Trust is one of the attitudes that can affect the intentions and the behavior of a human using a system. Misusing a system can have safety- as well as economic consequences, this is why it is important that a user develops calibrated trust towards a system. In this report, the research question is: how much trust cross country skiers have towards a physical intelligent tutoring system (PITS)? Six biological males (age 24 to 50) roller skied on a mechanical treadmill and received feedback from the PITS on a TV-screen. Experience of using the PITS was evaluated with an instrument in a semi-structured interview. The instrument measured the participants overall perceived trust (OPT) for the system, and the participants were asked to further their thoughts about the statements. The data was transcribed, coded, and categorized in a thematic analysis. The result showed that a majority of the participants had low OPT for the PITS, and the thematic analysis showed that the minority with higher levels of OPT focused on the choice of an elite skier as the reference skier. One of the problems with the instrument was that it was developed for evaluation in long term usage, and not first time usage as in this study. The result of this report can be used for further development of the PITS and a reminder on why trust needs to be considered when creating user experiences.

A presente tese estuda o negócio fiduciário e suas potencialidades no direito brasileiro, especialmente quando associado à técnica do patrimônio separado. Embora o legislador tenha se utilizado da titularidade fiduciária elemento essencial do negócio fiduciário e da afetação patrimonial para variadas atividades, não previu modelo geral que habilitasse os particulares a entabularem ajustes fiduciários com patrimônio separado para as mais diversas finalidades. Por isso que, no Brasil, falta instituto que pudesse ser equiparado ao trust contido na Convenção de Haia sobre a Lei Aplicável aos Trusts e sobre o Reconhecimento Deles. As tentativas de incorporação de tal modelo jurídico no direito pátrio não lograram êxito até o momento e o cenário normativo brasileiro permanece fragmentado. A tese, assim, examina a conformação atual do direito pátrio em relação ao negócio fiduciário e as utilidades que adviriam da introdução da fidúcia como categoria ampla de negócio fiduciário com patrimônio separado. Nessa direção, a tese investiga (i) a admissibilidade do negócio fiduciário no direito brasileiro; (ii) a disciplina jurídica que lhe é aplicável; (iii) os efeitos da utilização da propriedade resolúvel aos negócios fiduciários, bem como da aposição das cláusulas de inalienabilidade, impenhorabilidade e incomunicabilidade; (iv) as potencialidades funcionais e limites do negócio fiduciário; (v) a disciplina jurídica do trust a que se refere a Convenção de Haia; (vi) a adoção pelo legislador da técnica da separação patrimonial conjugada com a titularidade fiduciária; (vii) a tipificação do negócio de fidúcia como aquele que possibilitaria a criação, pelos particulares, de titularidade fiduciária e patrimônio separado; (viii) o negócio de fidúcia como maneira de se incorporar os elementos essenciais do trust contido na Convenção de Haia; e (ix) a relevância da tipificação do negócio de fidúcia como meio de suprir determinadas lacunas do direito brasileiro / This thesis studies fiduciary contracts and their potentials in Brazilian law, especially when they are associated with the technique of separate estate. Although Brazilian law already deploys fiduciary ownership an essential element of the fiduciary contract and separate estate as a mean to regulate many activities, it does not lay down a legal model enabling people to use these techniques for general purposes. Therefore, still lacks in Brazil a legal framework similar to the trust as described by The Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition. Attempts to incorporate this legal model in Brazilian law have not been successful so far; therefore, Brazilian legal framework remains fragmented. In this context, the thesis examines the current regulation of the fiduciary contract in Brazilian Law, and the benefits that would result from the introduction of fiducia, understood as a comprehensive legal model combining the techniques of fiduciary contract and separate estate. To this end, the thesis investigates (i) the admissibility of fiduciary contracts in Brazilian law; (ii) the rules applicable to it; (iii) the stipulation of resoluble ownership in fiduciary contracts and the stipulation in these contracts of inalienability, unseazability and incommunicability clauses; (iv) the potentials and limitations of fiduciary contracts in Brazilian law; (v) the legal regulation of trusts as they are described by the Hague Convention; (vi) the use by Brazilian legislator of the legal technique of separate estate combined with fiduciary ownership; (vii) the adoption by Brazilian law of fudicia as the type of contract that will enable people to use the techniques of fiduciary ownership and separate estate; (viii) fiducia as a mean to incorporate in Brazilian law the essential elements of the trust described by the Hague Convention; and (ix) the importance of fiducia as a mean to fill in several gaps of the Brazilian law.

Esta tese tem como objetivo central analisar a violação e recuperação da confiança do cliente na empresa após a recuperação de uma falha malsucedida – situação de duplo desvio. No escopo do objetivo central, é verificado o efeito intensificador da violação da confiança oriundo do duplo desvio; o efeito que a promessa de não recorrência das falhas e o pedido de desculpa, enquanto táticas de recuperação, possuem na confiança; o papel das atribuições de competência e integridade para explicar os efeitos das táticas de recuperação da confiança; e o efeito moderador tanto do tipo de violação da confiança quanto da distância temporal entre a ocorrência do duplo desvio e a inserção da tática, na relação entre a tática de recuperação e a confiança. Para verificar estes efeitos, quatro estudos experimentais foram operacionalizados. Os resultados do primeiro estudo indicam que a violação da confiança é maior após o duplo desvio, comparativamente com o nível de confiança identificado após o desvio simples. No segundo estudo, a possibilidade de recuperação da confiança por meio da promessa de não recorrência das falhas e do pedido de desculpa foi verificada. Os resultados deste segundo estudo indicam que tanto a promessa quanto o pedido de desculpa geram níveis mais elevados de confiança na empresa que a condição de controle (sem tática alguma) e outras duas táticas de recuperação da confiança utilizadas. Além disso, o estudo dois também apresenta que os efeitos das táticas de recuperação na confiança são totalmente mediados pelas atribuições de competência ou atribuições de integridade. No terceiro estudo, os resultados indicam que a efetividade da tática de recuperação depende do tipo de violação da confiança a que o sujeito foi submetido, sendo que a promessa gerou níveis mais elevados de confiança quando a violação da confiança foi baseada na competência, enquanto o pedido de desculpa gerou níveis mais elevados de confiança quando a violação da confiança foi baseada na integridade. No último estudo experimental, os resultados evidenciam uma interação entre a tática de recuperação da confiança e a distância temporal entre o duplo desvio e a inserção da tática, sendo que o pedido de desculpa gerou maiores níveis de confiança quando a distância foi curta (vs. longa), enquanto a promessa gerou maiores níveis de confiança quando esta distância foi longa (vs. curta). Baseado nisto, esta tese contribui para a literatura de Marketing e recuperação da confiança ao evidenciar que: o duplo desvio intensifica os efeitos negativos na confiança gerados pelo desvio simples; é possível recuperar a confiança após o duplo desvio, por meio da promessa e do pedido de desculpa; as pistas emitidas pela tática e a atribuição do sujeito explicam o funcionamento das táticas de recuperação da confiança; e tanto o tipo de violação da confiança quanto a distância temporal condicionam os efeitos das táticas de recuperação. / This dissertation aims at analyzing the breach and recovery of customer trust in the company after a poor failure recovery - a double deviation situation. Its objective is to investigate the greater effect of trust violation derived from the double deviation situation; the effect that the promise of non-recurrence of failures and apology as trust recovery tactics have on trust; the role of attributions of competence and integrity to explain the effects of trust recovery tactics; and the moderating effect of both trust violation type and temporal distance between the occurrence of double deviation and tactics insertion, in the relationship between recovery tactics and trust. In order to verify these effects, four experimental studies were operationalized. The results from the first study indicate that the breach of trust is higher after the double deviation, compared with the level of trust identified after the simple deviation. In the second study, the possibility of trust restitution by the promise of non-recurrence of failures and apology was verified. The results of this second study indicate that both promise and apology generate higher levels of trust in the company than the control condition (without any tactics) and two other tactics used to restore trust. Furthermore, the second study also shows that the effects of both recovery tactics on trust are fully mediated by attributions of competence or integrity. In the third study, the findings indicate that the effectiveness of recovery tactics depends on the type of trust violation to which the subject was submitted. Whereas the promise generated higher levels of trust when the violation was based on competence, the apology generated higher levels of trust when the violation was based on integrity. In the last experimental study, the results indicate an interaction between the trust recovery tactics and the temporal distance, between the double deviation and the tactics insertion, given that the apology has generated greater levels of trust when the distance was short (vs. long); while the promise generated higher levels of trust when this distance was long (vs. short). Based on that, this dissertation contributes to the marketing and trust recovery literature by showing that: the double deviation intensifies the negative effects on trust generated by the simple deviation, it is possible to rebuild trust after double deviation, through promise and apology; the cues expressed by the recovery tactics and the subject attribution explain the mechanism through which the trust recovery tactics operates; and both the violation of trust type, as well as the temporal distance condition the effects of recovery tactics.

Esta tese tem como objetivo central analisar a violação e recuperação da confiança do cliente na empresa após a recuperação de uma falha malsucedida – situação de duplo desvio. No escopo do objetivo central, é verificado o efeito intensificador da violação da confiança oriundo do duplo desvio; o efeito que a promessa de não recorrência das falhas e o pedido de desculpa, enquanto táticas de recuperação, possuem na confiança; o papel das atribuições de competência e integridade para explicar os efeitos das táticas de recuperação da confiança; e o efeito moderador tanto do tipo de violação da confiança quanto da distância temporal entre a ocorrência do duplo desvio e a inserção da tática, na relação entre a tática de recuperação e a confiança. Para verificar estes efeitos, quatro estudos experimentais foram operacionalizados. Os resultados do primeiro estudo indicam que a violação da confiança é maior após o duplo desvio, comparativamente com o nível de confiança identificado após o desvio simples. No segundo estudo, a possibilidade de recuperação da confiança por meio da promessa de não recorrência das falhas e do pedido de desculpa foi verificada. Os resultados deste segundo estudo indicam que tanto a promessa quanto o pedido de desculpa geram níveis mais elevados de confiança na empresa que a condição de controle (sem tática alguma) e outras duas táticas de recuperação da confiança utilizadas. Além disso, o estudo dois também apresenta que os efeitos das táticas de recuperação na confiança são totalmente mediados pelas atribuições de competência ou atribuições de integridade. No terceiro estudo, os resultados indicam que a efetividade da tática de recuperação depende do tipo de violação da confiança a que o sujeito foi submetido, sendo que a promessa gerou níveis mais elevados de confiança quando a violação da confiança foi baseada na competência, enquanto o pedido de desculpa gerou níveis mais elevados de confiança quando a violação da confiança foi baseada na integridade. No último estudo experimental, os resultados evidenciam uma interação entre a tática de recuperação da confiança e a distância temporal entre o duplo desvio e a inserção da tática, sendo que o pedido de desculpa gerou maiores níveis de confiança quando a distância foi curta (vs. longa), enquanto a promessa gerou maiores níveis de confiança quando esta distância foi longa (vs. curta). Baseado nisto, esta tese contribui para a literatura de Marketing e recuperação da confiança ao evidenciar que: o duplo desvio intensifica os efeitos negativos na confiança gerados pelo desvio simples; é possível recuperar a confiança após o duplo desvio, por meio da promessa e do pedido de desculpa; as pistas emitidas pela tática e a atribuição do sujeito explicam o funcionamento das táticas de recuperação da confiança; e tanto o tipo de violação da confiança quanto a distância temporal condicionam os efeitos das táticas de recuperação. / This dissertation aims at analyzing the breach and recovery of customer trust in the company after a poor failure recovery - a double deviation situation. Its objective is to investigate the greater effect of trust violation derived from the double deviation situation; the effect that the promise of non-recurrence of failures and apology as trust recovery tactics have on trust; the role of attributions of competence and integrity to explain the effects of trust recovery tactics; and the moderating effect of both trust violation type and temporal distance between the occurrence of double deviation and tactics insertion, in the relationship between recovery tactics and trust. In order to verify these effects, four experimental studies were operationalized. The results from the first study indicate that the breach of trust is higher after the double deviation, compared with the level of trust identified after the simple deviation. In the second study, the possibility of trust restitution by the promise of non-recurrence of failures and apology was verified. The results of this second study indicate that both promise and apology generate higher levels of trust in the company than the control condition (without any tactics) and two other tactics used to restore trust. Furthermore, the second study also shows that the effects of both recovery tactics on trust are fully mediated by attributions of competence or integrity. In the third study, the findings indicate that the effectiveness of recovery tactics depends on the type of trust violation to which the subject was submitted. Whereas the promise generated higher levels of trust when the violation was based on competence, the apology generated higher levels of trust when the violation was based on integrity. In the last experimental study, the results indicate an interaction between the trust recovery tactics and the temporal distance, between the double deviation and the tactics insertion, given that the apology has generated greater levels of trust when the distance was short (vs. long); while the promise generated higher levels of trust when this distance was long (vs. short). Based on that, this dissertation contributes to the marketing and trust recovery literature by showing that: the double deviation intensifies the negative effects on trust generated by the simple deviation, it is possible to rebuild trust after double deviation, through promise and apology; the cues expressed by the recovery tactics and the subject attribution explain the mechanism through which the trust recovery tactics operates; and both the violation of trust type, as well as the temporal distance condition the effects of recovery tactics.

While the literature on democracy and its relationship to trust provides little consensus regarding the role of trust, researchers have emphasized the importance of generalized trust over particularized in relation to democracy. This research marks a departure from this consensus, and exposes the neglected role of personal relationships in fostering successful democracy. One of the key measurements of democracy in a country is social trust. There are three forms of trust: generalized, particularized and institutional. Previously, the measurement of social trust focused on the importance of generalized trust, that is, trust in those we do not know (Putnam, 1993; Fukuyama, 1995, et. al). Generalized trust is marked as having the greatest benefits for democracy. Those who are generalized trusters have the will to bridge across ethnicities and join civic groups in larger numbers. Institutional trust is society's trust in its institutions. Countries ranking high on institutional trust are also believed to have positive democratic outcomes. By contrast, particularized trust is often dismissed because it is seen as highly atomizing and, therefore, incapable of making bridges to ethnic others resulting in a bankruptcy of democratic values. Thus, the combination of institutional and generalized trust has been the main crux of measurement and understanding in relation to a country's ability to democratize. The problem with this approach is two fold: first, it assumes the unidimensionality of trust and ultimately resigns a country of trusters to one category or the other with often negative impacts. The reality is, we are not solely one truster or the other: we are a combination of each form of trust. Secondly, this approach is Western in focus and does not account for the differentiation within cultures and is therefore unable to truly account for trust in a society. Nor does it account for new forms of trust and civil society in the new digital age. Recently, some questions about the legitimacy of this approach have surfaced and new methods have been employed to ascertain the true nature of social trust, however these methods have also fallen short (Gibson 2001; Bhary, et. al. 2005). Because trust is one measure used to determine the amount of democracy in a nation or the ability for it, accurate description is vital. Here, the author will take a new approach and focus on the importance of the often overlooked particularized trust, as well as control for the importance of institutionalized trust. Using Khodyakov's (2007) research on trust and the Soviet case as the launching pad, the author will empirically examine trust in the former Soviet Union today. Using the most recent World Values Survey data, a new trust variable will be constructed that will be better able to capture the true, dynamic nature of trust. Placing this new trust variable in a Bayesian hierarchical linear model which will control for country level variables, it will be revealed that particularized trust can and does have positive impacts on support for democracy, debunking current notions to the contrary.

Doctor Legum - LLD / More than twenty years have passed since the Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988 came into operation. Although the Act provided context, clarity and regulation in certain areas of trust law, it is apparent that there exists a pressing need to develop statutorily the law of trusts more extensively. To this end, the research has a dual objective: Firstly, to identify those areas of South African trust law that are not currently regulated statutorily but for which, by reason of extensive and, at times, controversial jurisprudential development, such regulation is now essential. Secondly, to analyse critically the Trust Property Control Act in its current form in order to determine the utility of its provisions, particularly in light of jurisprudential development since the Act’s commencement. The purpose of the study is to formulate comprehensive recommendations for legislative reform in the area of South African trust law.

Trust between states and the principle of mutual trust in international law This thesis focuses on the role of trust in international law. The main objective is to assess the position and use of trust between states and in relevant areas and institutes of international law. Another key objective is to clarify the function of the principle of mutual trust. The thesis core is divided into three research areas. The first one aims to describe the use of principle of mutual trust and its application in international and European law. It addresses the question of who should carry the risk of trust. It concludes that the state which puts trust in another state should bear all the risks associated with it. The second area discusses confidence-building measures which are theoretically analyzed and further explored in the context of the current events of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian conflict that started in the year 2014. The purpose of this section is to ascertain how trust is created between states, whether confidence-building measures are effective and what they bring into international law. The aim of this chapter is to ascertain how trust is created between states, whether confidence-building measures are effective and what they bring into international law. The author believes that trust between...

Trust is an integral part in a supplier-buyer relationship. Especially in highly technological industries like the automotive- and aerospace industry this topic is of great importance. However, in contrast to the factors affecting the trust building process, which are researched very well, trust deterioration, its indicators, and counteractions to prevent trust deterioration were overlooked so far. The purpose of this study is to categorize different factors for trust as well as to contribute knowledge to trust deterioration by finding indicators and counteractions to prevent this. The study is partly based on the model of perceived trustworthiness and its three dimensions by Mayer, Davis and Schoorman (1995). One aim of this thesis is to proof if all three dimensions still fit within both industries. Furthermore, a deductive research approach was used in order to research the suppliers’ perspective in both industries regarding trust and indicators as well as counteractions of trust deterioration. Our findings show that the dimensions’ ability and integrity from Mayer, Davis and Schoorman (1995) are still important to build trust. Furthermore, the study contributes to the not existing research by exploring several indicators of trust deterioration as well as highlighting three counteractions to prevent trust deterioration. Consequently, a trust deterioration framework is given to show the general connection between trust and indicators as well as counteraction of trust deterioration.

Tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning har på senare tid vuxit fram som en möjlig styrfilosofi i Sverige. Tillitsbaserad styrning handlar om att organisationer ska förbättra kvaliteten på sitt arbete genom att öka tilliten i styrkedjan. När organisationer interagerar med andra organisationer påverkas de på olika sätt. Men hur, och i vilken utsträckning påverkas relationer mellan aktörer i styrkedjan när myndighetens styrning förändras? Och hur bör relationerna byggas för att bidra till det förväntade resultatet av tillitsbaserad styrning? Syftet med studien var att bidra till kunskapen om tillitsbaserad styrning, genom att undersöka källor till tillit i relationer mellan myndigheter och civilsamhällesorganisationer, i en kontext där myndigheten verkar genom civilsamhällesorganisationen. För att besvara syftet intervjuades fem myndighetsanställda samt en föreningsrepresentant. Även styrdokument från myndigheterna ligger till grund för det empiriska underlaget. Det empiriska underlaget analyserades utifrån Mayer et al.:s tillitsmodell och dess faktorer för tillit, och reflekterar aktuell forskning om hur modellen kan brytas ned och förstås i specifika kontexter. En aktuell forskningsrapport om tillit inom relationer på biståndsområdet har varit bakgrund och inspiration till att bryta ner tillitsfaktorerna till mindre beståndsdelar - tillitskällor. Studiens resultat pekar ut fem möjliga tillitskällor som finns i relationen mellan myndigheter och civilsamhällesorganisationer: kontrollsystem, extern expertis, inter-personella relationer, kommunikation, samt tydlighet och förväntningar. Tillitskällorna bidrar till tillitsbyggandet i att de interagerar och är beroende av varandra - som enskilda aspekter av relationen bidrar de nödvändigtvis inte till att bygga en tillitsbaserad relation. Studien visar också att om en myndighet vill nyttja tillitsbyggande i dessa relationer har detta också konsekvenser på styrningen. Bland annat genom att det bör finnas ett rimligt manöverutrymme för handläggare eller andra professioner inom bidragsprocesser, och att det finns tydligt chefsstöd i det att handläggarna har som uppgift att hantera ett visst mått av risk å myndighetens vägnar. / Trust-based governance and management has recently emerged as a possible governance philosophy in Sweden. Trust-based governance is about organizations improving the quality of their work by increasing trust in the governance chain. When organizations interact with other organizations, they are affected in different ways. But how, and to what extent, are relations between actors in the governance chain affected when the authority's governance changes? And how should relationships be built to contribute to the expected outcomes of trust-based governance? The purpose of the study was to contribute to the knowledge of trust-based governance, by examining sources of trust in relations between authorities and civil society organizations, in a context where the authority operates through the civil society organization. To answer the purpose, five authority employees and one civil society representative were interviewed. Governing documents from the authorities are also included in the basis for the empirical data. The empirical data was analyzed based on Mayer et al.:s model of trust and its factors for trust, and reflects current research on how the model can be broken down and understood in specific contexts. A current research report on trust in relations in the area of international development aid has been the background and inspiration for breaking down the trust factors into smaller components - sources of trust. The results of the study point out five possible sources of trust that exist in the relationship between authorities and civil society organizations: control systems, external expertise, interpersonal relationships, communication, and clarity and expectations. The sources of trust contribute to the building of trust in that they interact and are dependent on each other - as individual aspects of the relationship, they do not necessarily contribute to building a trust-based relationship. The study also shows that if an authority wants to use trust building in these relationships, this also has consequences for governance. Such as, reasonable room for manoeuvre for granting officers or other professionals in grant processes, and that there is clear managerial support due to the fact that the granting officers have the task of managing a certain amount of risk on behalf of the authority.

The aim of the thesis is optimization for a medical images registration. The basis is to acquaint with the images registration and to peruse component global optimization methods, especially an optimization method TRUST. After theoretic knowledge it is possible to proceed to a suggestion of an optimization method based on the TRUST method and to realize in the program setting MATLAB. Created algorithms has been tested on test data and compared with other optimization methods as Simulated annealing.