Fungi in the genus Trichoderma have been characterized as biocontrol agents of plant pathogens since the 1930s. The use of biologicals for disease management has increased in recent years, typically marketed as a safer alternative to chemical applications. However, biologicals often lack consistent control across varying environmental conditions. To overcome the loss in efficacy due to environmental conditions, biologicals can be combined with common fungicide seed-treatments to provide improved control. Additionally, the presence of a biological organism could slow the development of a pathogen population. Greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the baseline root colonization of three Trichoderma spp. used in conjunction with five commonly used seed treatments. In field trials, a stand-alone treatment of the Trichoderma isolates was assessed for management of Rhizoctonia root rot (caused by Rhizoctonia solani) and frogeye leaf spot (caused by Cercospora sojina). The greenhouse trial provided evidence that isolates of T. virens and T. hamatum can colonize the roots of plants in which seeds were treated with metalaxyl + prothioconazole + penflufen or metalaxyl + prothioconazole + penflufen + fluopyram. Surprisingly, in the Rhizoctonia root rot trials, the soybean seedlings treated with Trichoderma spp. had significantly reduced stand compared to the R. solani inoculated control. For the frogeye leaf spot trial, an application of T. virens conidial suspensions as a foliar treatment significantly (P ≤ 0.10) reduced frogeye leaf spot severity of soybean compared to a non-treated control. Future research is warranted to better understand the potential efficacy in additional environments and the mechanism(s) of action used by the Trichoderma isolates evaluated in these experiments.

Orientador: Luiz Antônio Graciolli / Banca: Luzia Doretto Paccola Meirelles / Banca: Marli de Fátima Stradioto Papa / Abstract: The occurrence of contaminants fungus and competitors are common during the shiitake cultivation in logs. In Brazil, few are the works that identify and they analyze the effects of these microorganisms in the shiitake production. However, it is known that the incidence of these fungus in great proportions can take to the unproductiveness the logs. Therefore, the present work had as objective to test the effect of the moisturized whitewash and of the fungicide benomyl in the control of contaminant fungus and his answer in the shiitake production in logs. For so much, it was tested in vitro previously the effect of the benomyl in different concentrations (0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 8.0 and 16.0 mg/mL) in the mycelial growth of five shiitake lineages (JAB-L; JAB-K; LE-96/17; LE-95/01 and, LE-96/22), in way to select the most tolerant lineage to the concentrations of proposed benomyl, comparing with the growth of the same ones without the presence of this fungicide (control). A completely randomized design in a factorial scheme 5X7, tends in the total 35 treatments, each one with three repetitions, corresponding to a plate of Petri. It was observed that only shiitake lineage did not suffer any effect of the benomyl in the proposed concentrations was the LE-96/17, being the chosen to be used in the experiment in logs, when the largest benomyl concentration was submitted (16.0 mg/mL). The other study was conducted in logs in an interely randomized design, with three treatments: control; whitewash (8 kg of whitewash / 60 liters of water) applied in the production logs soon after the inoculation and after each induction shock; and benomyl (16.0 mg/mL) applied biweekly starting from the inoculation of the logs. Each treatment contained 60 repetitions, being the experimental unit corresponding to a log. The used logs were of Eucalyptus urophylla, which were... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Resumo: A ocorrência de fungos contaminantes e competidores é comum durante o cultivo de shiitake em toros. No Brasil, poucos são os trabalhos que identificam e analisam os efeitos destes microrganismos na produção de shiitake. No entanto, sabe-se que a incidência destes fungos em grandes proporções pode levar à improdutividade dos toros. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo testar o efeito da cal hidratada e do fungicida benomyl no controle de fungos contaminantes e sua resposta na produção de shiitake em toros. Para tanto, testou-se anteriormente in vitro o efeito do benomyl nas concentrações 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0 mg/mL no crescimento micelial das linhagens de shiitake JAB-L; JAB-K; LE-96/17; LE-95/01 e LE-96/22, de modo a selecionar a linhagem mais tolerante as concentrações de benomyl propostas, comparando com o crescimento das mesmas sem a presença deste fungicida (testemunha). O delineamento deste experimento foi inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 5X7, tendo no total trinta e cinco tratamentos, cada qual com três repetições, sendo cada repetição correspondente a uma placa de Petri. Observou-se que a única linhagem de shiitake a não sofrer qualquer efeito do benomyl nas concentrações propostas foi a LE-96/17, sendo a escolhida para ser utilizada no experimento em toros, a qual foi submetida a maior concentração de benomyl (16,0 mg/mL). O delineamento do experimento em toros foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos: testemunha; cal (8 kg de cal/ 60 litros de água) aplicados nos toros de produção logo após a inoculação e após cada choque de indução; e benomyl (16,0 mg/mL) aplicados quinzenalmente a partir da inoculação dos toros. Cada tratamento conteve 60 repetições, sendo a unidade experimental correspondente a um toro. Os toros utilizados foram de Eucalyptus urophylla, os quais foram inoculados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-05-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:00:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_mcn_me_ilha.pdf: 261991 bytes, checksum: 006fec132b03beb5f46f5030a336fa9b (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A ocorrência de fungos contaminantes e competidores é comum durante o cultivo de shiitake em toros. No Brasil, poucos são os trabalhos que identificam e analisam os efeitos destes microrganismos na produção de shiitake. No entanto, sabe-se que a incidência destes fungos em grandes proporções pode levar à improdutividade dos toros. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo testar o efeito da cal hidratada e do fungicida benomyl no controle de fungos contaminantes e sua resposta na produção de shiitake em toros. Para tanto, testou-se anteriormente in vitro o efeito do benomyl nas concentrações 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0 mg/mL no crescimento micelial das linhagens de shiitake JAB-L; JAB-K; LE-96/17; LE-95/01 e LE-96/22, de modo a selecionar a linhagem mais tolerante as concentrações de benomyl propostas, comparando com o crescimento das mesmas sem a presença deste fungicida (testemunha). O delineamento deste experimento foi inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 5X7, tendo no total trinta e cinco tratamentos, cada qual com três repetições, sendo cada repetição correspondente a uma placa de Petri. Observou-se que a única linhagem de shiitake a não sofrer qualquer efeito do benomyl nas concentrações propostas foi a LE-96/17, sendo a escolhida para ser utilizada no experimento em toros, a qual foi submetida a maior concentração de benomyl (16,0 mg/mL). O delineamento do experimento em toros foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos: testemunha; cal (8 kg de cal/ 60 litros de água) aplicados nos toros de produção logo após a inoculação e após cada choque de indução; e benomyl (16,0 mg/mL) aplicados quinzenalmente a partir da inoculação dos toros. Cada tratamento conteve 60 repetições, sendo a unidade experimental correspondente a um toro. Os toros utilizados foram de Eucalyptus urophylla, os quais foram inoculados... .

For oat protection was used Trichoderma harzianum as a bioagent. The fungus that antagonizes other fungi causing diseases on corn. It was applied in two doses on glumed oat allotment with the acreage 8m2 . The grown oat varieties were Neklan and Atego. The first application of the fungus was made shortly after the oat emergence in the form of granula together with the NPK 11-7-7 (in 2005) and NPK 15-10-10 (in 2006) fertilizer , the second application was made in the form of solution of Supresivit S2. The crop was yield by the special harvester and from the threshing the samples for next analyse were taken. The final apprasial was made. in VÚRV Ruzyně.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:05:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4542_1.pdf: 1133484 bytes, checksum: 03b12c365166ce3194891b4f41966c86 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Dentre as doenças que afetam a cultura do feijão, o mofo branco causado por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum é uma das mais importantes, principalmente em sistemas de cultivo que adotam a agricultura irrigada. Quatro isolados de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, sendo três provenientes de plantas cultivadas com sintomas do mofo branco (Ss11-feijão; Ss17-alface e Ss5-soja) e um de solo (806), foram avaliados quanto a patogenicidade a plantas de feijão, variedade IPA-10. Todos os isolados testados revelaram-se patogênicos e apenas o isolado Ss5 foi estatisticamente inferior aos demais. Também foi avaliado o controle biológico in vitro pelo método de pareamento em placas de Petri utilizando-se oito isolados de Trichoderma e um de Ulocladium atrum, além do controle químico in vitro, por meio do crescimento micelial dos isolados de S. sclerotiorum em meio BDA, acrescido dos fungicidas Cercobin (Tiofanato metílico), Rovral (Iprodione) e Derosal (Carbendazim) em quatro concentrações distintas do ingrediente ativo (1, 10, 50 e 100 ppm). Com exceção de U. atrum, todos os isolados de Trichoderma revelaram potencial antagônico contra S. sclerotiorum, destacando-se T. harzianum (3601) como o de melhor desempenho. Quanto ao controle químico, Cercobin (Tiofanato metílico) foi o mais eficiente inibindo de forma satisfatória o crescimento micelial do patógeno, sendo este fungicida e o isolado 3601 selecionados para a comparação entre os controles químico e biológico in vivo de S. sclerotiorum em plantas de feijão, variedade IPA-10, em casa-de-vegetação. O antagonista foi aplicado ao solo veiculado em arroz autoclavado, numa concentração de 2 g/Kg de solo em diferentes períodos (antes do patógeno, juntamente com o patógeno e após o patógeno), enquanto o fungicida foi aplicado de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos, sendo a aplicação do fungicida e do antagonista realizadas antes do patógeno os mais eficientes, reduzindo o percentual de patogenicidade em 32,94% e 37,04%, respectivamente

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:16:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LOPES FAC Dissertacao.pdf: 1587334 bytes, checksum: 1fcac951d597992ec49231a64f8eff03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Devido aos efeitos danosos causados ao meio ambiemte e à procura por métodos mais eficientes, o uso de agrodefensivos vem sendo gradualmente substituído pelo uso de agentes de controle biológico. A utilização do gênero Trichoderma tem sido satisfatória no controle de vários fitopatógenos em diversas culturas agrícolas por meio da competição por nutrientes, produção de antibióticos e do micoparasitismo. Esse gênero possui sua taxonomia bastante discutida, porém com o advento de técnicas moleculares o problema da identificação da espécie do isolado estudado vem sendo resolvido. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram identificar isolados de Trichoderma spp. provenientes de diversas espécies cultivadas, além de visualizar as relações filogenéticas, e realizar a avaliação da atividade específica de enzimas hidrolíticas frente aos fitopatógenos Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Dentro os 100 isolados, 96 isolados foram identficados, sendo 43 isolados da espécie T. harzianum, 33 isolados de T. asperellum, 6 isolados de T. tomentosum, 5 isolados de T. koningiopsis, 4 isolados de T. erinaceum, 2 isolados de T. ghanense, 1 isolado de T. virens, 1 isolado de T. brevicompactum e 1 isolado de T. hamatum. Quatro isolados não foram identificados por nenhuma ferramenta molecular ou por análise filogenética. No estudo feito com as enzimas em F. oxysporum, todas as correlações apresentadas entre as atividades específicas são significativas, possuíam valores elevados de coeficiente de Pearson e positivos. Em F. solani, os resultados foram bastante semelhantes aos encontrados em F. oxysporum. Na indução com parede celular de R. solani, foram observadas correlações entre enzimas que desempenham papel fundamental no processo de micoparasitismo. Em S. sclerotiorum, foram observadas correlações entre enzimas envolvidas no processo de micoparasitismo. Os isolados T. asperellum 356/01, que obteve destaque em todas as enzimas estudadas em parede celular de F. oxysporum, T. asperellum 40T/03 e T. harzianum 100T/01, se destacando em praticamente todas as enzimas em F. solani, Trichoderma spp. 55/03, que apresentou as maiores atividades em Fosfatase ácida e Proteases em parede celular de R. solani, e o isolado T. erinaceum 17/06, possuindo atividades expressivas em NAGase nas paredes celulares de F. solani e R. solani e em β-1,3-glicanase na parede celular de R. solani, são alguns organismos que possuem um grande potencial para um futuro uso biotecnológico. Todos esses resultados levantados propiciam um melhor entendimento do mecanismo de micoparasitismo do gênero Trichoderma frente a fitopatógenos de grande importância

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fernando_maia_filho.pdf: 887775 bytes, checksum: 3c3975ac6a38b09b73992b6becd71cd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-08 / The high prevalence of Toxocara canis in dogs, associated with environmental contamination and the resistance of eggs in the soil increase the exposure of humans front of the parasite. Moreover, the difficulties of implementation of control measures and disinfection, allied to the problems inherent to chemical control, justifying the need for alternative measures that assist in controlling parasitoses transmitted by the soil. Among these measures, we highlight the use of nematophagous fungi.This study had the objective of valuating the activity of in vitro ovicide of isolated fungi based on soil collected in public places in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Samples of soil from ten localities were sowed in agar water 2% with antibiotics and incubated at 25ºC for 21 days. The ovicide activity of the fungal isolates obtained was tested in vitro in five repetitions for each analyzed insulator. An mL of an embryonated egg suspension of Toxocara canis (103 eggs) was poured over the fungal cultures grown in agar water for 10 days. At intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days, 100 eggs were removed from each plaque and evaluated in optical microscopy. Acremonium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Fusarium spp., Gliocladium spp., Mucor spp. and Trichoderma spp. were isolated from the soil. In this order, a significant ovicidal type 3 effect was observed in Trichoderma spp., Fusarium complex solani and Acremonium spp.. Trichoderma spp. presented an ovicidal effect on the 14th day of fungus-egg interaction. The other fungal genera tested presented a type 2 effect. The results obtained showed the presence of nematophagous fungi parasites of eggs in soil in the Southern region of Brazil and demonstrated the ovicidal activity of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium complex solani on T. canis eggs. / As altas prevalências de Toxocara canis em cães associada à frequente contaminação ambiental e a resistência dos ovos no solo, incrementam a exposição do homem à este parasito. Além disso, as dificuldades de implantação de medidas de controle e desinfecção, aliadas aos problemas inerentes ao controle químico, justificam a necessidade de medidas alternativas que auxiliem no controle das parasitoses transmitidas pelo solo. Dentre essas medidas, destaca-se a utilização de fungos nematófagos. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a atividade ovicida in vitro de fungos isolados a partir de solos coletados em áreas públicas do município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Amostras de solo de dez locais foram semeadas em agar água 2% com antibióticos e incubadas a 25ºC por 21 dias. A atividade ovicida dos isolados fúngicos obtidos foi testada in vitro, em cinco repetições para cada isolado analisado. Um mL de uma suspensão de ovos embrionados de Toxocara canis (103 ovos) foi vertido sobre as culturas fúngicas crescidas em agar água por 10 dias. Em intervalos de 7, 14 e 21 dias, 100 ovos eram retirados de cada placa e avaliados em microscopia óptica. A partir do solo foram isolados Acremonium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Fusarium spp., Gliocladium spp, Mucor spp.e Trichoderma spp. Nesta ordem, efeito ovicida tipo 3 significativo foi observado em Trichoderma spp., Fusarium complexo solani e Acremonium spp.. Trichoderma spp apresentou efeito ovicida ao 14º dia de interação fungo-ovo. Os demais gêneros fúngicos testados apresentaram efeito tipo 2. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a presença de fungos nematófagos parasitos de ovos em solos da região sul do Brasil e evidenciam a atividade ovicida do gênero Trichoderma spp. e Fusarium complexo solani sobre ovos de T. canis.

Soybean crops are vulnerable to a wide range of pathogens that reduce yield and cause extensive losses worldwide. In the United States, the soilborne pathogens Pythium spp., causing soybean damping-off, and Fusarium virguliforme, causing sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean, have been among the top diseases that most reduced soybean yields. This study demonstrated that biological control using native fungal antagonists could be a powerful tool to integrate with current management strategies for more efficient control of Pythium damping-off and SDS in soybean. Trichoderma spp. and Clonostachys rosea demonstrated the ability to mycoparasitize and antagonize the pathogens using different mechanisms and exhibited a protective effect on soybean in field conditions. The development of an efficient biological control program for disease management relies on a deep understanding of the BCA-pathogen interaction’s biology. This research also uncovered the molecular mechanisms involved in the F. virguliforme-T. afroharzianum interaction by using a dual RNAseq approach. Significant changes in both fungal organisms’ transcriptomes were discovered at different stages in their interaction. The results provided here can contribute to the future implementation of effective biological control programs for soybean. The benefits may also extend to other crops.

No description available.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grapevine trunk diseases are responsible for reduced wine and table grape production world-wide. Trunk disease infections are caused by xylem-inhabiting pathogens which include species of Botryosphaeriaceae, Diatrypaceae, Hymenochaetales and Diaporthales, as well as Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium spp. Winter pruning wounds are regarded as the main infection-sites for trunk disease pathogens. However, the role of sucker wounds as portals of trunk disease infections has been minimally investigated. Knowledge of the potential role of grapevine trunk pathogen infections that occur through sucker wounds is important for better wound protection strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the role of grapevine sucker wounds as portals of entry for trunk disease pathogens and to assess the use of Trichoderma spp. for sucker wound protection. The susceptibility of sucker wounds to different trunk disease pathogens was assessed from natural as well as artificial infections. In addition the duration of sucker wound susceptibility in the field was also ascertained. Sucker wounds were sampled from three wine and two table grape vineyards during 2011 and 2012 in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Thereafter, fungal isolations were made from 161 sucker wounds and the cultures were identified based on cultural and morphological characteristics as well as the internal transcribed spacer regions and 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene. Sixty-two percent of the wounds were naturally infected by at least one of the trunk pathogens. Phomopsis (Po.) viticola (46%; 18%), Diplodia (D.) seriata (30%; 9%) and Phaeomoniella (Ph.) chlamydospora (27%; 5%) were the most predominant trunk disease pathogens isolated from sucker wounds of field wine and table grape cultivars, respectively. Lower incidences of Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (18%), Eutypella sp. (3%), Cryptovalsa ampelina (2%), Diplodia sp. (1%) and Neofusicoccum australe (1%) were obtained, however, only from wine grapes. Sucker wounds on 1-year-old potted grapevine plants of Chardonnay cultivar were inoculated with spore suspensions of Eutypa lata, N. parvum, Pa. aleophilum, Ph. chlamydospora and Po. viticola in the glasshouse. After 4 months all the inoculated pathogens could be re-isolated at the following incidences: N. parvum (85%), Ph. chlamydospora (75%), Po. viticola (65%), Pa. aleophilum (55%) and E. lata (45%). Sucker wound susceptibility was further ascertained under field conditions on 12-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon vines by artificial inoculation of the same pathogen species. After 5 months three pathogens could be re-isolated at the following incidences: Po. viticola (65%), N. parvum (32.5%) and Ph. chlamydospora (7.5%). The duration of susceptibility of field sucker wounds to Ph. chlamydospora was assessed for a period of 4 weeks. The wounds remained susceptible for 4 weeks with a decline in susceptibility after one week. This study showed that sucker wounds are susceptible to the major trunk disease pathogens and thus could play an important role in grapevine trunk disease epidemiology. In the second part of this thesis a possible management strategy to prevent infections of sucker wounds was investigated. The use of Trichoderma (T.) harzianum against two trunk pathogens on sucker wounds was tested in the field. Additionally the sensitivity of T. harzianum and T. atroviride was tested in vitro against 16 fungicides that are used to control powdery mildew, downy mildew, Botrytis rot and Phomopsis cane and leaf spot. In October 2012, sucker wounds were made on 1-year-old wood of Cabernet Sauvignon and spray-treated with Eco-77® immediately after desuckering, and then inoculated with spore suspensions of either Ph. chlamydospora or Po. viticola after 24 hours. After 5 months, isolations were made from the sucker wounds to evaluate the efficacy of the Trichoderma treatment. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the incidence of Ph. chlamydospora by 66.65%. Although the incidence of Po. viticola was reduced by 15.37%, it was not significantly different from the control treatment. The inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of T. harzianum and T. atroviride were screened against 16 fungicides. The fungicides were applied at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 times the recommended dosages. Systemic fungicides boscalid, metrafenone and trifloxystrobin, as well as contact fungicides quinoxyfen and meptyldinocap were least toxic to Trichoderma spp. isolates. For the conidial germination assay, boscalid, trifloxystrobin, penconazole and metrafenone (systemic) plus quinoxyfen and folpet (contact) were compatible with Trichoderma spp. These fungicides were regarded as being compatible with Trichoderma spp. isolates because they gave mean percentage inhibitions of less than 50% at all the tested dosages. Spiroxamine and pyrimethanil gave the highest mean percentage inhibitions for both mycelial inhibition and conidial germination. The findings of this study showed that T. harzianum can protect sucker wounds against Ph. chlamydospora in the field. Furthermore, some fungicides applied for the control of powdery mildew and Phomopsis cane and leaf spot can be alternatively or simultaneously applied with T. harzianum and T. atroviride, however, this will have to be verified with field trials. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wingerd stamsiektes is wêreldwyd verantwoordelik vir verminderde wyn- en tafeldruif produksie. Stamsiektes word veroorsaak deur patogene wat in die xileem voorkom, insluitend verskeie spesies in die Botryosphaeriaceae, Diatrypaceae, Hymenochaetales en Diaporthales, asook Phaeomoniella chlamydospora en Phaeoacremonium spp. Winter snoeiwonde word beskou as die hoof bron van infeksies vir stamsiekte patogene. Die rol van suierwonde as poorte van infeksie vir stamsiektes is nog nie goed bestudeer nie. Kennis van die potensiële rol van wingerd stamsiekte patogeen infeksies wat deur suierwonde plaasvind is belangrik vir die formulasie van beter wondbeskerming strategieë. Die mikpunt van hierdie studie was om die rol van suierwonde as ingangsportale vir wingerd stamsiekte patogene te bepaal en om die gebruik van Trichoderma spp. vir suierwond beskerming te evalueer. Die vatbaarheid van suierwonde vir verskillende stamsiekte patogene is geëvalueer vanuit natuurlike, sowel as kunsmatige infeksies. Die duur van suierwond vatbaarheid in die veld is ook bepaal. Suierwonde is versamel vanuit drie wyn- en twee tafeldruif wingerde gedurende 2011 en 2012 in die Wes Kaap provinsie van Suid Afrika. Hierna is swam isolasies gemaak vanuit 161 suierwonde en die kulture is geïdentifiseer volgens kultuur en morfologiese kenmerke, sowel as die interne transkribeerde spasieerders en 5.8S ribosomale RNA geen. Twee-en-sestig persent van die wonde was geïnfekteer deur ten minste een van die stamsiekte patogene. Phomopsis (Po.) viticola (46%; 18%), Diplodia (D.) seriata (30%; 9%) en Phaeomoniella (Ph.) chlamydospora (27%; 5%) was die mees algemene stamsiekte patogene wat, respektiewelik, vanuit die wyn- en tafeldruif kultivars verky is. Laer hoeveelhede Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (18%), Eutypella sp. (3%), Cryptovalsa ampelina (2%), Diplodia sp. (1%) en Neofusicoccum australe (1%) is verkry, en slegs vanaf wyndruiwe. Suierwonde op 1-jaar oue Chardonnay wingerdplante in potte is in die glashuis geïnokuleer met spoorsuspensies van Eutypa lata, N. parvum, Pa. aleophilum, Ph. chlamydospora en Po. viticola. Na 4 maande kon al die geïnokuleerde patogene her-isoleer word teen die volgende hoeveelhede: N. parvum (85%), Ph. chlamydospora (75%), Po. viticola (65%), Pa. aleophilum (55%) en E. lata (45%). Suierwond vatbaarheid is verder geëvalueer onder veld kondisies op 12-jaar oue Cabernet Sauvignon plante deur kunsmatige inokulasie van die selfde patogeen spesies. Na 5 maande kon drie patogene her-isoleer word teen die volgende hoeveelhede: Po. viticola (65%), N. parvum (32.5%) en Ph. chlamydospora (7.5%). Die duur van vatbaarheid van suierwonde teen Ph. chlamydospora in die veld is geevalueer oor ‘n periode van 4 weke. Die wonde het vatbaar gebly vir 4 weke met ‘n afname in vatbaarheid na ‘n week. Hierdie studie demonstreer dat suierwonde vatbaar is vir die hoof wingerd stamsiektes en dus ‘n belangrike rol in die epidemiologie van wingerd stamsiektes kan speel. In die tweede deel van hierdie tesis is ‘n moontlike bestuurs-strategie ondersoek om infeksie van suierwonde te verhoed. Die gebruik van Trichoderma (T.) harzianum teen twee stampatogene op suierwonde is getoets in die veld. Verder is die in vitro sensitiwiteit van T. harzianum en T. atroviride getoets teen 16 fungisiedes wat gebruik word in die beheer van poeieragtige meeldou, donsskimmel, Botrytis vrot en Phomopsis streepvlek. Gedurende Oktober 2012 is suierwonde gemaak op 1-jaar oue hout van Cabernet Sauvignon en onmiddelik behandel met Eco-77® na suiering. Wonde is dan geïnokuleer met spoorsuspensies van óf Ph. chlamydospora óf Po. viticola na 24 uur. Na 5 maande is isolasies gemaak vanaf suierwonde om die doeltreffendheid van van die Trichoderma behandeling te evalueer. Trichoderma harzianum het die voorkoms van Ph. chlamydospora met 66.65% verminder. Alhoewel die voorkoms van Po. viticola verminder is met 15.37%, was dit nie ‘n beduidende verskil in vergelyking met die kontrole behandeling nie. Die inhibisie van miselium groei en konidia ontkieming van T. harzianum en T. atroviride is getoets teen 16 fungisiedes. Die fungisiedes is aangewend teen 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 en 2 keer die aanbevole dosisse. Sistemiese fungisiedes boscalid, metrafenone en trifloxystrobin, sowel as kontak fungisiedes quinoxyfen en meptyldinocap was die minste toksies teen Trichoderma spp. Gedurende die konidia ontkiemingstoets was boscalid, trifloxystrobin, penconazole en metrafenone (sistemies) en quinoxyfen en folpet (kontak) versoenbaar met Trichoderma spp. Die fungisiedes is beskou as bruikbaar met Trichoderma spp. isolate omdat hulle gemiddelde persentasie inhibisies van minder as 50% teen al die getoetste dosisse gelewer het. Spiroxamine en pyrimethanil het die hoogste gemiddelde persentasie inhibisie gelewer vir beide die miselium inhibisie en konidia ontkieming. Die bevindings van hierdie studie het gewys dat T. harzianum suierwonde kan beskerm teen Ph. chlamydospora in die veld. Verder sou sommige fungisiedes wat aangewend word vir die bestuur van poeieragtige meeldou en streepvlek moontlik alternatiewelik of gelyktydig met T. harzianum en T. atroviride aangewend word, alhowel dit met veldproewe bevestig moet word.