Children are an often overlooked and understudied population group, whose travel needs are responsible for a significant number of trips made by a household. In addition, children’s travel and activity participation have direct implication for adults’ activity-travel patterns. A better understanding of children’s activity-travel patterns and the linkages between parents and children’s activity-travel needs is necessary for accurate prediction and forecasting of activity-based travel demand modeling systems. In contrast to the need to examine and model children’s activity-travel patterns, existing activity-based research and modeling systems have almost exclusively focused their attention on the activity-travel patterns of adults. Therefore, the goal of this research effort is to contribute to the area of activity-based travel demand analysis by comprehensively examining children’s activity-travel patterns, and by developing a framework for incorporating children within activity-based travel demand modeling systems. This dissertation provides a comprehensive review of previous research on children’s activity engagement and travel by focusing on the dimensions characterizing children’s activity-travel patterns and the factors affecting these dimensions. Further, an exploratory analysis examines the weekday and weekend activity participation characteristics of school-going children. The study focuses on the overall time-use of children in different types of activities, as well as on several dimensions characterizing the context of participation in activities. In addition, the dissertation discusses the treatment of children within current activity-based travel demand modeling systems and conceptualizes an alternative framework for simulating the daily activity-travel patterns of children. An empirical analysis is undertaken of the post-school out-of-home activity-location engagement patterns of children aged 5 to 17 years. Specifically, this research effort utilizes a multinomial logit model to analyze children’s post-school location patterns, and employs a multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV) model to study the propensity of children to participate in, and allocate time to, multiple activity episode purpose-location types during the after-school period. Finally, the paper identifies the need and opportunities for further research in the field of children’s travel behavior analysis. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:58:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5765.pdf: 8433563 bytes, checksum: bc40da772298b0f470eb5aabbd956292 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This work aims to present trip attraction models and rates to public hospitals located in mediumsized cities in the interior of the state of São Paulo Brazil. The hospitals cause significant impacts in the local traffic and because of that they can be characterized as Potential Trip Generation Centers. In this sense, this research presents rates and models that allow us to analyze the possible impacts related to trips attracted by new hospitals. In the development of the proposed models and rates, it was performed a research in seven Santas Casas de Misericórdia hospitals in seven medium-sized cities: São Carlos, Marília, Sertãozinho, Rio Claro, Jaú, Mogi- Guaçú and Araras. The data of the first five cases were used in the development of the trip attraction models and rates, while the last two ones were used to validate the developed models. In these hospitals were performed traffic counting of pedestrians, private vehicles, buses, motorcycles and bicycles, and also interviews with the users. Through the developed analysis were elaborated models of simple regression, multiple regressions, simple regression by trip objective and mode of transport and multiple regressions with dummy variables. Some of the models developed were validated by data collected and thus they were considered more reliable to be used in Brazilian hospitals than models of the Institute of Transportation Engineers-ITE. To complement this study, it was performed a doctoral internship in Madrid, Spain in 2011 where specific models were developed with data from four public hospitals of that city. Through the application of the elaborate models and the models of ITE, it was found that the models developed for Madrid are also more suitable to estimate the travels to Spanish hospitals than the models of the ITE. Thus, this study found that for Brazilian cities, where the second mode of transportation is the bus, and for the Spanish city where the second mode of transportation is the subway, the ITE models, that consider only travels by car, may not be sufficient to estimate the travels. / Este trabalho visa apresentar modelos e taxas de atração de viagens para hospitais localizados em cidades de porte médio do interior do estado de São Paulo - Brasil. Os hospitais causam impactos significativos no tráfego local, por isso, se caracterizam como potenciais Polos Geradores de Viagens PGVs. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa apresenta taxas e modelos que permitem analisar os possíveis impactos em relação às viagens atraídas por novos empreendimentos hospitalares. Para o desenvolvimento das taxas e dos modelos foram realizados levantamentos de dados em sete hospitais com o padrão das Santas Casas de Misericórdia de sete cidades de porte médio: São Carlos, Marília, Sertãozinho, Rio Claro, Jaú, Mogi-Guaçú e Araras. Os dados dos cinco primeiros hospitais foram utilizados na elaboração das taxas e dos modelos de atração de viagens, enquanto que, os dois últimos, foram utilizados no processo de validação dos modelos desenvolvidos. Nesses hospitais realizaram-se contagens volumétricas de pedestres, de automóveis, de ônibus, motos, bicicletas, além de entrevistas junto aos usuários. Por meio das análises desenvolvidas elaboraram-se modelos de regressão simples, de regressão múltipla, de regressão simples por objetivos de viagens e por modos de transportes e de regressão múltipla com variáveis dummy. Alguns dos modelos elaborados foram validados pelos dados de campo e, portanto, eles foram considerados mais confiáveis para serem aplicados em hospitais brasileiros do que os modelos norte-americanos (Institute of Transportation Engineers-ITE). Para complementar esta pesquisa foi realizado um estágio de doutorado em Madrid-Espanha no ano de 2011 em que foram elaborados modelos específicos com dados de quatro hospitais públicos daquela cidade. Por meio da aplicação dos modelos elaborados e dos modelos ITE, verificou-se que os modelos elaborados para Madri também foram mais indicados para estimar viagens dos hospitais espanhóis do que os modelos do ITE. Deste modo, nesta pesquisa constatou-se que tanto para as cidades brasileiras, em que o segundo modo de transporte é o ônibus, quanto para a cidade espanhola, onde o segundo modo de transporte é o metrô, os modelos do ITE que, consideram somente as viagens por automóveis, podem não ser suficientes para estimar suas viagens.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5449.pdf: 2966567 bytes, checksum: 5e2488fa652252764e56e27e7ba6c278 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-16 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The meeting of man need s, in the urban environment, create different types of projects, which significantly change city s life. According to the number of dislocations generated, luxury condos are characterized as Trip Generation Polo. Thus, to approve and begin the construction, become necessary preliminary studies, based on the forecast trip production and attraction to determine and minimize their impact on the region where they are installed. There are few studies in Brazil, so, this research intends to build a model about luxury condos trip generation. The case of study was based on the reality of the city of Bauru, São Paulo. The proposed procedure was applied in seven condos with similar characteristics, in which the data were collected from 6:30am to 20pm. This research generated 14 satisfactory models, depending on how trips were made (Cars, on foot and all modes), on the collection period (7h to 9h, 16h to 18h and 6h30 to 20h) and the explanatory variable of the phenomenon (Occupied units and total area of the project). The occupied units were the explanatory variable with better representation of the phenomenon (resulted in lower standard deviations and highest coefficients of determination R²). These results could be basis for future of urban planners, especially in decision-making regarding the approval of new projects. The study is based on quantitative technical procedures of bibliographic research and data collection. / O atendimento das necessidades do homem, no ambiente urbano, faz nascerem tipos diferenciados de empreendimentos, os quais alteram significativamente a vida da cidade. Em função dos inúmeros deslocamentos gerados, os condomínios residenciais horizontais se caracterizam como Polo Gerador de Viagem PGV. Para sua aprovação e construção, tornam-se necessários estudos preliminares, os quais devem ter por base a previsão do número de viagens produzidas e atraídas por tais empreendimentos, para determinar e minimizar os impactos causados na região onde serão instalados. Esses são ainda pouco estudados no Brasil; em vista disso, esta pesquisa pretende construir modelos sobre sua geração de viagens. O estudo de caso foi realizado no município de Bauru, interior de São Paulo. O procedimento proposto foi aplicado em sete condomínios com características semelhantes, nos quais foram coletados os dados das viagens das 6h30 às 20h. Como resultado da pesquisa geraram-se 14 modelos satisfatórios, em função do modo pelo qual as viagens se realizaram (automóvel, a pé e todos os modos), do período de coleta (7h às 9h, 16h às 18h e 6h30 às 20h) e da variável explicativa do fenômeno (Unidades ocupadas e área total do empreendimento). As unidades ocupadas de cada empreendimento foram as variáveis explicativas com melhor representação do fenômeno (resultaram nos menores desvios padrão e nos maiores coeficientes de determinação R²). O trabalho resultante poderá servir de base, futuramente, para os planejadores urbanos, principalmente na tomada de decisão quanto à aprovação de novos empreendimentos. O estudo tem caráter quantitativo, com base em procedimentos técnicos de pesquisa bibliográfica e coleta de dados.

The purpose of this study is to understand the non home-based travel behavior of urban market traders in Onitsha, Nigeria, where 58-70% of the labor force is engaged in trading. Relevant trip-inducing variables--gender, location, a means of personal transportation, size of stall and, type of good sold--were selected to assist in theorizing about the travel behavior of traders. Using a systematic sampling methodology, 246 stalls were selected and the MLR model was applied in data analyses. The results show that a typical stall is occupied by either one or two traders. There are three male traders for every female trader and 89.4% of stalls are occupied exclusively by one gender. The mean trips produced by a stall in a typical business day is 2.7 trips, with a variation from zero to ten trips. In the CBD, an average stall produced 4.4 trips while stalls in the periphery generated an average of 2.1 trips. Small stalls generate two trips, while medium (three occupants) to large stalls generate twice as many trips. While stalls occupied exclusively by males have a mean of 3.0 trips, female-occupied stalls generate only 2.0 trips. On the other hand, stalls which have a personal means of transportation generate more trips than stalls where none existed. Even though the maximum number of a personal means of transportation available to a stall was two, there was a substantial difference between the number of trips produced by stalls with the maximum number of vehicles and stalls where vehicles were unavailable. Finally, while provision goods stalls generate a mean of 3.3 trips, foodstuffs stalls generate about 2.1 trips with intermediate results for other commodities. For policymaking purposes, there is empirical evidence to show that traders, together with consumers, contribute to off-peak trips which directly impact the urban transportation system. There is the need to evolve policies to minimize the frequency of trips by traders, especially by discouraging multiple tripmaking because, it will contribute to a reduction in the amount of resources allocated to the upkeep of the urban transportation infrastructure.

nÃo hà / A socioeconomia cearense sofreu intensas modificaÃÃes ao longo da dÃcada passada, havendo uma reduÃÃo da desigualdade social graÃas a mudanÃas no perfil de intervenÃÃo do Estado. Como o Sistema de Transporte Intermunicipal de Passageiros do Cearà (STIP-CE) foi planejado para a realidade do inÃcio dos anos 2000, presume-se que a oferta atual nÃo atenda Ãs necessidades dos usuÃrios no que diz respeito a sua mobilidade e acessibilidade. AlÃm disso, sendo um fenÃmeno eminentemente geogrÃfico, à necessÃrio o uso de ferramentas de estatÃstica espacial para analisÃ-lo. PorÃm, hà problemas na aplicaÃÃo dessas ferramentas na seara de transporte, derivados da inexistÃncia de mÃtodo adequado sobre o tema. Logo, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa de dissertaÃÃo de mestrado à analisar as alteraÃÃes no padrÃo espacial da geraÃÃo das viagens intermunicipais de passageiros a partir das mudanÃas socioeconÃmicas ocorridas nos municÃpios do Cearà na dÃcada de 2000, aplicando-se o ferramental de anÃlise espacial exploratÃria para verificaÃÃo das hipÃteses de que (i) o aumento da renda dos indivÃduos impacta no aumento de viagens por transporte particular e, por conseguinte, na reduÃÃo da demanda por viagens por transporte pÃblico; e (ii) a reduÃÃo nas diferenÃas de atividade econÃmicas dos municÃpios, que expressa a reduÃÃo do poder polarizador, impacta na reduÃÃo de viagens por transporte pÃblico. Para isso foi proposto um mÃtodo para utilizaÃÃo dessas ferramentas, bem como para estruturaÃÃo de uma base de dados georreferenciada. Os resultados de sua aplicaÃÃo trazem mais evidÃncias de que a hipÃtese de que nÃo hà relaÃÃo entre evoluÃÃo socioeconÃmica e demanda por transportes pode ser rejeitada, na medida em que se observaram correlaÃÃes entre esses fenÃmenos, sobretudo no entorno da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza tanto para viagens regionais como para as radiais. Hà algumas localidades, porÃm, que devem ser analisadas de acordo com suas particularidades socioeconÃmicas e nÃvel de serviÃo ofertado (Sobral/Ibiapaba e oeste do Litoral Oeste para viagens regionais e Cariri, para as radiais). Como recomendaÃÃes, observa-se (i) que o mÃtodo proposto pode ser complementado, (ii) que deve haver maior acurÃcia no levantamento de dados de demanda do STIP-CE por parte do Poder PÃblico cearense e (iii) que se deve dar continuidade do mÃtodo a fim de quantificar as relaÃÃes entre fenÃmenos e testar hipÃteses de sua existÃncia, mediante modelo de anÃlise confirmatÃrio local. / The Socioeconomics of Cearà suffered enormous changes over the past decade, with a reduction of social inequality due to changes in state intervention policies. As the Intermunicipal System of Transport of Passengers of Cearà (STIP-CE) was planned according to the reality of the early 2000s, it is assumed that the current offer does not meet the requisites of mobility and accessibility for passengers. Also, as Transport is a eminently geographical phenomenon, it is necessary to use the spatial statistics tools to analyze it. However, problems in the implementation of these tools were found in the compilation of data, derived from the lack of consolidated method on the subject. Thus, the general objective of this master thesis research is to analyze the changes in the spatial pattern of the passengers demand for intercity public transportation from socioeconomic changes in the municipalities of Cearà in the 2000s, applying the exploratory spatial analysis tools to verify the hypotheses that (i) the increase in the income of individuals influences the increase of trip by private transportation and therefore reduces the demand for trip by public transport; and (ii) reducing the differences in economic activity of municipalities, which expresses the reduction in polarizing power, impacts on reducing trip by public transportation. To this end a method to use these tools has been proposed, as well as a georeferenced database was compiled. The results of its application shows further evidence that the hypothesis that there is no relationship between socioeconomic development and demand for transport can be rejected, as observed by correlation between these phenomena, especially around the metropolitan area of Fortaleza for both regional and radial trips. There are some places, however, that should be analyzed according to their socioeconomic characteristics and level of service offered (like Sobral/Ibiapaba and west of the Litoral Oeste for regional trip and Cariri, for radial). As recommendations, it is noted (i) that the proposed method can be supplemented, (ii) there should be greater accuracy in the collection of STIP-CE demand data from the Cearà Government and (iii) the method hereby proposed should be given continuity in order to quantify the relationships between phenomena and test hypotheses of its existence by local confirmatory models.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

La presente investigación aborda la problemática de la movilidad urbana en el distrito de San Miguel, y propone como alternativa sustentable de transporte un sistema estaciones de bicicletas públicas. De esta manera, se buscaron las localizaciones óptimas de estaciones a través de un estudio de demanda y análisis de cobertura utilizando modelos de localización-asignación. La demanda fue estimada a través del método de generación de viajes del “Trip Generation Manual” utilizando factores de distribución horaria del NCHRP 365, los cuales fueron ajustados por la metodología de uso suelo mixto propuesta por la empresa Fehr & Peers. Paralelamente, se elaboró un modelo SIG con la información geográfica del distrito; sobre el cual se plantearon los modelos de localización-asignación de máxima cobertura y mínima impedancia, considerando los escenarios de implementación de 10, 25, 50 y 100 estaciones para cada uno. Adicionalmente, se realizaron encuestas para identificar el perfil de usuarios ciclistas en el distrito de San Miguel y su interés por un sistema de bicicletas públicas; cuyos resultados permiten validar el sistema propuesto. Finalmente, se analizaron las características de cada escenario, y se determinó que la propuesta de 100 estaciones con el modelo de máxima cobertura otorga mayor accesibilidad y mejora la movilidad urbana en términos de cobertura a nivel distrital en un 77% y promedio sectorial en 66%. / This research addresses the problem of urban mobility in the district of San Miguel, and proposes a system of public bicycle stations as a sustainable transport alternative. In this way, optimal station locations were searched through a demand study and coverage analysis using location-allocation models. The demand was estimated through the trip generation method of the “Trip Generation Manual” using hourly distribution factors from NCHRP 365, which were adjusted by the mixed land use methodology proposed by the Fehr & Peers company. At the same time, a GIS model was developed with the geographic information of the district; on which the maximum coverage and minimum impedance location-assignment models were proposed, considering the implementation scenarios of 10, 25, 50 and 100 stations for each one. Additionally, surveys were conducted to identify the profile of cycling users in the San Miguel district and their interest in a public bicycle system; which results allow to validate the proposed system. Finally, the characteristics of each scenario were analyzed, and it was determined that the proposal of 100 stations with the maximum coverage model provides greater accessibility and improves urban mobility in terms of coverage at the district level by 77% and the sectorial average by 66%. / Tesis

This study examines multiple destination recreation trips and the economic valuation of recreation sites using the travel cost method. One common assumption of the travel cost method is that all travel costs incurred by a visitor are exclusively for a trip to a single site. However, this assumption is often invalid, particularly in the eastern United States where there are numerous recreation areas close to large urban populations. Few researchers have attempted to overcome the difficulty of incorporating multiple destination trips into the travel cost method. Those researchers that have proposed methods have not provided a definitive guideline for how to account for multiple destination trips in the travel cost method, and have not compared their methods. This study proposes a simple model to assist in understanding the varying suggestions by researchers who have attempted to incorporate multiple destination trips into travel cost analyses. The difficulty of defining a recreation good or service, the identification of recreation substitutes, and possible decision processes used by individuals to identify recreation trip destinations are also discussed. Data collected at Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, are used in a zonal travel cost model to estimate the consumers' surplus associated with on-site recreation use at the Park, and to compare proposed methods for handling multiple destination trips. The results of this study show that the travel cost method is sensitive to assumptions about multiple destination visitors, as well as which visitors are included in travel cost analyses. Consumers' surplus estimates ranged from $38 to $8249 per visitor, depending on the assumptions about multiple destination trips, and which visitors were included in the analyses. The results of this study suggest that the travel cost method can be used as an information system, rather than as a method to determine a single estimate of recreation value in monetary terms. The travel cost method is capable of providing a manager with information about relative magnitudes of willingness to pay for a resource by a variety of visitor groups. By varying the assumptions about visitors to the site, a manager can determine a range of consumers' surplus estimates, which may be more useful than a single estimate, to better assist in management decisions regarding the mixture of resources desired by individuals. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Existing travel patterns in Windhoek are influenced by the past land use policy of restricted urban development in the former townships ofKatutura and Khomasdal. Thus residents in these townships are faced with longer distances to reach quality urban servtces. This thesis examined the impact on travel demand of changes in land use policies aimed at stimulating growth in the two areas using the HLFM computer model. The results showed that, policy induced land use changes may stimulate population and employment growth in the neglected areas, but with no effects on the present travel patterns. The model needs to be refined to fit the peculiarity of the study area. Nevertheless, information provided in the thesis could be used in assessing areas where development trends will go if any ofthe land use policy tested in the study is adopted. / Geography / M.A. (Geography)