This thesis investigates the relationship between generalised trust, heterogeneity and fairness in the EU. High levels of generalised trust have been found to be linked to economic growth and lower transaction costs, while heterogeneous populations have been found to be linked to lower levels of trust. As the world is diversifying on virtually all fronts, a negative relationship between heterogeneity and generalised trust could have dire implications. Other empirical studies have found that heterogenety loses its importance when accounting for societal fairness, speaking to the fact that a fair and democratic society is what determines generalised trust, rather than inter-group differences. But as no such studies have been conducted on contemporary data, it is unknown how the relationship between generalised trust, heterogeneity and fairness holds today. To investigate this relationship, we conducted two-step hierarchical logit regressions on contemporary data, including over 40.000 observations from 23 EU countries. To capture contemporary heterogeneity, we constructed our own fractionalisation indices on this data, as the fractionalisation in- dices most commonly used in previous studies were constructed on data from the 1990s and early 2000s. Our results indicate that both fairness and heterogeneity are significant predictors for generalised trust in the EU. We theorise that this might be because the importance of heterogeneity for generalised trust is context-dependent, only mattering once countries have established a certain level of fairness.

There is a current widespread knowledge about what factors that is of importance when explaining levels of individuals political trust. Unfortunately, the same knowledge is not at hand as to whether these ‘determinants’ of political have changed over time and if so how? In other words, can we assume that citizens form their trust in similar matters over time or has there been a shift? With the purpose of contributing to new knowledge about political trust, this thesis mainly explored if there has been a change in the effects of often argued to be strong determinants on political trust and secondly if there are any trends as to how these effects has changed over time. In order to realize answers to these most likely never posed questions, the theoretical framework departed from Mishler and Rose’s sectioning of cultural and institutional theory which entail very different views on the origin and dynamic of political trust. Later the two theories were operationalized into cultural and institutional related variables in accordance to available variables found in “The SOM Institute Cumulative Dataset 1986-2019”. Through numerous multiple linear regression analyses utilizing Swedish data between 1998 and 2019 it shows that the effect of most explanatory variables on political trust changes, but since these effects were small from the start there are reasons to question what weight the changes are carrying. Onwards, by performing interaction analyses the thesis was able to conclude a handful of positive and negative linear trends arching over the 22-year period meaning that some explanatory variables have become increasingly and decreasingly important when explaining the variation in political trust, which in turn indicates that the Swedish population on average tends to form their trust slightly different in 2019 as opposed to in 1998.

Recent organisational changes have refocused attention on the productivity and performance of sales representatives and consequently brought about a re-evaluation of the QWL these employees experience, as well as their trust in the organisation to support them. Responses to an internet-based survey methodology were analysed using quantitative techniques and structural equation modelling. Results confirm a positive relationship between Managerial Practices and Organisational Trust, and a lower relationship between the dimensions of Personality and Organisational Trust. A positive relationship was noted between QWL and Managerial Practices, and a lower relationship between QWL and the Personality constructs. This study accentuates the importance of management to be aware of the trust employees have in the organisation as well as their experience of QWL, as it seems as though the Personality traits and Managerial Practices of managers influences both the trust relationship and QWL experienced by employees. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

The aim of this study was to unify a South African model of organisational trust with the globally accepted Integrative model of organisational trust on a theoretical and empirical level. The antecedents of trust in direct supervisors represented by five personality dimensions and four managerial practices were used to extract the facets of trustworthiness of ability, benevolence and integrity to create a unified trust model. Based on literature, a methodology was developed to re-assign the various dimensions on an item level into three new scales representing the antecedents of trust. Data gathered between 1995 and 2013 in South African organisations by means of the Trust Relationship Audit was used and subject matter experts reassigned the items into the three antecedents of trust. Structural equation modelling was employed to replicate the Martins (2000) model and to test the measurement and structural regression models, arriving at a five-factor model. A unified model of trust in supervisors was fitted to the data and validated. This unified model emphasises the importance of the affective component as an antecedent of trust towards supervisors in organisations in an African context. Managerial concern, based on benevolent managerial practices and communication, was found to have the biggest impact on trust. Integrity as a personality trait was the only other component that had a positive impact on trust. Contrary to most studies, ability had a minimal or negative impact on interpersonal trust in direct superiors, but is a prerequisite for high integrity and benevolence as facets of trustworthiness. Managerial ability and, to a lesser degree, a benevolent personality are necessary but not sufficient for trust to develop. Being very agreeable and competent is not sufficient to be perceived as trustworthy; managers or supervisors also need to exhibit high levels of concern and integrity. In this study the author responds to the calls in the literature that a common terminology be used in trust research. The multitude of measures causes a situation where studies and concepts cannot be compared and therefore no basis exists upon which to build trust research. Future researchers can now with confidence apply the South African model of organisational trust within the context of a globally accepted model. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Virtual teams often fail to achieve their objectives because virtual team leaders lack strategies for nurturing trust among dispersed team members. The purpose of this single case study was to explore strategies virtual team leaders in large corporate banks use to build trust among virtual team members. The population of this study included 6 virtual team leaders from a large corporate bank located in the northeast region of the United States. The interpersonal trust theory was the conceptual framework of this study. Data were collected via semistructured telephone interviews and review of company documents. The data analysis process included content analysis and thematic analysis for theme identification. Data analysis revealed four themes related to strategies that leaders of virtual teams can use to build trust among team members: reliable technology, effective communication, teamwork and participation, and respect for people and culture. A fifth theme emerged related to barriers to trust strategies. The implications for positive social change include the potential to improve work environments for virtual team members isolated because of the absence of a social context.

ABSTRAKT Onlinekasino är ett snabbt växande område. Dock finns det generellt sett en negativ uppfattning bland allmänheten gentemot onlinekasino där det råder ett bristande förtroende. Det har i denna studie uppstått en önskan att förstå anledningen bakom detta. För att anskaffa data gällande ämnet har en kvalitativ studie utförts i forma av semistrukturerade intervjuer med tidigare samt nuvarande spelare. Vars syfte handlar om att belysa de faktorer som anses vara viktiga för förtroendeskapande, åtagande samt retention i en onlinakasino kontext. Detta för att ta reda på vad onlinekasino-företag behöver arbeta mot för att skapa högre förtroende i den specifika kontexten. Inledningsvis presenteras relevanta teorier om commitment-trust theory samt retention. Den tidigare forskningen används för att visa på de faktorer som tidigare ansetts vara viktiga mot förtroendeskapande samt retention. Utförandet av studien har genomförts av välkända metoder som datatriangulering, semistrukturerade intervjuer, ljudinspelning av intervjuer, transkribering samt kodning och tematisering. Därav har ett resultat framkommit med ett antal faktorer som anses vara viktiga för förtroendeskapande, åtagande samt retention i en onlinekasino kontext. Vidare forskning och tester behövs innan det resultat och de faktorer som framkom kan fastställas som giltiga för förtroendeskapande, åtagande samt retention. Nyckelord: Onlinekasino, hasardspel, förtroende, åtagande, retention, commitment-trust theory. / ABSTRACT Online casino is an ever fast growing area. However, there is generally a negative perception among the public towards online casinos where there is a lack of trust. In this study, a desire has arisen to understand the reason behind this. To obtain data on the subject, a qualitative study has been carried out in the form of semi-structured interviews with previous and current players. This study aims to highlight the factors that are considered important for building trust, commitment and retention in an online casino context. The purpose is to find out what online casino companies need to work towards to build trust in this specific context. Initially, relevant theories on commitment-trust theory and retention are presented. The previous research is used to show the factors that were previously considered important for building trust and retention. The study has been carried out by well-known methods such as data triangulation, semi-structured interviews, sound recording of interviews, transkription, coding and thematization. Hence, a result has emerged with a number of factors that are considered important for building trust, commitment and retention in an online casino context. Further research and tests are needed before the results and the factors that emerged can be determined as valid for building trust, commitment and retention. Keywords: Online casino, gambling, trust, commitment, retention, commitment-trust theory.

L'établissement de la confiance est un problème qui se pose en permanence dans la vie quotidienne. Nous avons toujours besoin d'évaluer la confiance que l'on a en quelqu'un avant de décider d'entreprendre une action avec. Il s'agit bien évidemment d'une question très importante pour les applications de l'Internet où il est de plus en plus rare d'engager une transaction avec des personnes ou des entités que l'on connaîtrait au préalable. La confiance est un élément clé pour le développement et le bon fonctionnement des applications d’e-commerce et par extension de tous les services qui amènent à des interactions avec des inconnus.Le but de cette thèse est de proposer une infrastructure de gestion de la confiance qui permette à chaque participant d'exprimer sa propre politique de confiance ; politique qui guidera le comportement des applications qui fournissent ou qui permettent d'accéder à des services. Cette infrastructure met en œuvre des mécanismes de négociation qui vont permettre d'établir une confiance mutuelle entre les différents participants d'une transaction. Un des points importants de notre proposition est d'offrir un langage d'expression des politiques qui permet d'utiliser toutes les sources d'informations disponibles telles que les qualifications (credentials), la notion de réputation, de recommandation, de risque pour exprimersa politique de confiance. / Trust establishment is an important problem which often arises everyday. We need to assess the trust in someone or something before making decisions on their actions. It is also a very important problem for Internet applications where participants of a system are virtual entities. The trust establishment is a key factor for e-commerce applications and services which involve interactions with unknown users.The objective of this thesis is to build an infrastructure for trust management which allows each participant to express his own security policy. The security policy is a way for the participant to define his own access control to his own resources and services. The infrastructure provides a trust negotiation mechanism that allows two participants to establish a mutual trust between them for interactions.The important point of our proposal of an infrastructure for trust management is that we use all available information such as credentials (signed certificates), reputations, recommendations or risk information about the peer to make decisions on trust. All these factors are expressed in the security policy by using our proposed policy language.

先進的科技來自人性，組織的管理從「心」出發。人是組織中的核心元素，而信任是人際關係中所不可或缺的因素。 本研究係以訪談的方式，透過相關理論來探討公務機關組織人際信任的實際情形。經文獻回顧，藉由善意、依賴、風險、心理狀態及倫理等五項構念，進而發展出訪談的題綱。 訪談的結果經由不同構念的分析，發現個案機關組織人際信任的情形為： 1.主管領導風格與善意構念間，無直接關連性。 2.組織內部確實存在並依賴內團體。 3.組織成員願意且能承擔信任的風險。 4.不存在社會交換理論中的利益交換。 5.重視公務倫理勝於專業能力。 6.機關有其獨特性。 在正反合的思辨中，本研究提出對組織及人員的建議，期能對後續研究者有所助益。 / Advanced technology comes from human nature, the administration of organization originates from the mindset. Human being is the key element in the organization, whilst the trust is an indispensable factor in interpersonal relationship. This study, by means of related theory, explores actual status of interpersonal trust in the organizations of the public sector through interviews. After literature review, the contents for interviews are developed by using the 5 constructs that include Benevolence, Dependence, Risk, Psychological State and Ethics. The results of interviews are analyzed by different constructs and the following status are concluded with regard to the interpersonal trust in the organization of the public sector. 1.There is no direct connection between the leadership of command leader and Benevolence Construct. 2.The sub-groups do exist and are mutually depended 3.Members of the organizations are willing and able to undertake the risk of trust 4.The interest exchange of the social exchange theory does not exist. 5.More attention is paid to the Public Ethics than to professional capability in the organization. 6.The organization has its own characteristic. Through repeated dialectic research, this study has come up with suggestions to both organizations and personnel. It is expected that these suggestions are instrumental to the subsequent researchers.

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