This study investigated the effects of trust level and note-taking upon the level of self-disclosure among prisoners. Sixty inmates at a federal prison were administered the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale. Next, using a median split, participants were divided into two groups of high and low mistrust. Subjects within each of these groups were then randomly assigned to a high, low, or no note-taking condition. Each prisoner then discussed an intimate topic for thirty minutes. Level of self-disclosure was measured by an abbreviated version of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank. No significant differences were found as a function of trust level or note-taking condition. Some implications for further research are suggested.

Magister Legum - LLM / The utilisation of trusts has become a popular trend among taxpayers, especially high net worth individuals1 (hereafter HNWI) who wish to reduce potential estate duties. The SARS Strategic Plan stated that there is a ‘compliance risk posed by HNWI and the use of trusts to conceal their income’.2 The SARS Strategic Plan announced that trust reform would be prioritised. Minister of Finance, Pravin Gordhan (hereafter Gordhan) referred in his 2012/2013 budget speech3 to various measures proposed to protect the tax base and limit the scope for tax leakage and avoidance. Gordhan reiterated the state’s position regarding the abuse of trusts by indicating that reforms will be made regarding the taxation of both local and offshore trusts which have long been a problem for global tax enforcement due to their flexibility and flow-through nature. National Treasury and SARS are concerned about trusts, largely because of the income-splitting opportunities that trusts afford taxpayers. There are envisaged tax amendments which will impact South Africa’s (hereafter SA) trust landscape and could derail many carefully drafted trust structures. It will thus be important for estate owners to consider these envisaged tax amendments when they come into operation, in order to ascertain the full extent of the implications and then it can also further be determined what the impact of these 1 Income in excess of R7 million, alternatively R75 million in assets. South Afican Revenue Service (hereafter SARS) Strategic Plan (2012/13- 2016/17) 19 available at http://www.sars.gov.za (accessed 6 November 2013) (hereafter SARS Strategic Plan). 2 SARS Strategic Plan 19. 3 2012-2013 budget speech 22 available at http://www.sars.gov.za (accessed 6 November 2013) (hereafter budget speech). 11 changes will be on the effectiveness of the discretionary family trust as an estate planning vehicle in SA in the future. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the impact of the current statutory anti-tax avoidance provisions on the effectiveness of the discretionary family trust as an estate planning vehicle in SA, especially due to the fact that the trust form has been abused in the past for tax avoidance purposes.

This research focuses on the redesign of trust and reputation algorithms in the context of hierarchically structured Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks with Chord, a scalable P2P lookup service for Internet applications. Chord, which is an open source project, is an overlay network based on a distributed hash table(DHT), and all peers in Chord are arranged around a circle. In this work, we propose four adapted trust and reputation algorithms for hierarchically structured P2P networks: EigenTrust, PowerTrust, Absolute Trust and NodeRanking. EigenTrust is one of the most well-known trust and reputation algorithms, as well as the most simple. To calculate the reputation, EigenTrust needs to normalize trust and rely on pre-trusted peers. Like EigenTrust, PowerTrust relies on feedback and the use of a distributed ranking mechanism. It chooses a limited number of power nodes with a high reputation. By combining a random walk strategy and the power nodes, it improves accuracy of global reputation. AbsoluteTrust does not require normalization of trust, pretrusted peers or any centralized authority. Weighted average combined with feedback from peers is employed to determine trust. NodeRanking relies on both individual reputation and social relationship to compute the trust value. NodeRanking evaluates reputation using local information. A node's reputation value can be readily determined by the number of references from other nodes in the network. These adapted algorithms are capable of handling a huge number of nodes disseminated in different rings, which improves complexity and reduces the number of malicious nodes in a hierarchical context. Furthermore, we describe the components of the hierarchical model architecture and present and discuss the results from the experiments. These experiments are employed to verify and compare reduction of downloads from malicious peers, load distribution and residual curl in at structured networks and in hierarchically structured networks.

The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on trust and organizational innovation on micro and macro levels. Since earlier studies of M&As have focused mostly on financial aspects, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of non-financial and organizational aspects of M&As including trust and organizational innovation, especially through microfoundational explanation. According to this, trust is studied by focusing on two specific aspects: interpersonal trust (on individual level) and institutional trust (on the firm level). The organizational innovation is defined as a single concept but is studied both on individual and firm level. The research is conducted by focusing on eight Northern European companies that have gone through M&As and the related data is collected by using qualitative surveys, which included both free-text fields and the opinion scales. The empirics of this study show that M&As have affected trust and organizational innovation through six main factors (CIRCUS) which include communication, employees’ influence, resources, workplace cohesion, capabilities utilization,and streamlining the working methods. Based on this, the findings of the study indicate thatthere is a clear connection between trust and organizational innovation and that the M&As arehaving negative effects on both.

Syftet med denna magisteruppsats är att undersöka rektorers uppfattningar om hur en tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning kan förbättra skolans verksamhet och arbetsmiljön för skolans professioner samt hur tilliten i skolans lokala styrkedja kan ökas.  Studien har en hermeneutisk kvalitativ ansats där en halvstrukturerad intervju har använts som metod. Intervjuerna utgick från en intervjuguide som grundades i Bringselius (2017) sju vägledande grundprinciper för styrning, arbetsorganisation och kultur som syftar till att öka tilliten i verksamheten. De sju vägledande grundprinciperna är tillit, medborgarfokus, helhetssyn, handlingsutrymme, stöd, kunskap och öppenhet.  Resultatet visar att rektorers uppfattningar om tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning är att det finns olika sätt att skapa tillit i skolans styrkedja, både uppåt och nedåt, som gynnar skolans verksamhet och arbetsmiljön för skolans professioner. Mina slutsatser utifrån denna studie om rektorers uppfattningar om tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning är att det kan ge många positiva effekter både vad gäller skolans verksamhet och arbetsmiljön för skolans professioner. Enligt rektorerna kan mer tillit i skolans styrkedja ge ett större handlingsutrymme för medarbetare, vilket innebär att de kan påverka sin arbetssituation. Kärnan i tillitbaserad styrning och ledning är samarbete och helhetssyn, vilket enligt rektorerna, kan ha en positiv inverkan på skolans verksamhet eftersom kunskapen och kompetensen hos medarbetare tas tillvara och används direkt i verksamheten. Beslut fattas tillsammans med medarbetare som arbetar i verksamheten, närmare eleven, vilket innebär att besluten oftast gynnar eleven. / The purpose of this master's thesis is to investigate the principals´ conceptions of how trust-based governance and management can improve the school's operations and work environment for the school's professionals and how confidence in the school's local chain of command can be increased.  The study has a hermeneutic qualitative approach where a semi-structured interviews has been used as a method. The interviews were based on an interview guide which was founded in Bringselius (2017) seven guiding principles for governance, work organization and culture aimed at increasing confidence in the organization. The seven guiding principles are trust, citizen focus, holistic view, scope, support, knowledge and openness.  The result shows that the principals´ conceptions of trust-based governance and management are that there are different ways of creating trust in the school's chain of command, both upwards and downwards, which favors the school's operations and the working environment for the school's professionals.  My conclusions on the basis of this study of the principals´ conceptions of ​​trust-based governance and management is that it can have many positive effects both in terms of the school's operations and the working environment for the school's professionals. According to the principals, more confidence in the school's chain of command can provide a greater scope for the staff, which means that they can influence their work situation. The core of trust-based governance and management is collaboration and a holistic view, which according to the principals, can have a positive impact on the activities of the school,  as the knowledge and competence of staff are utilized and used directly in the organization. Under such circumstances decisions are made together with employees who work in the organization, closer to the pupils, which means that the decisions usually favor the pupils.

In this thesis I argue that epistemic trust in religious authorities is different from epistemic trust in other kinds of authorities because God disturbs the two-party relationship between trustee and truster. I reach this conclusion by first examining the nature of epistemic trust in authorities and how it is justifiable to practice this kind of trust. I then compare these findings to the nature of epistemic trust in religious authorities and see that the general justification for epistemic trust in authorities is not sufficient, instead, God’s relationship with the trusting party, the layperson, needs to be taken into consideration in order to justify epistemic trust in religious authorities.

The effect of trust on employees’ business processes and work outcomes is an important focus for managers because more businesses have combined centralized and remote work environments in mixed-design organizations (MDOs). A multiple case study was conducted to explore successful strategies that 9 business leaders and managers in 5 service sector MDOs in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest region of the United States used to improve organizational performance by successfully building organizational cultures of trust. Leader–member exchange served as the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and documents as secondary sources. Thematic analysis was used to examine participant content, evaluated in chronological and random order, as well as secondary data. Four themes emerged from data analysis: value of ongoing multidirectional communications, valuing mistakes as learning moments, observing trust responses regardless of leader/follower proximity, and relying on Internet communications technology to enable managers and leaders to create teams and build trust. Findings of this study may be used by leaders and managers in service sector MDOs to nurture and sustain trust among stakeholders regardless of location, including colocated and remote work environments. The implications of this study for positive social change include the potential of trust between leaders and stakeholders to strengthen employee engagement and productivity, improving quality of work life for personnel and sustainability for residents who might seek career opportunities and contributing to community viability.

Through demographic change, millennials now make up the most substantial part of the workforce. This is relevant as they are also a generation faced with prejudice. This thesis aims to explore how millennial followers are looking at trust in work relationships and how they perceive to establish trust in work relationships to increase understanding. The focus of this study is on millennial followers, as leadership literature is plentiful, and most millennials are and will always be followers.  We examine the millennials’ understanding of trust and explore what issues they bring up when reflecting on trust at work. This thesis argues that millennials think of trust as relying on others when thinking of healthy relationships. They prefer knowledge-based relationships over calculus- and identity-based relationships. To build trust, millennials perceive that they use both task- and relationship-based trust-building together with interactions as based to earn and evolve trust. In relationships where there are trust issues, they change their understanding of trust and stick to task-based or calculus-based relationships. This study follows an interpretivist approach with an abductive structure. For data collection, indepth interviews with 7 millennials from Sweden and Switzerland were conducted. To analyze a thematic approach to coding was employed. The emerging patterns are introduced in a thematic narrative to increase comprehensibility. The study provides insights into the millennial followers’ understanding of trust.

Idag kan iakttas att tillit ses vara på modet. Att leda med tillit förstås däremot i praktiken inte vara så enkelt, då teori och praktik inte verkar stämma överens. En undran som väcks är därför hur man kan få det tillitsbaserade ledarskapet att fästa och inte rinna av likt en teflontäckt yta?  Vi kan se det likt ett tvåkomponentslim, där det tillitsbaserade ledarskapet ses som bas och behöver kompletteras med en härdare för att kunna fästa hos dagens ledare och organisationer. I denna studie prövas om design thinking kan tänkas agera härdare då det är ett koncept som möjliggör förändring och kan fungera som något vilken hjälper att gå från teori till praktik. Dessutom sett till basen tillitsbaserat ledarskap ses en önskan delas kring uppfyllelse och integrering av en kultur speglad av tillit där samskapande möjliggör innovation. Syftet med integreringen av design thinking som härdare är för att se till om en sådan interdiskursiv blandning kan utmynna i ett fästande tvåkomponentslim.  Denna nya interdiskursiva blandning ses skapa ett fungerande lim och utgör därmed studiens teoretiska bidrag. Samtidigt ökas förståelsen kring hur ledning med tillit kan te sig och faller således ut i ett praktiskt bidrag. Härmed är du nu inbjuden att tillsammans med oss nyfiket röra oss på en alternativ väg, att managera i modern tid. / Today it can be observed that trust seems to be trendy. On the other hand, to lead with trust seems more easier in theory than it is in practice. A wonder is thereby awakened about how one can get the trust-based leadership to stick and not drain off like a teflon-covered surface?  We imagine it like a two-component adhesive, where the trust-based leadership is seen as a base which needs to be supplemented with a hardener in order to be able to stick among today's managers and organizations. In this study it is examined if design thinking can function as the hardener, due to it being a concept which enables change and bridges theory with practice. In addition, looking at trust-based leadership as the base, it consists of a strive that partly is about fulfillment and integration of a culture mirrored by trust where co-creation enables innovation. The aim with the integration of design thinking as a hardener, is to see if an interdiscursive blend can fall out in a sticky two-component adhesive.  This new interdiscursive blend can be seen as a creation of a functional glue which thereby constitutes this study's theoretical contribution. Meanwhile the understanding about how to lead with trust can be formed, which falls out in the study’s practical contribution. Hereby you are now invited together with us to curiously move on an alternative way, to manage in modern time.

Digitaliseringen av hemmet gör att autonoma enheter blir allt mer vanliga i våra vardagliga liv. Hemmet, som tidigare har varit en privat och personlig plats, blir nu ett centrum för digitala enheter vilket i sig skapar nya teknologiska möjligheter. Det smarta hemmet är en av dessa möjligheter då det erbjuder användaren trygghet och säkerhet samtidigt som enheterna i hemmet kan hjälpa oss med både dagliga problem och långsiktiga utmaningar. En autonom enhet i hemmet kan göra allt ifrån att styra musik till att hålla koll på energiförbrukning. Den gemensamma nämnaren de autonoma enheterna har är att människor tar in dem i sina hem; deras privata sfär, därför blir frågan vi ställer oss följande: Hur bygger en användare tillit mot autonoma enheter i en hemmiljö? / The digitization of the home makes automated systems more common in our everyday lives. The home, which used to be a private and personal place, now becomes a center for digital devices, which in itself creates new technological opportunities. The smart home is one of these opportunities as it offers the user safety and security while the units in the home can help us with both daily problems and long-term challenges. An autonomous unit in a home environment can do everything from controlling music to keeping track of energy consumption. The common denominator the autonomous units have is that people take them into their homes; their private sphere, therefore, the question we ask ourselves becomes the following: How does a user build trust against autonomous units in a home environment?