This study focuses on the discretionary inter vivos trust. It specifically investigates what the discretion of a trustee comprises and in which circumstances (if any) the court may amend the trustee‟s discretion as stipulated in the deed of trust. In order to make any meaningful conclusions, the different types of trusts, and more specific the way in which trusts are classified, needs to be researched. An inter vivos trust is classified as a contract for the sake of a third. Consequently contract law rules are applied in the interpretation and amendment of an inter vivos trust. The source, goal and tenor of a trustee‟s discretion, as well as the circumstances wherein this discretion may be amended, are investigated. The general rule is that courts have no discretion to amend a trust, but there is an exception to the rule. In accordance with article 13 of the Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988 courts do have the power to amend or cancel the deed of trust in certain circumstances. In Potgieter and Another v Potgieter NO and Others 2012 (1) SA 637 (HHA) the court ruled that the power granted by article 13 does not enable judges to create law by amendment of the deed of trust according to their subjective interpretation of what is fair and just. The facts of the Potgieter case serve as problem statement for this study by focusing on the problems and unjust consequences of the strict application of contract law rules on a trust when the court does not take the changing circumstances of the trust founder into account. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This study focuses on the discretionary inter vivos trust. It specifically investigates what the discretion of a trustee comprises and in which circumstances (if any) the court may amend the trustee‟s discretion as stipulated in the deed of trust. In order to make any meaningful conclusions, the different types of trusts, and more specific the way in which trusts are classified, needs to be researched. An inter vivos trust is classified as a contract for the sake of a third. Consequently contract law rules are applied in the interpretation and amendment of an inter vivos trust. The source, goal and tenor of a trustee‟s discretion, as well as the circumstances wherein this discretion may be amended, are investigated. The general rule is that courts have no discretion to amend a trust, but there is an exception to the rule. In accordance with article 13 of the Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988 courts do have the power to amend or cancel the deed of trust in certain circumstances. In Potgieter and Another v Potgieter NO and Others 2012 (1) SA 637 (HHA) the court ruled that the power granted by article 13 does not enable judges to create law by amendment of the deed of trust according to their subjective interpretation of what is fair and just. The facts of the Potgieter case serve as problem statement for this study by focusing on the problems and unjust consequences of the strict application of contract law rules on a trust when the court does not take the changing circumstances of the trust founder into account. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Aim: The aim of this study is to understand how trust influence quality Guanxi in the Chinese business context.   Method: An inductive qualitative research method is adopted in this study; a single case study, interview questions and semi-structured interviews are applied to collect primary data.   Result & Conclusions: Quality Guanxi needs to build deep trust by combining cognition- and affect-based trust together in Chinese business context.  Meanwhile, Renqing gradually builds Ganqing (affection) through reciprocal behavior and empathy, and eventually leads to affect-based trust in Guanxi networks. Furthermore, cognition-based trust could be understood as initial trust in Guanxi networks.   Suggestions for future research: Due to the limited number of interviews, the result and conclusion of this study is based on only one company (Vigor) and one country (China) perspective. Therefore generalization cannot be achieved. For further studies on this field, it is necessary to increase the scope and number of interviews, such as different industries, different positions, etc.   Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes to the further understanding of Guanxi as a unique way of developing business relationships in China from the perspective of trust.  It shows how the quality Guanxi can be developed by deep trust relying on cognition- and affect-based trust. / 目标：本文主要解析了在中国的商业环境中信任是如何影响优质关系的。   方法：本文采用归纳定性研究方法； 应用单一案例研究、访谈问题和半结构化访谈来收集主要数据。   结果/ 结论：在中国的商业活动中，只有通过结合基于认知的信任和基于情感的信任，从而建立深度信任，才能最终建立优质关系。同时，人情通过互惠行为和同理心逐步建立感情，最终建立关系网络中基于情感的信任。而基于认知的信任又可以理解为关系网络中的初始信任。   对未来研究的建议：由于访谈数量有限，本文的结果和结论仅基于一个公司(上威集团)和一个国家(中国)的视角，因此不能泛化。为了进一步研究这一领域，有必要增加其访谈的范围和数量，如不同行业、不同职位等。   本文的贡献：本文有助于从信任的角度进一步认识关系，这种作为发展中国商业关系的一种独特方式。并说明了如何依靠基于认知的信任和基于情感的信任，从而建立深度信任来发展优质关系。 / Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es entender como la confianza influencia la calidad del Guanxi en el contexto de negocios Chino.   Método: Para este estudio un método inductivo y cualitativo ha sido adoptado. Preguntas de entrevista y entrevistas semi-estructuradas han sido aplicadas en la recolección de la información primaria.   Resultado y Conclusiones: Para lograr calidad en la red Guanxi se necesita construir confianza “profunda” mediante la combinación de confianza cognitiva y afectiva en el contexto de negocios chino. Renqing puede construir gradualmente Ganqing a través del comportamiento reciproco y la empatía, lo cual con lleva eventualmente a la generación de confianza afectiva en la red de contactos Guanxi. Además, la confianza cognitiva puede ser considerada como la confianza inicial en las redes de contactos Guanxi.   Sugerencias para investigaciones futuras: Debido al número limitado de entrevistas, los resultados de este estudio solamente están basados en una compañía (Vigor) y un país (China). Por lo tanto, la generalización de los resultados a otros países no es aconsejable. Para futuras investigaciones en este campo, es necesario aumentar el número de entrevistas de empleados de diferentes empresas pertenecientes a diversas industrias y países.   Contribución de la tesis: Este estudio contribuye al mayor entendimiento del concepto chino “Guanxi” como una forma única de construir relaciones de negocios en China, mediante el desarrollo de la confianza “profunda”. Para ello, se muestra como la calidad del Guanxi puede ser desarrollado mediante la confianza profunda la cual se basa en la confianza cognitiva y afectiva.

Данная работа посвящена исследованию доверия в маркетинге и роли коммуникаций в формировании доверия к бренду в сфере высшего образования. Был рассмотрен и изучен феномен доверия с точки зрения маркетинга и других наук, в результате чего была предложена авторская формулировка термина “доверие”. Рассматриваются существующие модели доверия, сформирована авторская модель доверия, на основе которой разработана методика оценки уровня доверия к бренду. Изучены коммуникационные инструменты, которые влияют на формирование уровня доверительного отношения к бренду в сфере высшего образования. Рассмотрены коммуникационные стратегии продвижения брендов, в рамках которых определена значимость того или иного коммуникационного инструмента, влияющего на уровень доверия к бренду. Проанализирован и определен уровень доверия преподавателей, студентов и абитуриентов Уральского федерального университета, определены коммуникационные инструменты, используемые университетом и влияющие на уровень доверия к бренду университета, определена коммуникационная стратегия продвижения бренда, в рамках которой используются коммуникационные инструменты. Предложен алгоритм формирования высокого уровня доверия к бренду с помощью коммуникационных инструментов. / This paper is devoted to the study of trust in marketing and the role of communications in building brand trust in higher education sphere. The phenomenon of trust in terms of marketing and other sciences was examined and studied, the author's formulation of the term "trust" was proposed. Existing models of trust are considered, an author's model of trust is formed, a methodology for assessing the level of brand trust has been developed. Communication tools that influence the formation of a level of brand trust in the sphere of higher education are studied. We consider communication strategies for brand promotion, within the framework of which the significance of a communication tool influencing the level of brand trust is determined. The level of trust of lecturers, students and entrants of the Ural Federal University is analyzed and determined, communication tools and brand strategy are defined.

In economic games the facial attributes of counterparts bias decisions to trust and decisions to enter play. We report research supporting hypotheses that trust and reciprocation decisions in trust games are biased by mechanisms of sexual selection. Hypotheses that trust game behaviour is modulated by inter-sexual competition were supported. 1) Attractive individuals elicit more cooperation. 2) Male participants display trust and reciprocation toward attractive female counterparts in excess of perceived trustworthiness (and this display is modulated by male self-reported physical dominance). 3) Female participants appear to respond to male trust as a signal of sexual interest and are therefore more likely to exploit the trust of attractive males. 4) In explicitly dating contexts females are more likely to prefer attractive males to pay for the meal. These results indicate that participants are biased by mate choice and mating display considerations while playing economic games in the lab. Hypotheses that trust game behaviour is modulated by intra-sexual competition for resources were also somewhat supported. 1) Male participants reporting an ability to win fights with same-sex peers are more exploitative of other males. 2) Cues to current circulating testosterone level in counterpart’s faces are less trusted but elicit more reciprocation. 3) The male sexually dimorphic trait facial width-to-height ratio (a trait which is related to both aggression and dominance) is related to an increased proportion of decisions to exploit others in the trust game while also being used by others as a cue to untrustworthiness. We conclude that trusting and trustworthy behaviour in both sexes is biased by mating market considerations predicted by intra- and inter-sexual selection.

本研究旨在探討僕人領導、組織信任與工作滿意之間的關係，並以組織信任為中介變項，檢驗組織信任在僕人領導對工作滿意關係上的影響與效果。本研究將組織信任分為同事信任與領導信任兩個層面，採用Barbuto和Wheeler所發展出的僕人領導問卷、改編自Jorde-Bloom的幼兒教師工作滿意調查問卷以及自編的組織信任問卷為研究工具，對台北市公私立幼稚園教師進行問卷調查，共發出608份問卷，有效問卷共256份，有效問卷回收率為42.1％。本研究採用結構方程模式（SEM）驗證僕人領導、組織信任與工作滿意之間的影響與效果，並根據研究結果獲得以下結論，最後提出建議作為後續研究及幼教政策與行政實務之參考。 一、僕人領導對同事信任、領導信任與工作滿意皆有顯著的正向影響。 二、組織信任的兩個研究層面中，同事信任對工作滿意有正向的顯著影響關係，領導信任對工作滿意也有正向的影響。 三、組織信任在僕人領導對工作滿意的中介影響關係上顯示：同事信任在僕人領導對工作滿意的影響上有顯著的中介效果；領導信任在僕人領導對工作滿意的影響上也有顯著的中介效果。 四、將同事信任與領導信任為中介變項的結構模式分析結果兩相比較後發現：（一）僕人領導對領導信任的影響高於對同事信任的影響；（二）領導信任在僕人領導對工作滿意影響路徑上的中介效果高於同事信任的中介效果。研究證實領導信任是僕人領導對工作滿意發揮影響的關鍵。 / This research aims to explore the relationship among servant leadership, organizational trust and job satisfaction. Organization trust was hypothesized as a mediator between servant leadership and job satisfaction. Two dimensions of organization trust were examined: faculty trust and leader trust. Survey data were collected from 256 kindergarten teachers and analyzed by using structural equation modeling (SEM) methods. The findings of the study revealed that: (1) servant leadership positively influenced faculty trust, leader trust and job satisfaction; (2) the influence of organizational trust on job satisfaction implied that both faculty trust and leader trust have a positive influence on job satisfaction; (3) both faculty trust and leader trust significantly influenced the mediating effect of servant leadership on job satisfaction; (4) the impact of servant leader on leader trust was higher than that on faculty trust, and leader trust had higher mediating effect than faculty trust. The result indicated that leader trust acted as a significant mediator between servant leadership and job satisfaction. Managerial implications and some suggestions for future research were provided at the end of this thesis.

Tillit som begrepp blir allt viktigare som organisatoriskt styrmedel desto mer kunskapsintensiv organisationen blir. I studiens undersökta organisation läggs ett större ansvar på tjänstemannens kunskap samtidigt som verksamheten karaktäriseras av regler och riktlinjer som avspeglas i processtyrning och kontroller som upplevs begränsa ansvaret. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera handlingar som påverkar den organisatoriska tilliten hos anställda inom den undersökta statliga myndigheten. För att svara mot studiens syfte har vi genomfört en kvalitativ undersökning bestående av sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter vars arbetsroll är handläggare. Intervjuerna såväl som interna styrdokument har analyserats och tematiserats utifrån teori som berör organisatorisk tillit. I studien har vi identifierat fem områden som har visat sig vara av större betydande faktorer för organisatorisk tillit hos individerna. Dessa områden som även analyserats är arbetsmängd, arbetssätt och kontroll, förståelse, förändring och kommunikation. Det har framkommit att en känsla av självbestämmande finns, även om arbetet ofta beskrivs innefatta regler, riktlinjer och kontroll. Vår uppfattning är att det råder en hög organisatorisk tillit från de intervjuade handläggarna, något som vi främst menar beror på den byråkratiska strukturen och dess bidragande faktor till det upplevda organisatoriska stödet. Konsekvenserna av den organisatoriska tilliten behöver däremot inte alltid vara positiva. Slutsatser som dragits är att styrningen behöver anpassas utifrån rådande organisationskultur och -struktur för att inte bryta med den normativa styrlogiken så pass att det skapar organisationsstrukturell inlåsning. / Trust as a concept is becoming increasingly important as an organizational governance instrument, the more knowledge-intensive the organization becomes. In the organization featured in this study, it appears that greater demands are being placed on the employee's knowledge. At the same time, the organization is often characterized by rules and guidelines that reflect forms of governance and control, which are perceived as limiting individual responsibility. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze actions that affect the organizational trust of employees in a Swedish public-administration organization. In order to respond to the purpose of the study, a qualitative study consisting of seven semi-structured interviews with administrators has been conducted. The interviews have been analyzed thematically using internal policy documents and a theoretical lens within the concept of organizational trust. In this study, we have identified five areas that have shown to be significant factors in the perception of organizational trust by the administrators: workload, working methods and external controls, understanding, change, and communication. It has become apparent that a sense of self-determination exists, even though the work is often characterized by rules, guidelines and external controls. In the interviews a high level of organizational trust came across, something that appears to be linked to the bureaucratic structure and a perceived organizational support. However, the consequences of organizational trust are not always necessarily positive. Conclusions drawn are that the management needs to be adaptable based on the prevailing organizational culture and structure, so as not to break with the normative control logic, which can create organizational structural lock-in.

A Most Endangered list is a common programmatic tool used by historic preservation advocacy groups. These lists allow the organizations to focus their support on a small, representative selection of threatened historic resources. While these programs are widely accepted and implemented, there has been no formal investigation into their use or study of the subtle differences that make each program unique. This thesis analyzes statewide Most Endangered programs with the goal of determining if there are variables that can enhance the program’s effectiveness at accomplishing the organization’s goals. Organizations that wish to examine the usability or effectiveness of their Most Endangered programs do not have easy access to the information that is needed for an objective analysis. This is the current situation at Preservation Texas, Texas’ statewide preservation advocacy organization. The staff there is currently evaluating the organization’s Most Endangered program, making this document a timely and useful tool for their use. This thesis seeks to provide a base from which Preservation Texas, or any preservation advocacy organization, can begin to examine their own program’s operations. For this project I performed research on statewide Most Endangered programs at both macro and micro levels. An initial investigation of the web-presence of these programs enabled me to make broad determinations about their operations. I then selected five of these organizations for a closer study. Through interviews and additional research, it was possible for me to begin to compare and contrast the programs while analyzing their differences from an impartial perspective. Through this careful study, I developed a list of eight criteria that are indicative of an effective Most Endangered program. In the final chapter I use these eight criteria to analyze Most Endangered programs, specifically the one operated by Preservation Texas. By applying my research and observations, I am able to reach constructive conclusions about the operations and functions of Preservation Texas’ Most Endangered program. While this thesis was written for the benefit of a specific organization, the findings are applicable to any organization that has, or is thinking about starting, a Most Endangered list. / text

The strategic importance of a well-established banking sector in an economy and the pivotal role trust plays in this sector is well-documented in banking literature. Given this accepted importance of trust, it is surprising that some banks are still exhibiting more signals of distrust than of trust as expected, shattering consumer trust and confidence in the process. In response, governments, through their central banks, occasionally resort to implementing policies that focus heavily on regulation and control. These interventions are usually designed to restore consumer confidence in the banks’ future behaviours as well as providing assurance that exchanges taking place within a banking sector are safe and secure. Surprisingly, consumer trust and confidence are still elusive in some banking sectors, despite all these measures. This mixed-methods, sequential explanatory study explores the concept of trustworthiness by investigating trustworthiness dimensions of banks that drive consumer trust in the Zimbabwean banking sector that is experiencing low trust and confidence levels. To fulfil the objectives of this study, a quantitative research approach (survey) was first employed to explore bank customers’ trustworthiness perceptions on a sample of 400 customers. A qualitative research approach (semi-structured interviews), was then employed to gain a better understanding and clarification of the survey findings. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to determine the statistical model that sought to explain the relationship among the variables. Hypotheses were then tested between model constructs to determine their influence on one another. Study findings revealed that shared values, structural assurance and integrity (consistency) are the trustworthiness determinants with the highest positive influence on bank trustworthiness. A negative relationship was found between communication and bank trustworthiness. Competence was found to have an insignificant correlation with trustworthiness. Additionally, both behavioural intentions and affective commitment (relational outcomes) were found to positively influence bank trustworthiness. This study has brought to light how trustworthiness of banks is perceived in a banking sector that is not only experiencing a confidence crisis but also in a country that is experiencing an uncertain economic and political environment within an African banking context. The final model presented in this study can be applied in trustworthiness studies in the financial services sectors, particularly in sectors that are operating in similar uncertain environments. In order to reignite consumer confidence in the banking sector, the RBZ is advised to set tighter corporate governance measures that can put a stop to activities such as insider lending that end up defrauding depositors within the banks. It is also imperative that departments such as Treasury, Risk and Credit within the RBZ and in banks are managed by competent personnel who adhere to the prudential standards of banking. Bank custodians are advised to continuously exhibit trustworthiness behaviours because customers’ trust and confidence can only be restored if there is evidence of sincere behaviours that are regarded as reflecting a trustworthy image. Planning for peak periods in terms of cash and personnel, to avoid prolonged queues and cash shortages that have become an everyday occurrence in the Zimbabwean banking sector is one way banks can improve trust and confidence. Banks should also consider providing services such as financial hardship advisory services and extended loan repayment options that can go a long way in not only assisting their customers to manage their debts, but also to show that banks are taking into consideration their customers’ current challenges and needs. Key stakeholders in the banking sector are also encouraged to share information on key developments integral to the smooth functioning of the banking sector. This information should then be disseminated to the banking public in a unified voice to avoid distortion of information that leads to financial anxiety and further erosion of trust. In the absence of formal timeous communication, bank customers may resort to relying on the grapevine and engage in speculative behaviours which can be very destructive and difficult to correct. / Business Management / D.B.L.

This study endeavoured to uncover the trust experiences of individuals involved in business alliances between traditional companies (TCs) and historically disadvantaged institutions (HDIs) with a view to constructing a model that would facilitate a better understanding of organisational trust within these institutions. The theoretical study proposed a theoretical model of trust in the alliances between TCs and HDIs within an economic empowerment domain. The empirical study employed Q methodology to investigate the trust experiences of the participants. The 25 individuals who participated in the study were selected by means of both non-probability purposive and snowball sampling The participants were presented with the Q sample containing 50 items which they had to sort in accordance with the instruction given. The post-Q sorting interview was conducted to give the participants a chance to expound on their reasoning for the sorting of the Q sample. Data were analysed using Pearson product-moment correlation and factor analysis. Six factors revealed participants’ experiences of trust in the alliances: Factor A (Sincerity trust alliances), Factor B (Values trust alliances), Factor C (Duped trust alliances), Factor D (Vigilant trust alliances), Factor E (Deceitful trust alliances) and Factor F (Inclination to trust alliances). The trust experiences of the six groups were used to theorise about the association between the participants’ trust experiences and their performance on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). In the main, the study found that groups that had pleasant trust experiences with their partner organisations exhibited have high positive affect (PA) and low negative affect (NA). Although exploratory in nature, the study contributed an empirically derived theoretical framework of cognitive and affective trust within business alliances that may be further investigated in future research endeavours. In this was it identified and proposed a modus operandi for closing the trust gap. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)