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The study aims to describe and analyze the image of Mary Magdalene as expressed in the French artwork from 1400 and 1600s that this study deals with. The study also examines the historical context in order to find explanations for why the images of Mary Magdalene have changed. In the study Erwin Panofsky’s iconographic method is used to analyze the artworks and finding their underlying meaning. Delimitations are made that only works of art made by French artists from the 1400 and 1600s are analyzed and delimitations are also made that Mary Magdalene will act on her own in the works of art. The study relies on David Morgan's theory of how religious pictures function. Morgan emphasizes that images can be used as leverage to reach out with various messages. With Morgan’s assertions in mind, the study examines how the Catholic Church's position of power is changing in accordance with the Council of Trent from 1545 to 1563. The Council of Trent result that the Catholic Church changed its view on how people should choose the Catholic Church in the new Protestant faith orientation. This implies that the image of the saintly Mary Magdalene changed to better fit into the Catholic Church's new position. The study has concluded that the works of art depicting Mary Magdalene in 1400 and the 1600s move from manifesting a physical penance to a more inward and spiritual redemption through Panofsky’s method.

The area of Palermo and its environs are rich with history that has been virtually untouched. Little can be found in the English language about the history of Sicily and even less about the cities and towns where Sicilians lived and worked. This thesis looks at the town of Carini in the early seventeenth century (1590–1650) when the kings of Spain (Philip II, III, and IV) ruled Sicily. This study uses primarily Catholic parish records from La Chiesa Madre di Carini or the mother church of Carini to portray the life cycle of Carinese through birth, baptism, marriage, death, and burial in a southern Italian town at the height of Spanish rule. Moreover, the records that were consulted came into existence as a result of the religious fervor and revitalization of the Council of Trent. If it had not been for the Council of Trent and its mandates to keep records, this study might not have been possible. However, the Council of Trent made its way lackadaisically toward Palermo and its environs; therefore, this study relays how society effectively coexisted and conflicted with the reforms of Trent as a result of the politics of Spain, the structure of the church (chiese ricettizie), and the social and cultural landscape in seventeenth century Carini. The lives of villagers show us these patterns most clearly. In the birth and baptism chapter, Soro Rosalia Galluzzo, a widow, midwife, and nun shows the limitations for women and religion in this town. Marriage patterns also reveal more about how economics, politics, and religion merged to change the landscape in early seventeenth century Carini. Finally, the life, death, and burial of Don Gaspano Russo is an apropos example of the continuity of cultural practices in Carini despite the reforms of Trent.

This paper thoroughly examines the thesis film, Blood in the Grass. Each area of the film's production is carefully analyzed, including writing, directing, production design, cinematography, editing, sound, and technology and workflow. In addition to these areas, the background and ideology of the filmmaker provides a context for the choices made in production. This overall analysis discusses the effectiveness of the goals set by the filmmaker for the film to be an emotionally effective commentary on capital punishment, and to be conducive to the short film medium.

PM10 (suspended particles with diameter below 10 £gm) and O3 (ozone) are the dominant air pollutants in Kao-Ping airshed, in which ozone is a secondary pollutant produced from its precursors of NOx (= NO + NO2) and HC (hydrocarbons) via complex photochemical reactions in sunlight. This study first statistically summarized the trends of ozone concentrations using box plots over recent five to six years from four and three air-quality monitoring stations in Kaohsiung City and Ping-Tung County, respectively. Then, the long-term variations of ozone concentrations were analyzed using trend formula proposed by Holland et al. (1999). Finally, multi-variable factor analysis was applied to study the relationships among the ozone concentrations with other air pollutants and meteorological parameters. Results reveal that the highest peak of ozone concentration appears in October and the second peak appears in March, while the lowest one appears in summer. Except being moderate relationships in Tzyo-Yin station, trend results show strong relationships in all other stations. Results also show that the percentage annual increase in ozone concentration in Kaohsiung City is higher than those in Kaohsiung and Ping-Tung Counties. The factor analyses reveal that the concentration of ozone is positively correlated with air temperature, wind speed and period of sunshine, while negatively correlated with concentrations of NO2, CO, NO, and NOx in the seasons of spring, autumn and winter; but negatively correlated with relative humidity in autumn. Notably, the percentage increases of ozone events in recent years should be also related to the rises of air temperature and period of sunshine, which should be watched continuously.

The objective of this dissertation is to clarify Calvin's thought and attitude towards the papacy by tracing the development of his critique of the bishop of Rome throughout his career. Chapter One introduces the state of research on Calvin's critique of the papacy in the last century. This brief examination reveals that studies on Calvin's critique are hampered by a lack of historical treatment of the development of Calvin's thought as well as biased by the ecumenical assumptions of some of the researchers. Our thesis is that Calvin did reject the pope's primacy absolutely and this is based on the pope's relation to the true doctrine of the gospel and to Christ. This apparently simple conclusion, however, can only be arrived at by studying Calvin's thought in its historical development, exploring his attitude and the themes and reasons of his criticism of the papacy in each phase. Upon reading and rereading of Calvin' s works relating to his critique of the papacy the thesis organises Calvin's critique into five phases in which his conflicts with the papacy progresses from one stage to another. Chapter Two explores the earliest period of Calvin's reform career. It confirms not only that there were already latent conflicts in Calvin' s mind against the papacy, but also that the chief concerns evident in his later critique of the papacy were already present. Chapter Three studies how Calvin came into open conflicts with the papacy through his correspondence with his friend du Tillet and Cardinal Sadoleto. It also recounts how Calvin reshaped the purpose of his 1536 Institutio to enable editions from 1539 onwards to become a theological platform against his opponents. Chapter Four investigates how Calvin's conflicts with the papacy intensified. It demonstrates the importance of Calvin's participation in the colloquies of 1540-41 for leading the reformer to concentrate his effort to refute the primacy of the Roman see. This reaches its fulfilment in his publication of the highly important 1543 Institutio in which Calvin rejects the primacy of the pope comprehensively. Chapter Five examines a stage of climactic conflicts. It culminates in his unforgiving rejection of the pope in his Antidote to the Council of Trent. But this stage also reveals surprising information about Calvin's 'concessions' to the papacy, yet without compromising his consistent rejection of papal primacy. Chapter Six delineates the limits of Calvin's ecumenical vision and recounts the unbending attitude of the reformer towards the pope at the end of his life. In all these chapters we find consistent reasons explaining Calvin's absolute rejection of the primacy of the pope. At the same time we also detect that there is a form of papacy that could have been acceptable to Calvin. Therefore in the last chapter, apart from linking up the connections of Calvin' s criticism of the papacy in its historical development, a theological interpretation is given of the complexities of these seemingly incompatible ideas, and we also attempt to draw out the ecumenical implications of Calvin's criticism.

PM10 and ozone are the dominant air pollutants in the Urban Kaohsiung. Ozone is a secondary pollutant generated in the troposphere from the precursors nitrogen dioxide and non-methane hydrocarbons. The trends of ozone concentrations first statistically are summarized utilizing the monitoring data during the period 1998¡Ð2007. All data are collected from four fixed-site air quality monitoring stations in Kaohsiung City. The results show that ozone concentration in Kaohsiung has one perennial peak concentration, occurring in October and March. The highest values occur in October and the secondary high value in March. The lowest values occur in the summer. The monitor data possess timeliness of data and the non-linear dynamic tendency. Artificial Neural Network ¡]ANN¡^, a system recognition, self-study function and ability of the solution to non-linearity dynamic system problem, was used as a tool to analyze these monitor data. This work utilizing neural networks develops a model to predict the trend of ozone situations in the Urban Kaohsiung. The network was trained using meteorological factor and air quality data when the ozone concentrations are the highest. The optimum set value of five parameters including date partition, hidden layer neurons, training function, leraning rate , and momentum coefficient were obtained based on trial and error methods. The simulated results of ozone concentration have a correlation coefficient within the range 0.865¡Ð0.899 and IOA within the range 0.927¡Ð0.934. The trend results of ozone concentration reflect strong relationships in all stations. The results of this study indicate that the artificial neural network (ANN) is a promising method for air pollution modeling.

After the Council of Trent, Catholic Spain in the seventeenth century increasingly turned to the arts to articulate their identity and mission as a church. Writing for the Spanish Court in the early 1630s, Pedro Calderón de la Barca uses La cena del rey Baltasar to portray the Church as an essential mediator for the relationship between the congregant and the divine, specifically through the use of didactic imagery and authoritative interpretation of God’s word. This essay reviews elements in the play that support this message and articulates the eucharistic and allegorical elements therein. The action of the Biblical narrative and the play culminates in the divine manifestation of the hand of God, a moment also captured in paint by the Catholic Spanish painter Jusepe de Ribera and the Protestant Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn. These painted works serve as visual hermeneutics articulating the contrasting views of Catholics and Protestants in post-Tridentine Europe.

Relationships between humans and the environment are messy and complex. This thesis makes sense of this complexity by using relational approaches to bridge social-ecological systems research with insights from the more-than-human social sciences and humanities. I focus on the case of environmental governance and conservation research in two of Ontario's National Historic Waterways: the Rideau Canal and the Trent-Severn Waterway. I analyze knowledge maps of factors that influence the environment of the waterways and the perception of relationships between humans and non-humans in the context of research. Through social-ecological network analysis, it was revealed different that groups conceptualize the Rideau Canal differently, but that all groups overemphasized social factors when identifying components that influence the environment. Knowledge maps, representing participants' mental models of the Rideau Canal, are used to generate narratives to inform policy and engagement strategies. Social-ecological network analysis was also used to make visible the different types of relationships between humans and non-humans in the context of conservation research. This unveiled a paradox of conservation. Attempts to produce evidence to conserve non-human populations and habitats are anchored in tense encounters, and sometimes procedures that are harmful for the individuals targeted by the research. I mobilize relational approaches and concepts from the social sciences to propose practical and theoretical insights and pathways for conservation research to become more-than-human. Such work necessitates the explicit recognition of the contributions of non-humans in research processes.

This thesis consists of an analysis of Middle and Late Iroquoian sites located within the Middle Trent Valley region of south-central Ontario. Comparsions between the assemblages from these sites suggests that Iroquoian culture developed in situ in this area, and was not the result of migrations from the south. Several interrelated Middle to Late Iroquoian foci inhabited the interior areas of this region . until atleast the end of the fifteenth century, when the Middle Trent Valley was abandoned. Two sites in particular, the late Middleport Wilson site and the early Late Iroquoian Bark site, are discussed in detail. The Bark site is a small mid-fifteenth century Huron village with close socio-cultural ties to contemporary Huron groups in the Upper Trent Valley. The Wilson site is a large Middleport village dating to the end of the fourteenth century. It is suggested that the Bark site inhabitants represent a portion of the earlier Wilson site occupants, who returned to the area of the Wilson site to take advantage of their abandoned fields. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)