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:06:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4856.pdf: 8642944 bytes, checksum: 195edb943248b7c2e28ef209906d1b52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-20 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Qualitative research seeks to understand a specific subject through descriptions, comparisons and interpretations of the data, which are represented by words, pictures, videos and sounds. In the context of qualitative research were treated in more detail in this work, the steps of data collection and analysis. In step analysis of the data coding technique is used which has a test procedure whereby data is divided, and highly integrated to form a theory. The task involving coding technique when done manually requires a lot of research. Moreover, the tools found supporting the technical coding does offer features that let you work with several documents at once, which would facilitate the task of the researcher in the analysis and data management. This paper presents the iCode, a free tool that supports the technical coding, allowing the coding of multiple documents simultaneously, referenced here as simultaneous coding. Using this tool, we intended to reduce the coding time through the use of visualization and information management. It is intended to facilitate the analysis of the data using the visual metaphor Treemap, to enable management of multiple documents simultaneously. We conducted a feasibility study to assess whether it is feasible to apply the tool to create codes and categories, ie, apply the coding technique using differential functionality that the tool provides, which is the fact that it can handle multiple documents at once. This viability was observed for the efficiency and effectiveness of the participants in the application of manual coding technique, coding simultaneously using the tool iCode and coding each document separately, using the tool iCode. The feasibility study evaluated whether the simultaneous coding is beneficial regarding the coding of a document at a time. The results provide evidence that the simultaneous coding done using the tool iCode, the technique facilitates coding, reducing time spent on your driving, making its implementation more agile. / A pesquisa qualitativa busca o entendimento de um assunto especifico por meio de descrições, comparações e interpretações dos dados, os quais são representados por palavras, figuras, vídeos e sons. No contexto da pesquisa qualitativa foram tratadas com mais detalhes neste trabalho, as etapas de análise e coleta de dados. Na etapa de análise dos dados é utilizada a técnica coding que possui um procedimento analítico, por meio do qual os dados são divididos, conceituados e integrados para formar uma teoria. A tarefa envolvendo a técnica coding quando feita manualmente exige bastante do pesquisador. Além disso, as ferramentas encontradas que apoiam a técnica coding não oferecem recursos que permitem trabalhar com vários documentos ao mesmo tempo, o que poderia facilitar a tarefa do pesquisador na análise e no gerenciamento de dados. Este trabalho apresenta a iCode, uma ferramenta livre que apóia a técnica coding, possibilitando a codificação de vários documentos ao mesmo tempo, referenciada neste trabalho como codificação simultânea. Com o uso desta ferramenta, pretendeu-se reduzir o tempo de codificação, por meio do uso da metáfora visual Treemap para viabilizar a codificação e gerenciamento de vários documentos simultaneamente. Foi realizado um estudo de viabilidade para verificar se é viável aplicar a ferramenta para criação de códigos e categorias, isto é, aplicar a técnica coding, utilizando a funcionalidade diferencial que a ferramenta oferece que é o fato de poder tratar vários documentos ao mesmo tempo. O estudo de viabilidade avaliou a eficiência e eficácia dos participantes na aplicação da técnica coding, verificando se a codificação simultânea é benéfica em relação a codificação de um documento por vez com o uso da ferramenta iCode e na aplicação manual da técnica coding. Os resultados fornecem evidências de que, a codificação simultânea realizada com o uso da ferramenta iCode, facilita a aplicação da técnica coding, reduzindo o tempo gasto em sua condução, tornando sua execução mais ágil.

In this thesis, a treemap-based interactive clustering algorithm is implemented and evaluated. The treemap's rectangles present scatterplots of dimensionally reduced renderings of clusters. Based on the visual representation, a user makes decisions on splitting clusters with a user-selectable clustering algorithm like k-means or hierarchical clustering. This thesis shows that this implementation is practical for finding hierarchical clusters in the MNIST database. The thesis also demonstrates the possibility of finding sub-clusters within the clusters of the individual digits.

Les systèmes distribués, tels que les grilles, sont utilisés aujourd’hui pour l’exécution des grandes applications parallèles. Quelques caractéristiques de ces systèmes sont l’interconnexion complexe de ressources qui pourraient être présent et de la facile passage à l’échelle. La complexité d’interconnexion vient, par exemple, d’un nombre plus grand de directives de routage pour la communication entre les processus et une latence variable dans le temps. La passage à l’échelle signifie que des ressources peuvent être ajoutées indéfiniment simplement en les reliant à l’infrastructure existante. Ces caractéristiques influencent directement la façon dont la performance des applications parallèles doit être analysée. Les techniques de visualisation traditionnelles pour cette analyse sont généralement basées sur des diagrammes de Gantt que disposent la liste des composants de l’application verticalement et metent la ligne du temps sur l’axe horizontal. Ces représentations visuelles ne sont généralement pas adaptés à l’analyse des applications exécutées en parallèle dans les grilles. La première raison est qu’elles n’ont pas été conçues pour offrir aux développeurs une analyse qui montre aussi la topologie du réseau des ressources. La deuxième raison est que les techniques de visualisation traditionnels ne s’adaptent pas bien quand des milliers d’entités doivent être analysés ensemble. Cette thèse tente de résoudre les problèmes des techniques traditionnelles dans la visualisation des applications parallèles. L’idée principale est d’exploiter le domaine de la visualisation de l’information et essayer d’appliquer ses concepts dans le cadre de l’analyse des programmes parallèles. Portant de cette idée, la thèse propose deux modèles de visualisation : les trois dimensions et le modèle d’agrégation visuelle. Le premier peut être utilisé pour analyser les programmes parallèles en tenant compte de la topologie du réseau. L’affichage lui-même se compose de trois dimensions, où deux sont utilisés pour indiquer la topologie et la troisième est utilisée pour représenter le temps. Le second modèle peut être utilisé pour analyser des applications parallèles comportant un très grand nombre de processsus. Ce deuxième modèle exploite une organisation hiérarchique des données utilisée par une technique appelée Treemap pour représenter visuellement la hiérarchie. Les implications de cette thèse sont directement liées à l’analyse et la compréhension des applications parallèles exécutés dans les systèmes distribués. Elle améliore la compréhension des modes de communication entre les processus et améliore la possibilité d’assortir les motifs avec cette topologie de réseau réel sur des grilles. Bien que nous utilisons abondamment l’exemple de la topologie du réseau, l’approche pourrait être adapté, avec presque pas de changements, à l’interconnexion fourni par un middleware d’une interconnexion logique. Avec la technique d’agrégation, les développeurs sont en mesure de rechercher des patterns et d’observer le comportement des applications à grande échelle. / Sistemas distribuídos tais como grids são usados hoje para a execução de aplicações paralelas com um grande número de processos. Algumas características desses sistemas são a presença de uma complexa rede de interconexão e a escalabilidade de recursos. A complexidade de rede vem, por exemplo, de largura de banda e latências variáveis ao longo do tempo. Escalabilidade é a característica pela qual novos recursos podem ser adicionados em um grid apenas através da conexão em uma infraestrutura pré-existente. Estas características influenciam a forma como o desempenho de aplicações paralelas deve ser analisado. Esquemas tradicionais de visualização de desempenho são usualmente baseados em gráficos Gantt com uma dimensão para listar entidades monitoradas e outra para o tempo. Visualizações como essa não são apropriadas para a análise de aplicações paralelas executadas em grid. A primeira razão para tal é que elas não foram concebidas para oferecer ao desenvolvedor uma análise que mostra a topologia dos recursos e a relação disso com a aplicação. A segunda razão é que técnicas tradicionais não são escaláveis quando milhares de entidades monitoradas devem ser analisadas conjuntamente. Esta tese tenta resolver estes problemas encontrados em técnicas de visualização tradicionais para a análise de aplicações paralelas. A idéia principal consiste em explorar técnicas da área de visualização da informação e aplicá-las no contexto de análise de programas paralelos. Levando em conta isto, esta tese propõe dois modelos de visualização: o de três dimensões e o modelo de agregação visual. O primeiro pode ser utilizado para analisar aplicações levando-se em conta a topologia da rede dos recursos. A visualização em si é composta por três dimensões, onde duas são usadas para mostrar a topologia e a terceira é usada para representar o tempo. O segundo modelo pode ser usado para analisar aplicações paralelas com uma grande quantidade de processos. Ela explora uma organização hierárquica dos dados de monitoramento e uma técnica de visualização chamada Treemap para representar visualmente a hierarquia. Os dois modelos representam uma nova forma de analisar aplicação paralelas visualmente, uma vez que eles foram concebidos para larga-escala e sistemas distribuídos complexos, como grids. As implicações desta tese estão diretamente relacionadas à análise e ao entendimento do comportamento de aplicações paralelas executadas em sistemas distribuídos. Um dos modelos de visualização apresentados aumenta a compreensão dos padrões de comunicação entre processos e oferece a possibilidade de observar tal padrão com a topologia de rede. Embora a topologia de rede seja usada, a abordagem pode ser adaptada sem grandes mudanças para levar em conta interconexões lógicas de bibliotecas de comunicação. Com a técnica de agregação apresentada nesta tese, os desenvolvedores são capazes de observar padrões de aplicações paralelas de larga escala. / Highly distributed systems such as grids are used today for the execution of large-scale parallel applications. Some characteristics of these systems are the complex resource interconnection that might be present and the scalability. The interconnection complexity comes from the different number of hops to provide communication among applications processes and differences in network latencies and bandwidth. The scalability means that the resources can be added indefinitely just by connecting them to the existing infrastructure. These characteristics influence directly the way parallel applications performance must be analyzed. Current traditional visualization schemes to this analysis are usually based on Gantt charts with one dimension to list the monitored entities and the other dimension dedicated to time. These visualizations are generally not suited to parallel applications executed in grids. The first reason is that they were not built to offer to the developer an analysis that also shows the network topology of the resources. The second reason is that traditional visualization techniques do not scale well when thousands of monitored entities must be analyzed together. This thesis tries to overcome the issues encountered on traditional visualization techniques for parallel applications. The main idea behind our efforts is to explore techniques from the information visualization research area and to apply them in the context of parallel applications analysis. Based on this main idea, the thesis proposes two visualization models: the three-dimensional and the visual aggregation model. The former might be used to analyze parallel applications taking into account the network topology of the resources. The visualization itself is composed of three dimensions, where two of them are used to render the topology and the third is used to represent time. The later model can be used to analyze parallel applications composed of several thousands of processes. It uses hierarchical organization of monitoring data and an information visualization technique called Treemap to represent that hierarchy. Both models represent a novel way to visualize the behavior of parallel applications, since they are conceived considering large-scale and complex distributed systems, such as grids. The implications of this thesis are directly related to the analysis and understanding of parallel applications executed in distributed systems. It enhances the comprehension of patterns in communication among processes and improves the possibility of matching this patterns with real network topology of grids. Although we extensively use the network topology example, the approach could be adapted with almost no changes to the interconnection provided by a middleware of a logical interconnection. With the scalable visualization technique, developers are able to look for patterns and observe the behavior of large-scale applications.

Les systèmes distribués, tels que les grilles, sont utilisés aujourd’hui pour l’exécution des grandes applications parallèles. Quelques caractéristiques de ces systèmes sont l’interconnexion complexe de ressources qui pourraient être présent et de la facile passage à l’échelle. La complexité d’interconnexion vient, par exemple, d’un nombre plus grand de directives de routage pour la communication entre les processus et une latence variable dans le temps. La passage à l’échelle signifie que des ressources peuvent être ajoutées indéfiniment simplement en les reliant à l’infrastructure existante. Ces caractéristiques influencent directement la façon dont la performance des applications parallèles doit être analysée. Les techniques de visualisation traditionnelles pour cette analyse sont généralement basées sur des diagrammes de Gantt que disposent la liste des composants de l’application verticalement et metent la ligne du temps sur l’axe horizontal. Ces représentations visuelles ne sont généralement pas adaptés à l’analyse des applications exécutées en parallèle dans les grilles. La première raison est qu’elles n’ont pas été conçues pour offrir aux développeurs une analyse qui montre aussi la topologie du réseau des ressources. La deuxième raison est que les techniques de visualisation traditionnels ne s’adaptent pas bien quand des milliers d’entités doivent être analysés ensemble. Cette thèse tente de résoudre les problèmes des techniques traditionnelles dans la visualisation des applications parallèles. L’idée principale est d’exploiter le domaine de la visualisation de l’information et essayer d’appliquer ses concepts dans le cadre de l’analyse des programmes parallèles. Portant de cette idée, la thèse propose deux modèles de visualisation : les trois dimensions et le modèle d’agrégation visuelle. Le premier peut être utilisé pour analyser les programmes parallèles en tenant compte de la topologie du réseau. L’affichage lui-même se compose de trois dimensions, où deux sont utilisés pour indiquer la topologie et la troisième est utilisée pour représenter le temps. Le second modèle peut être utilisé pour analyser des applications parallèles comportant un très grand nombre de processsus. Ce deuxième modèle exploite une organisation hiérarchique des données utilisée par une technique appelée Treemap pour représenter visuellement la hiérarchie. Les implications de cette thèse sont directement liées à l’analyse et la compréhension des applications parallèles exécutés dans les systèmes distribués. Elle améliore la compréhension des modes de communication entre les processus et améliore la possibilité d’assortir les motifs avec cette topologie de réseau réel sur des grilles. Bien que nous utilisons abondamment l’exemple de la topologie du réseau, l’approche pourrait être adapté, avec presque pas de changements, à l’interconnexion fourni par un middleware d’une interconnexion logique. Avec la technique d’agrégation, les développeurs sont en mesure de rechercher des patterns et d’observer le comportement des applications à grande échelle. / Sistemas distribuídos tais como grids são usados hoje para a execução de aplicações paralelas com um grande número de processos. Algumas características desses sistemas são a presença de uma complexa rede de interconexão e a escalabilidade de recursos. A complexidade de rede vem, por exemplo, de largura de banda e latências variáveis ao longo do tempo. Escalabilidade é a característica pela qual novos recursos podem ser adicionados em um grid apenas através da conexão em uma infraestrutura pré-existente. Estas características influenciam a forma como o desempenho de aplicações paralelas deve ser analisado. Esquemas tradicionais de visualização de desempenho são usualmente baseados em gráficos Gantt com uma dimensão para listar entidades monitoradas e outra para o tempo. Visualizações como essa não são apropriadas para a análise de aplicações paralelas executadas em grid. A primeira razão para tal é que elas não foram concebidas para oferecer ao desenvolvedor uma análise que mostra a topologia dos recursos e a relação disso com a aplicação. A segunda razão é que técnicas tradicionais não são escaláveis quando milhares de entidades monitoradas devem ser analisadas conjuntamente. Esta tese tenta resolver estes problemas encontrados em técnicas de visualização tradicionais para a análise de aplicações paralelas. A idéia principal consiste em explorar técnicas da área de visualização da informação e aplicá-las no contexto de análise de programas paralelos. Levando em conta isto, esta tese propõe dois modelos de visualização: o de três dimensões e o modelo de agregação visual. O primeiro pode ser utilizado para analisar aplicações levando-se em conta a topologia da rede dos recursos. A visualização em si é composta por três dimensões, onde duas são usadas para mostrar a topologia e a terceira é usada para representar o tempo. O segundo modelo pode ser usado para analisar aplicações paralelas com uma grande quantidade de processos. Ela explora uma organização hierárquica dos dados de monitoramento e uma técnica de visualização chamada Treemap para representar visualmente a hierarquia. Os dois modelos representam uma nova forma de analisar aplicação paralelas visualmente, uma vez que eles foram concebidos para larga-escala e sistemas distribuídos complexos, como grids. As implicações desta tese estão diretamente relacionadas à análise e ao entendimento do comportamento de aplicações paralelas executadas em sistemas distribuídos. Um dos modelos de visualização apresentados aumenta a compreensão dos padrões de comunicação entre processos e oferece a possibilidade de observar tal padrão com a topologia de rede. Embora a topologia de rede seja usada, a abordagem pode ser adaptada sem grandes mudanças para levar em conta interconexões lógicas de bibliotecas de comunicação. Com a técnica de agregação apresentada nesta tese, os desenvolvedores são capazes de observar padrões de aplicações paralelas de larga escala. / Highly distributed systems such as grids are used today for the execution of large-scale parallel applications. Some characteristics of these systems are the complex resource interconnection that might be present and the scalability. The interconnection complexity comes from the different number of hops to provide communication among applications processes and differences in network latencies and bandwidth. The scalability means that the resources can be added indefinitely just by connecting them to the existing infrastructure. These characteristics influence directly the way parallel applications performance must be analyzed. Current traditional visualization schemes to this analysis are usually based on Gantt charts with one dimension to list the monitored entities and the other dimension dedicated to time. These visualizations are generally not suited to parallel applications executed in grids. The first reason is that they were not built to offer to the developer an analysis that also shows the network topology of the resources. The second reason is that traditional visualization techniques do not scale well when thousands of monitored entities must be analyzed together. This thesis tries to overcome the issues encountered on traditional visualization techniques for parallel applications. The main idea behind our efforts is to explore techniques from the information visualization research area and to apply them in the context of parallel applications analysis. Based on this main idea, the thesis proposes two visualization models: the three-dimensional and the visual aggregation model. The former might be used to analyze parallel applications taking into account the network topology of the resources. The visualization itself is composed of three dimensions, where two of them are used to render the topology and the third is used to represent time. The later model can be used to analyze parallel applications composed of several thousands of processes. It uses hierarchical organization of monitoring data and an information visualization technique called Treemap to represent that hierarchy. Both models represent a novel way to visualize the behavior of parallel applications, since they are conceived considering large-scale and complex distributed systems, such as grids. The implications of this thesis are directly related to the analysis and understanding of parallel applications executed in distributed systems. It enhances the comprehension of patterns in communication among processes and improves the possibility of matching this patterns with real network topology of grids. Although we extensively use the network topology example, the approach could be adapted with almost no changes to the interconnection provided by a middleware of a logical interconnection. With the scalable visualization technique, developers are able to look for patterns and observe the behavior of large-scale applications.

Les systèmes distribués, tels que les grilles, sont utilisés aujourd’hui pour l’exécution des grandes applications parallèles. Quelques caractéristiques de ces systèmes sont l’interconnexion complexe de ressources qui pourraient être présent et de la facile passage à l’échelle. La complexité d’interconnexion vient, par exemple, d’un nombre plus grand de directives de routage pour la communication entre les processus et une latence variable dans le temps. La passage à l’échelle signifie que des ressources peuvent être ajoutées indéfiniment simplement en les reliant à l’infrastructure existante. Ces caractéristiques influencent directement la façon dont la performance des applications parallèles doit être analysée. Les techniques de visualisation traditionnelles pour cette analyse sont généralement basées sur des diagrammes de Gantt que disposent la liste des composants de l’application verticalement et metent la ligne du temps sur l’axe horizontal. Ces représentations visuelles ne sont généralement pas adaptés à l’analyse des applications exécutées en parallèle dans les grilles. La première raison est qu’elles n’ont pas été conçues pour offrir aux développeurs une analyse qui montre aussi la topologie du réseau des ressources. La deuxième raison est que les techniques de visualisation traditionnels ne s’adaptent pas bien quand des milliers d’entités doivent être analysés ensemble. Cette thèse tente de résoudre les problèmes des techniques traditionnelles dans la visualisation des applications parallèles. L’idée principale est d’exploiter le domaine de la visualisation de l’information et essayer d’appliquer ses concepts dans le cadre de l’analyse des programmes parallèles. Portant de cette idée, la thèse propose deux modèles de visualisation : les trois dimensions et le modèle d’agrégation visuelle. Le premier peut être utilisé pour analyser les programmes parallèles en tenant compte de la topologie du réseau. L’affichage lui-même se compose de trois dimensions, où deux sont utilisés pour indiquer la topologie et la troisième est utilisée pour représenter le temps. Le second modèle peut être utilisé pour analyser des applications parallèles comportant un très grand nombre de processsus. Ce deuxième modèle exploite une organisation hiérarchique des données utilisée par une technique appelée Treemap pour représenter visuellement la hiérarchie. Les implications de cette thèse sont directement liées à l’analyse et la compréhension des applications parallèles exécutés dans les systèmes distribués. Elle améliore la compréhension des modes de communication entre les processus et améliore la possibilité d’assortir les motifs avec cette topologie de réseau réel sur des grilles. Bien que nous utilisons abondamment l’exemple de la topologie du réseau, l’approche pourrait être adapté, avec presque pas de changements, à l’interconnexion fourni par un middleware d’une interconnexion logique. Avec la technique d’agrégation, les développeurs sont en mesure de rechercher des patterns et d’observer le comportement des applications à grande échelle. / Sistemas distribuídos tais como grids são usados hoje para a execução de aplicações paralelas com um grande número de processos. Algumas características desses sistemas são a presença de uma complexa rede de interconexão e a escalabilidade de recursos. A complexidade de rede vem, por exemplo, de largura de banda e latências variáveis ao longo do tempo. Escalabilidade é a característica pela qual novos recursos podem ser adicionados em um grid apenas através da conexão em uma infraestrutura pré-existente. Estas características influenciam a forma como o desempenho de aplicações paralelas deve ser analisado. Esquemas tradicionais de visualização de desempenho são usualmente baseados em gráficos Gantt com uma dimensão para listar entidades monitoradas e outra para o tempo. Visualizações como essa não são apropriadas para a análise de aplicações paralelas executadas em grid. A primeira razão para tal é que elas não foram concebidas para oferecer ao desenvolvedor uma análise que mostra a topologia dos recursos e a relação disso com a aplicação. A segunda razão é que técnicas tradicionais não são escaláveis quando milhares de entidades monitoradas devem ser analisadas conjuntamente. Esta tese tenta resolver estes problemas encontrados em técnicas de visualização tradicionais para a análise de aplicações paralelas. A idéia principal consiste em explorar técnicas da área de visualização da informação e aplicá-las no contexto de análise de programas paralelos. Levando em conta isto, esta tese propõe dois modelos de visualização: o de três dimensões e o modelo de agregação visual. O primeiro pode ser utilizado para analisar aplicações levando-se em conta a topologia da rede dos recursos. A visualização em si é composta por três dimensões, onde duas são usadas para mostrar a topologia e a terceira é usada para representar o tempo. O segundo modelo pode ser usado para analisar aplicações paralelas com uma grande quantidade de processos. Ela explora uma organização hierárquica dos dados de monitoramento e uma técnica de visualização chamada Treemap para representar visualmente a hierarquia. Os dois modelos representam uma nova forma de analisar aplicação paralelas visualmente, uma vez que eles foram concebidos para larga-escala e sistemas distribuídos complexos, como grids. As implicações desta tese estão diretamente relacionadas à análise e ao entendimento do comportamento de aplicações paralelas executadas em sistemas distribuídos. Um dos modelos de visualização apresentados aumenta a compreensão dos padrões de comunicação entre processos e oferece a possibilidade de observar tal padrão com a topologia de rede. Embora a topologia de rede seja usada, a abordagem pode ser adaptada sem grandes mudanças para levar em conta interconexões lógicas de bibliotecas de comunicação. Com a técnica de agregação apresentada nesta tese, os desenvolvedores são capazes de observar padrões de aplicações paralelas de larga escala. / Highly distributed systems such as grids are used today for the execution of large-scale parallel applications. Some characteristics of these systems are the complex resource interconnection that might be present and the scalability. The interconnection complexity comes from the different number of hops to provide communication among applications processes and differences in network latencies and bandwidth. The scalability means that the resources can be added indefinitely just by connecting them to the existing infrastructure. These characteristics influence directly the way parallel applications performance must be analyzed. Current traditional visualization schemes to this analysis are usually based on Gantt charts with one dimension to list the monitored entities and the other dimension dedicated to time. These visualizations are generally not suited to parallel applications executed in grids. The first reason is that they were not built to offer to the developer an analysis that also shows the network topology of the resources. The second reason is that traditional visualization techniques do not scale well when thousands of monitored entities must be analyzed together. This thesis tries to overcome the issues encountered on traditional visualization techniques for parallel applications. The main idea behind our efforts is to explore techniques from the information visualization research area and to apply them in the context of parallel applications analysis. Based on this main idea, the thesis proposes two visualization models: the three-dimensional and the visual aggregation model. The former might be used to analyze parallel applications taking into account the network topology of the resources. The visualization itself is composed of three dimensions, where two of them are used to render the topology and the third is used to represent time. The later model can be used to analyze parallel applications composed of several thousands of processes. It uses hierarchical organization of monitoring data and an information visualization technique called Treemap to represent that hierarchy. Both models represent a novel way to visualize the behavior of parallel applications, since they are conceived considering large-scale and complex distributed systems, such as grids. The implications of this thesis are directly related to the analysis and understanding of parallel applications executed in distributed systems. It enhances the comprehension of patterns in communication among processes and improves the possibility of matching this patterns with real network topology of grids. Although we extensively use the network topology example, the approach could be adapted with almost no changes to the interconnection provided by a middleware of a logical interconnection. With the scalable visualization technique, developers are able to look for patterns and observe the behavior of large-scale applications.

The fast capacity growth of cheap storage devices presents an ever-growing problem of scale for digital forensic investigations. One aspect of scale problem in the forensic process is the need for new approaches to visually presenting and analyzing large amounts of data. Current generation of tools universally employ three basic GUI components—trees, tables, and viewers—to present all relevant information. This approach is not scalable as increasing the size of the input data leads to a proportional increase in the amount of data presented to the analyst. We present an alternative approach, which leverages data visualization techniques to provide a more intuitive interface to explore the forensic target. We use tree visualization techniques to give the analyst both a high-level view of the file system and an efficient means to drill down into the details. Further, we provide means to search for keywords and filter the data by time period.

Les systèmes distribués, tels que les grilles, sont utilisés aujourd'hui pour l'exécution des grandes applications parallèles. Quelques caractéristiques de ces systèmes sont l'interconnexion complexe de ressources qui pourraient être présent et de la facile passage à l'échelle. La complexité d'interconnexion vient, par exemple, d'un nombre plus grand de directives de routage pour la communication entre les processus et une latence variable dans le temps. La passage à l'échelle signifie que des ressources peuvent être ajoutées indéfiniment simplement en les reliant à l'infrastructure existante. Ces caractéristiques influencent directement la façon dont la performance des applications parallèles doit être analysée. Les techniques de visualisation traditionnelles pour cette analyse sont généralement basées sur des diagrammes de Gantt que disposent la liste des composants de l'application verticalement et metent la ligne du temps sur l'axe horizontal. Ces représentations visuelles ne sont généralement pas adaptés à l'analyse des applications exécutées en parallèle dans les grilles. La première raison est qu'elles n'ont pas été conçues pour offrir aux développeurs une analyse qui montre aussi la topologie du réseau des ressources. La deuxième raison est que les techniques de visualisation traditionnels ne s'adaptent pas bien quand des milliers d'entités doivent être analysés ensemble. Cette thèse tente de résoudre les problèmes des techniques traditionnelles dans la visualisation des applications parallèles. L'idée principale est d'exploiter le domaine de la visualisation de l'information et essayer d'appliquer ses concepts dans le cadre de l'analyse des programmes parallèles. Portant de cette idée, la thèse propose deux modèles de visualisation: les trois dimensions et le modèle d'agrégation visuelle. Le premier peut être utilisé pour analyser les programmes parallèles en tenant compte de la topologie du réseau. L'affichage lui-même se compose de trois dimensions, où deux sont utilisés pour indiquer la topologie et la troisième est utilisée pour représenter le temps. Le second modèle peut être utilisé pour analyser des applications parallèles comportant un très grand nombre de processsus. Ce deuxième modèle exploite une organisation hiérarchique des données utilisée par une technique appelée Treemap pour représenter visuellement la hiérarchie. Les implications de cette thèse sont directement liées à l'analyse et la compréhension des applications parallèles exécutés dans les systèmes distribués. Elle améliore la compréhension des modes de communication entre les processus et améliore la possibilité d'assortir les motifs avec cette topologie de réseau réel sur des grilles. Bien que nous utilisons abondamment l'exemple de la topologie du réseau, l'approche pourrait être adapté, avec presque pas de changements, à l'interconnexion fourni par un middleware d'une interconnexion logique. Avec la technique d'agrégation, les développeurs sont en mesure de rechercher des patterns et d'observer le comportement des applications à grande échelle.

This work presents our research into visualization for digital repository search interfaces, motivated by the prevalence of existing hierarchical data structures and the general lack of contextualization present in existing systems. We develop the ResultMap concept, a treemap-based visualization that we have applied to keyword search engine and faceted classification data environments, and present the results of their empirical evaluation, which show limited objective and subjective benefits for some users and no detrimental effects in any cases. We organize this work as follows: Chapter 1 provides an introduction to our problem area, motivates our general approach of leveraging hierarchical structure (via ResultMaps) for context, and proposes a thesis statement and corresponding research questions. Chapter 2 discusses related work, and includes a survey and design characterization of faceted navigation tools. Chapter 3 defines the key visual and interactive features of the ResultMap concept and justifies their basic design. Chapter 4 presents our implementation and evaluation of ResultMaps applied to digital library search engine result pages (SERPs). Chapter 5 consists of two major portions: a presentation of formal data and query models for faceted environments, and our implementation and evaluation of ResultMaps in a faceted UI context. In Chapter 6 we conclude--based on our results from Chapter 4 and Chapter 5--with a set of principles for designing both visual search interfaces themselves and designing their evaluation. We finish with suggestions for future research in this area.