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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Tuberculose infecÃÃo entre estudantes de graduaÃÃo da Ãrea da saÃde:estudo de prevalÃncia e avaliaÃÃo do conhecimento / Tuberculosis infection among undergraduate health care: prevalence study and evaluation of knowledge

Cheila Oliveira Lima Maia 05 February 2013 (has links)
A infecÃÃo por Mycobacterium tuberculosis atinge um terÃo da populaÃÃo da terra, sendo considerada uma emergÃncia mundial. Pesquisas apontam para maior risco entre profissionais e estudantes da Ãrea da saÃde. O estudo buscou identificar a prevalÃncia da infecÃÃo tuberculosa e o conhecimento dos alunos da Ãrea da saÃde sobre o tema. Foi realizada pesquisa do tipo transversal, de natureza quantitativa, com alunos de Medicina e Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, estratificados por ciclo do curso. Os participantes responderam a um questionÃrio sociodemogrÃfico e de conhecimentos sobre tuberculose e foi aplicada prova tuberculÃnica (PT). Foram considerados dois pontos de corte diferentes para PT positiva, ou seja, &#8805; 5 mm (utilizado para populaÃÃo geral) e &#8805; 10 mm (para profissionais de saÃde). Foram realizados os testes &#967;Â, &#967; de tendÃncia e razÃo de verossimilhanÃa para as associaÃÃes entre o resultado da PT, o conhecimento dos alunos e as variÃveis categÃricas. Compararam-se as mÃdias com os testes t de Student e Kruskal-Wallis. Foi considerado estatisticamente significante se p < 0,05. Dos 311 participantes do estudo, 69,5% eram do sexo feminino, 67,5% estavam na faixa etÃria de 20 a 24 anos e 90,7% apresentavam cicatriz de BCG. As caracterÃsticas socioeconÃmicas foram diferentes entre os dois cursos. Apenas 17,4% dos alunos relataram ter participado de treinamento sobre tuberculose. Cursavam o ciclo bÃsico 30,5% dos alunos, o ciclo clÃnico 38,3% e o internato ou estÃgio curricular supervisionado 31,2%. Dos estudantes de Medicina, 38 (21,6%) e 30 (17,0%) apresentaram PT de 5 a 9 mm e &#8805; 10 mm, respectivamente. Na Enfermagem, a positividade foi de 5 a 9 mm em 21 (22,8%) e &#8805; 10 mm em 26 (28,3%) dos alunos. A anÃlise do resultado da PT por ciclo do curso para a Medicina demonstrou mÃdia e desvio-padrÃo de 3,5 ( 4,2) mm no ciclo bÃsico e de 5,3 ( 4,5) mm no internato (p=0,013). No curso de Enfermagem, a mÃdia e o desvio-padrÃo da PT foram de 5,1 ( 4,8) mm no inÃcio do curso e 5,2 ( 5,4) mm ao fim do curso (p=0,464). O conhecimento dos alunos sobre os temas bÃsicos da tuberculose foi em geral de 56,05%, tendo crescido de 34,13% no ciclo bÃsico para 69,75% no internato/estÃgio curricular supervisionado. O estudo reforÃa a importÃncia da realizaÃÃo de inquÃritos tuberculÃnicos periÃdicos entre estudantes da Ãrea da saÃde, reforÃando a necessidade de implementaÃÃo de medidas de biosseguranÃa e educaÃÃo permanente sobre o tema para futuros profissionais de saÃde. / Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) affects one third of the worldâs population and is considered a global emergency. Research has shown an increased risk of TB among healthcare workers and students. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of TB infection and evaluate the studentsâ knowledge of TB. A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted with 311 medical and nursing students from the Federal University of Cearà stratified by period. Sociodemographic information was collected, a questionnaire with basic questions on TB was administered, and the Mantoux test (MT) was performed on all participants. Two cut-off values for TB were considered: &#8805;5 mm (general population) and &#8805;10 mm (health professionals). The associations between MT results, studentsâ knowledge of TB and the categorical variables were submitted to the chi-square test, the chi-square test for trend and the likelihood ratio test. The mean values were compared with Studentâs t test and the Kruskal-Wallis test, with the level of statistical significance set at 5% (p<0.05). Most of the participants (69.5%) were female, 67.5% were aged 20-24 years, and 90.7% had a BCG scar. The medical students and the nursing students differed with regard to socioeconomic characteristics. Only 17.4% reported receiving training in TB. The medical students were distributed over three periods: pre-clinical (30.5%), clinical (38.3%), internship/supervised curricular traineeship (31.2%). MT values of 5-9 mm and &#8805;10 mm were found for 38 (21.6%) and 30 (17.0%) medical students, respectively. The corresponding findings for nursing students were 21 (22.8%) and 26 (28.3%). The average MT values and standard deviation by medical course period were 3.5  4.2 mm (pre-clinical) and 5.3  4.5 mm (internship) (p=0.013). The corresponding findings for nursing students were 5.1  4.8 mm (first year) and 5.2  5.4 mm (last year) (p=0.464). On the average, the students scored 56.05% correct answers on the questionnaire. A difference in knowledge was observed between pre-clinical students (34.13%) and interns/trainees (69.75%). Our findings highlight the importance of conducting regular Mantoux testing on healthcare students and implementing biosafety measures and permanent education on TB for future healthcare professionals.
12

Teste tuberculínio no diagnóstico da infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS em um hospital de referência no Estado da Paraíba

SILVA NETO, Francisco Bernardino da 20 August 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-18T14:35:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Bernardino_Versão_Final_13_04_2016VF_ATUAL (1).pdf: 1504145 bytes, checksum: 378eee47758feaa1664c834f3a789e0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T14:35:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Bernardino_Versão_Final_13_04_2016VF_ATUAL (1).pdf: 1504145 bytes, checksum: 378eee47758feaa1664c834f3a789e0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-20 / O diagnóstico e o tratamento da infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ILTB) são indicados para grupos nos quais a prevalência da infecção latente é alta, em contactantes de casos novos de tuberculose (TB) e quando o risco de reativação é alto como em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS (PVHA). Tanto o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) facilita a reativação da ILTB quanto o Mycobacterium tuberculosis contribui para a progressão da doença pelo HIV. O conhecimento acerca do diagnóstico e do tratamento da ILTB em PVHA torna-se fundamental visto que o Relatório Global de Controle da Tuberculose da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) indica que as PVHA estão 26 a 31 vezes mais propensas a desenvolver TB ativa quando comparadas à população geral. Além disso, a taxa de letalidade da TB em PVHA é 3 vezes maior do que a observada na população geral. Apesar de suas limitações, o teste tuberculínico (TT) continua sendo a principal ferramenta de diagnóstico da ILTB, entretanto, isso não parece refletir no número de TT solicitados e realizados e, consequentemente, no número de tratamentos prescritos para ILTB. No Brasil, e em particular na Paraíba, os dados sobre a solicitação e realização do TT e acerca da prescrição do tratamento para ILTB são pouco conhecidos. Esse estudo objetivou verificar a frequência de solicitação e de realização (inoculação do derivado protéico purificado (PPD) e leitura) do TT, a frequência de TT reator e a frequência da prescrição do tratamento para ILTB e caracterizar as PVHA atendidas em serviço de referência em HIV/AIDS e TB no estado da Paraíba quanto a aspectos sociodemográficos e laboratoriais, no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013. Para obtenção dos dados, utilizou-se formulário padronizado, preenchido, retrospectivamente, a partir das informações contidas na primeira consulta registrada nos prontuários dos pacientes atendidos no período do estudo. Dos 3.191 pacientes incluídos na pesquisa, 2.303 (72,2%) tiveram o TT solicitado. Destes, 2.047 (89,0%) foram submetidos a realização do TT que compreendeu a inoculação do PPD e a leitura da induração. Dos 2.047 pacientes que tiveram o PPD inoculado e submetidos a leitura da induração, 90 (4,4%) pacientes tiveram o TT reator sendo o tratamento para ILTB prescrito para todos. Os resultados da pesquisa sugerem que há uma excelente adesão à solicitação do TT e à prescrição do tratamento para ILTB entre os profissionais médicos e baixa prevalência de ILTB no local do estudo. Outrossim, acessibilidade adequada para realização e boa compreensão por parte dos pacientes quanto a sua importância no contexto da atenção à saúde das PVHA garantiram a frequência elevada de realização do TT. / The diagnosis and treatment of latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LIMTb) are given to groups in which the prevalence of latent infection is high, in contacts of new cases of tuberculosis (TB) and when the risk of reactivation is high as in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). Both the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) facilitates the reactivation of LIMTb as Mycobacterium tuberculosis contributes to the progression of HIV disease. The knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment for PLHA in LIMTb becomes critical as the Global Tuberculosis Control Report of the World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that PLHA are 26-31 times more likely to develop active TB compared the general population. In addition, the TB mortality rate PLHA is 3 times higher than that observed in the general population. Despite its limitations, the tuberculin skin test (TST) remains the primary diagnostic tool LIMTb, however, this does not reflect the number of TST ordered and carried out and, consequently, the number of prescription treatments for LIMTb. In Brazil, particularly in Paraiba, data on the application and realization of TST and for prescribing treatment for LIMTb are little known. Thus faces, this study aimed to verify the request frequency and achievement (inoculation of purified protein derivative (PPD) and reading of induration) of TST, the TST frequency of reactor and the frequency of prescription treatment for LIMTb and characterize the PLHA met in reference service on HIV/AIDS and TB in the state of Paraiba as the sociodemographic and laboratory aspects, from January 2009 to December 2013. To obtain the data, we used standardized form filled out retrospectively from information contained on the first visit recorded in the medical records of patients seen during the study period. Of the 3,191 patients included in the study, 2,303 (72.2%) had the TST requested. Of these, 2,047 (89.0%) underwent TST understood that inoculation of the PPD and the reading of induration. Of the 2,047 patients who had the PPD inoculated and subjected to reading of induration, 90 (4.4%) patients had TST reactor being treating LIMTb prescribed for everyone. The survey results suggest there is excellent adhesion to the request of the TST and prescription treatment for LIMTb among medical professionals and low prevalence of LIMTb in the study site. Likewise sufficient access for achievement and good understanding by patients and their importance in the context of attention to health of PLHA ensured the high frequency of TST realization.
13

A retrospective analysis of patients referred for tuberculosis testing at Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX.

O'Rourke, Christine. Harris, T. Robert, Dallo, Florence J. Southern, Paul M. January 2009 (has links)
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 47-06, page: 3552. Adviser: T. Robert Harris. Includes bibliographical references.
14

Skirtingu laiku BCG vakcinomis skiepytų vaikų tuberkulino reakcijos ikimokykliniu laikotarpiu / Tuberculin reactivity of children vaccinated at different age with BCG vaccines in preschool period

Sučilienė, Elena 02 July 2010 (has links)
Disertacijos objektas: įvairių BCG skiepijimo režimų įtaka tuberkulino reakcijos išraiškai, vietinei BCG žymei, specifinei serologijai, alergijos klinikai vaikams iki 6 m. Tyrime dalyvavo 509 vaikai, vakcinuoti įprasta arba pusine BCG vakcinos doze naujagimio ar 3 mėn. amžiaus. Jiems 3 mėn. po BCG vakcinacijos, 1, 2 ir 6 m. atliktas tuberkulino mėginys, įvertintas BCG randelis, ištirti specifiniai antikūnai kraujo serume, įvertintos alerginės būklės. Disertacijos išvadose konstatuojama, kad 3 mėn. amžiaus BCG vakcinuotų vaikų tuberkulino reakcijos yra stipresnės bei susidariusi vietinė BCG žymė dažnesnė, nei įprasta BCG vakcinos doze naujagimio amžiaus skiepytųjų, tiriant juos 3 mėn. po BCG vakcinacijos ar 1 m. amžiaus. Specifinių antikūnų dėsningumų nepavyko aptikti. 3 mėn. amžiaus kūdikių BCG vakcinacija sumažino su maistu siejamų alerginių bėrimų riziką mergaitėms ikimokykliniu laikotarpiu. / Object of dissertation: The influence of different BCG vaccination schedules on the tuberculin reactivity, BCG scarring, specific serology and allergy. 509 children were included in this research, all of them received BCG vaccination with standard or half dosage as newborns or 3-months old. 3 months after BCG vaccination and at one, two, and six years of age they were tested with tuberculin, and examined for BCG scarring. Anti-tuberculosis antibodies were detected in sera and children were evaluated for allergy. In conclusions of the dissertation it is declared, that 3 months after BCG vaccination and at 1 year of age children, vaccinated as 3 months - old had stronger tuberculin reactions and better BCG scarring, in comparison to neonatal vaccination. Clear consistent patterns in anti-tuberculosis antibody levels were not established. BCG vaccination at 3 months of age reduced the risk of food –related allergic rash for girls in preschool period.
15

Tuberculin reactivity of children vaccinated at different age with BCG vaccines in preschool period / Skirtingu laiku BCG vakcinomis skiepytų vaikų tuberkulino reakcijos ikimokykliniu laikotarpiu

Sučilienė, Elena 02 July 2010 (has links)
Object of dissertation: The influence of different BCG vaccination schedules on the tuberculin reactivity, BCG scarring, specific serology and allergy. 509 children were included in this research, all of them received BCG vaccination with standard or half dosage as newborns or 3-months old. 3 months after BCG vaccination and at one, two, and six years of age they were tested with tuberculin, and examined for BCG scarring. Anti-tuberculosis antibodies were detected in sera and children were evaluated for allergy. In conclusions of the dissertation it is declared, that 3 months after BCG vaccination and at 1 year of age children, vaccinated as 3 months - old had stronger tuberculin reactions and better BCG scarring, in comparison to neonatal vaccination. Clear consistent patterns in anti-tuberculosis antibody levels were not established. BCG vaccination at 3 months of age reduced the risk of food –related allergic rash for girls in preschool period. / Disertacijos objektas: įvairių BCG skiepijimo režimų įtaka tuberkulino reakcijos išraiškai, vietinei BCG žymei, specifinei serologijai, alergijos klinikai vaikams iki 6 m. Tyrime dalyvavo 509 vaikai, vakcinuoti įprasta arba pusine BCG vakcinos doze naujagimio ar 3 mėn. amžiaus. Jiems 3 mėn. po BCG vakcinacijos, 1, 2 ir 6 m. atliktas tuberkulino mėginys, įvertintas BCG randelis, ištirti prieštuberkulioziniai antikūnai kraujo serume, įvertintos alerginės būklės. Disertacijos išvadose konstatuojama, kad pusine BCG vakcina skiepytųjų tuberkulino reakcijos silpnesnės, o susidariusi vietinė žymė mažesnė, o 3 mėn. BCG vakcinuotų vaikų tuberkulino reakcijos yra stipresnės, o susidariusi vietinė BCG žymė dažnesnė, nei skiepijant įprasta BCG vakcina naujagimio amžiaus vaikus lyginant su įprasta BCG vakcina naujagimio amžiaus skiepytais vaikais 3 mėn. po BCG vakcinacijos ar 1 m. vaikams. Aiškių prieštuberkuliozinių antikūnų dėsningumų nepavyko aptikti. 3 mėn. amžiaus BCG vakcinacija sumažino su maistu siejamų alerginių bėrimų riziką ikimokyklinio amžiaus mergaitėms.
16

Padronização do teste imunoalérgico e de reação imunoenzimática aplicados ao diagnóstico da tuberculose e micobacterioses em suínos (Sus scrofa) experimentalmente sensibilizados com suspensões oleosas de M. bovis ou M. avium inativados / Standardization of the immunoallergic skin test and immunoenzymatic assay test applied for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis in swine (Sus scrofa) experimentally sensitized with oily suspensions of inactivated M. bovis or M. avium

Oliveira, Flávia Carolina Souza de 15 June 2012 (has links)
Foi investigado o valor diagnóstico da resposta alérgica cutânea à tuberculina e do ELISA indireto, com antígeno recombinante MPB 70, em leitões experimentalmente sensibilizados, pela via intramuscular, com suspensões oleosas de M. bovis ou M. avium inativados. Foram utilizados 91 animais divididos em quatro grupos. Os grupos A e B, cada um com 25 indivíduos, grupos C e D com 21 e 20 indivíduos respectivamente, balanceando-se as características de raça, linhagem, faixa etária e sexo. Aos 21 dias de idade, todos os animais foram submetidos a uma triagem com a aplicação de tuberculina PPD de M. bovis, pela via intradérmica na base da orelha e não houve qualquer tipo de reação. Decorridos 60 dias do teste tuberculínico de triagem, o grupo A, recebeu injeção intramuscular de 0,5 mL de uma suspensão oleosa de M. avium estirpe D4; o grupo B, recebeu 0,5 mL de uma suspensão oleosa de M. bovis estirpe AN5; o grupo C (controle I), recebeu 0,5 mL do adjuvante oleoso e o grupo D (controle II), recebeu 0,5 mL de solução fisiológica. Foi realizado o exame histopatológico de biopsias das reações cutâneas e a colheita de sangue para o teste de ELISA de captura. Após 30 dias da sensibilização, foi efetuada a prova de tuberculinização comparativa com reação medida pela variação da espessura da pele com paquímetro às 0h, 24h, 48h e 72h, após a aplicação das tuberculinas. No teste comparativo, lido às 72 horas, a reação foi considerada negativa quando a diferença das reações entre o PPD bovino e o PPD aviário foi menor que 6,7 mm; suspeito ou inconclusivo quando a diferença se situou na faixa de 6,7 a 7,5 mm; e positiva para o tipo de PPD, considerando-se tuberculose para PPD M. bovis e micobacteriose para PPD M. avium, quando a diferença da reação foi superior a 7,5 mm. Nos exames histopatológicos, foi observado intenso infiltrado inflamatório linfocitário no local das reações intradérmicas dos animais testados com o PPD homologo ao tipo de micobactéria utilizada na suspensão oleosa sensibilizante. O ensaio de ELISA com antígeno, MPB 70 recombinante, foi capaz de revelar a presença de anticorpos contra o M. bovis, porém não revelou anticorpos para M. avium. / The diagnostic value of the cutaneous allergic response to tuberculin and Indirect ELISA test was investigated using MPB 70 recombinant antigen, in piglets experimentally sensitized intramuscularly with the oily suspensions of inactivated M. bovis or M. avium. The ninety-one animals used were divided into four groups. The groups A and B were formed each with 25 individuals, and groups C and D, with 21 and 20 individuals, respectively, balancing the characteristics of race, ancestry, age and sex. At the age of 21 days, all the animals were submitted to the screening test with the use of M. bovis PPD, by the intradermal route at the base of the ear and no reaction was detected. Sixty days after the screening tuberculin test, animals of the group A were injected intramuscularly with 0.5 mL of oily suspension of M. avium D4 strain; animals of group B received 0.5 mL of an oily suspension of M. bovis, AN5 strain; and the members of group C (control I) received 0.5 mL of an oily adjuvant and the individuals of group D (control II) received 0.5 mL of saline solution. Histological examinations of biopsies of skin reactions were carried out and blood collections made for capture ELISA. Following 30 days of sensitization, comparative skin reactions were measured by the variation in skin thickness with a caliper at 0h, 24h, 48h an 72h after applications of tuberculins. In the comparative test measured at 72h, the reaction was considered negative when the difference of the reactions between bovine PPD and avian PPD was less than 6.7 mm; suspected or inconclusive, when the difference stood in the range of 6.7 to 7.5 mm; and positive according to the type of PPD, considering tuberculosis the M. bovis PPD and mycobacteriosis the M. avium PPD, when the difference of the reaction was greater than 7.5 mm. In histopathological examinations, intense lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate were observed at the site of intradermal reactions of the animals tested with PPD homologous to the type of mycobacteria used in sensitizing oil suspension. The ELISA assay with MPB 70 recombinant antigen was able to reveal the presence of antibodies against M. bovis, but did not reveal antibodies to M. avium.
17

Impact of HIV-1 co-infection on tuberculosis and value of CD4+ lymphocyte counts and concurrent antigen testing in interpretation of tuberculin reactions in hospitalized children with tuberculosis in South Africa

Madhi, Shabir Ahmed 20 May 2014 (has links)
There are few reports on the impact of HIV-1 infection on tuberculosis in children. Microbiologic diagnosis of tuberculosis is difficult and much reliance is placed on the tuberculin skin test, as part of a scoring system, in diagnosing tuberculosis in children. A prospective study, enrolling 168 patients with clinical tuberculosis, was performed between July 1996 and January 1997 at the teaching hospitals attached to the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand. Forty-two percent of children with tuberculosis were HIV-1 infected. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed more frequently in HIV uninfected children. Progressive pulmonary tuberculosis, based on radiographic findings, and mortality was higher in HIV-1 infected children with tuberculosis. HIV-1 infected children with pulmonary tuberculosis showed marked hyporeactivity to tuberculin skin testing. Both CD4+ lymphocyte counts and concurrent delayed type hypersensitivity testing, using the "CMI Multitest®”, offered little value in interpreting the tuberculin skin test in HIV-1 infected children with tuberculosis. The findings of the study suggest that aggressive microbiologic investigations coupled with a low threshold of clinical suspicion is essential in diagnosing tuberculosis in children, especially in HIV infected children.
18

Skin sensitivity testing : a biophysical approach /

Nyrén, Miruna, January 2002 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
19

Padronização do teste imunoalérgico e de reação imunoenzimática aplicados ao diagnóstico da tuberculose e micobacterioses em suínos (Sus scrofa) experimentalmente sensibilizados com suspensões oleosas de M. bovis ou M. avium inativados / Standardization of the immunoallergic skin test and immunoenzymatic assay test applied for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis in swine (Sus scrofa) experimentally sensitized with oily suspensions of inactivated M. bovis or M. avium

Flávia Carolina Souza de Oliveira 15 June 2012 (has links)
Foi investigado o valor diagnóstico da resposta alérgica cutânea à tuberculina e do ELISA indireto, com antígeno recombinante MPB 70, em leitões experimentalmente sensibilizados, pela via intramuscular, com suspensões oleosas de M. bovis ou M. avium inativados. Foram utilizados 91 animais divididos em quatro grupos. Os grupos A e B, cada um com 25 indivíduos, grupos C e D com 21 e 20 indivíduos respectivamente, balanceando-se as características de raça, linhagem, faixa etária e sexo. Aos 21 dias de idade, todos os animais foram submetidos a uma triagem com a aplicação de tuberculina PPD de M. bovis, pela via intradérmica na base da orelha e não houve qualquer tipo de reação. Decorridos 60 dias do teste tuberculínico de triagem, o grupo A, recebeu injeção intramuscular de 0,5 mL de uma suspensão oleosa de M. avium estirpe D4; o grupo B, recebeu 0,5 mL de uma suspensão oleosa de M. bovis estirpe AN5; o grupo C (controle I), recebeu 0,5 mL do adjuvante oleoso e o grupo D (controle II), recebeu 0,5 mL de solução fisiológica. Foi realizado o exame histopatológico de biopsias das reações cutâneas e a colheita de sangue para o teste de ELISA de captura. Após 30 dias da sensibilização, foi efetuada a prova de tuberculinização comparativa com reação medida pela variação da espessura da pele com paquímetro às 0h, 24h, 48h e 72h, após a aplicação das tuberculinas. No teste comparativo, lido às 72 horas, a reação foi considerada negativa quando a diferença das reações entre o PPD bovino e o PPD aviário foi menor que 6,7 mm; suspeito ou inconclusivo quando a diferença se situou na faixa de 6,7 a 7,5 mm; e positiva para o tipo de PPD, considerando-se tuberculose para PPD M. bovis e micobacteriose para PPD M. avium, quando a diferença da reação foi superior a 7,5 mm. Nos exames histopatológicos, foi observado intenso infiltrado inflamatório linfocitário no local das reações intradérmicas dos animais testados com o PPD homologo ao tipo de micobactéria utilizada na suspensão oleosa sensibilizante. O ensaio de ELISA com antígeno, MPB 70 recombinante, foi capaz de revelar a presença de anticorpos contra o M. bovis, porém não revelou anticorpos para M. avium. / The diagnostic value of the cutaneous allergic response to tuberculin and Indirect ELISA test was investigated using MPB 70 recombinant antigen, in piglets experimentally sensitized intramuscularly with the oily suspensions of inactivated M. bovis or M. avium. The ninety-one animals used were divided into four groups. The groups A and B were formed each with 25 individuals, and groups C and D, with 21 and 20 individuals, respectively, balancing the characteristics of race, ancestry, age and sex. At the age of 21 days, all the animals were submitted to the screening test with the use of M. bovis PPD, by the intradermal route at the base of the ear and no reaction was detected. Sixty days after the screening tuberculin test, animals of the group A were injected intramuscularly with 0.5 mL of oily suspension of M. avium D4 strain; animals of group B received 0.5 mL of an oily suspension of M. bovis, AN5 strain; and the members of group C (control I) received 0.5 mL of an oily adjuvant and the individuals of group D (control II) received 0.5 mL of saline solution. Histological examinations of biopsies of skin reactions were carried out and blood collections made for capture ELISA. Following 30 days of sensitization, comparative skin reactions were measured by the variation in skin thickness with a caliper at 0h, 24h, 48h an 72h after applications of tuberculins. In the comparative test measured at 72h, the reaction was considered negative when the difference of the reactions between bovine PPD and avian PPD was less than 6.7 mm; suspected or inconclusive, when the difference stood in the range of 6.7 to 7.5 mm; and positive according to the type of PPD, considering tuberculosis the M. bovis PPD and mycobacteriosis the M. avium PPD, when the difference of the reaction was greater than 7.5 mm. In histopathological examinations, intense lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate were observed at the site of intradermal reactions of the animals tested with PPD homologous to the type of mycobacteria used in sensitizing oil suspension. The ELISA assay with MPB 70 recombinant antigen was able to reveal the presence of antibodies against M. bovis, but did not reveal antibodies to M. avium.
20

Avalia??o do efeito da vacina??o BCG na rea??o do Teste Tubercul?nico (TT) nos dois primeiros anos de vida / Evaluation of the effect of BCG neonatal vaccination on the reaction of the tuberculin test in the first two years of life

Kurtz, Tatiana 31 August 2017 (has links)
Submitted by PPG Pediatria e Sa?de da Crian?a (pediatria-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-02-16T18:56:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado - Tatiana Kurtz -FINAL (1).pdf: 3145488 bytes, checksum: 8d9c7ca2d5630d7d9e3c1060cce48762 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-02-22T16:58:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado - Tatiana Kurtz -FINAL (1).pdf: 3145488 bytes, checksum: 8d9c7ca2d5630d7d9e3c1060cce48762 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-22T17:05:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado - Tatiana Kurtz -FINAL (1).pdf: 3145488 bytes, checksum: 8d9c7ca2d5630d7d9e3c1060cce48762 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Introduction and Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is a complex infectious disease that can occur in any age group. When the host comes in contact with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) the immune response of the organism may be sufficient to prevent the disease, resulting in total destruction of the bacteria or establishment of latency, termed latent tuberculosis (TBL). Due to the difficulty in demonstrating MTB in the clinical specimens of the child, the diagnosis of TB disease is based on the clinical, epidemiological and radiological bases associated with the interpretation of the cutaneous tuberculin (TT) test. In this context, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, mostly latent, represents an important reservoir for reactivation of the disease. This contingent is sufficient to continue generating new cases for many decades, even if the chain of transmission is interrupted. Thus, the precise definition of the criteria for diagnosis of latent TB has great relevance and TT is an important tool. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of the neonatal BCG vaccine on the tuberculin skin test cutaneous reaction and to define cutoff points to detect tuberculosis in the first two years of life. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in children from the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul, who met the inclusion criteria of the study: infants up to 2 years of age who received BCG vaccine during the neonatal period. Exclusion criteria were birth weight <2,000 grams, being the mother of HIV positive mother, or mother with persistence of tuberculosis in the perinatal period, or cases where there was evidence of primary immunodeficiency, absence of BCG vaccine scar after 6 months of life, in addition to TB research and TB contact. The children were identified and included through the authorization of the person responsible, explaining the project and accepting the consent term. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Santa Cruz Hospital, where patient data were collected and the University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC). The variable under study was the cutaneous induration reaction of the tuberculin test, in the first two years post-vaccination, using different cutoff points. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed. Numerical variables were represented by mean and standard deviation and categorical variables by means of absolute number and percentage. To describe the data, we used means and standard deviation, or median and interquartile range for the quantitative variables; percentage for qualitative variables. For analysis of the Tuberculin Test, the sample was submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), with significance level of p?0.05. The data analyzed in the SPSS Program 17.0. Results: Potentially eligible participants totaled 808, of which 90 were selected from the inclusion / exclusion criteria. Data collected included demographic characteristics, nutritional indexes, vaccination status and previous exposure to TB. TTs were administered and induration measured after 48-72 hours. The selected ones were of both sexes, with ages varying between 3 and 24 months. Of these, eleven were excluded because they did not attend the reading of the tuberculin test (TT), resulting in a sample of 79 patients. The median age was 9.5 months for boys and 11 months for girls. It was divided into 3 groups according to the age range: between 3-9 months (group 1), 10-18 months (group 2) and 19-24 months of age (group 3). We found that, when comparing the 3 groups, we showed a decrease in the mean response to tuberculin as the age group progresses, presenting statistical significance (p = 0.041). Considering the probable absence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the sample of patients included in the study, we observed that the tuberculin test with the highest reaction occurs in group 1. From the age of 10 months, no patient shows a reaction to the tuberculin test above 5 mm. The finding shows the decline in the tuberculin reaction curve in the first year of life. A complementary analysis was performed excluding patients who did not present an induration reaction (TT = 0 mm), and 28 patients were excluded from the interpretation. The 51 patients with Test Tuberculin reactor were divided into the same 3 groups according to age group. Between 3-9 months (group 1), 10-18 months (group 2) and 19-24 months of age (group 3), we found that when comparing the 3 groups, again we showed a decrease in the reaction to tuberculin according to age progresses, presenting significance (p = 0.031). We found that there were no adverse effects, described in the literature, in patients who underwent the Tuberculin Test. Conclusions: Based on the data from the study, we demonstrated that the induration reaction occurs in the tuberculin test in the first 12 months of age in previously healthy and BCG-vaccinated patients in the neonatal period. Therefore our results suggest that the cutoff point could be modified from 10mm to 5mm of induration after 12 months of age, improving the specificity of the TT diagnostic test to identify cases of TB infection. This reevaluation of the lowest cutoff point in the first two years of life may prevent inappropriate management in patients with tuberculosis. / Introdu??o e Objetivos: A tuberculose (TB) ? uma doen?a infecciosa complexa, podendo ocorrer em qualquer faixa et?ria. Quando o hospedeiro entra em contato com o Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) a resposta imunit?ria do organismo pode ser suficiente para evitar a doen?a, ocorrendo destrui??o total das bact?rias ou estabelecimento de um estado de lat?ncia, denominado de tuberculose latente (TBL). Devido ? dificuldade em demonstrar MTB nos esp?cimes cl?nicos da crian?a, o diagn?stico da TB doen?a ? fundamentado em bases cl?nicas, epidemiol?gicas e radiol?gicas associados ? interpreta??o do teste tubercul?nico (TT) cut?neo. Neste contexto, verifica-se que a infec??o pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis, na sua maioria forma latente, representa um importante reservat?rio de reativa??o da doen?a. Este contingente ? suficiente para continuar gerando novos casos por muitas d?cadas, mesmo que a cadeia de transmiss?o seja interrompida. Dessa forma, a defini??o precisa dos crit?rios para diagn?stico de TB latente tem grande relev?ncia e o TT ? uma importante ferramenta. O objetivo do estudo ? avaliar o efeito da vacina BCG neonatal na rea??o de endura??o cut?nea do Teste Tubercul?nico e definir pontos de corte para detectar tuberculose nos dois primeiros anos de vida. M?todos: Estudo transversal, em crian?as do munic?pio de Santa Cruz do Sul, que se adequaram aos crit?rios de inclus?o do estudo: lactentes at? 2 anos de idade que receberam vacina BCG durante o per?odo neonatal. Crit?rios de exclus?o foram: peso ao nascimento <2,000 gramas, ser filho de m?e HIV positiva, ou m?e com vig?ncia de tuberculose no per?odo perinatal, ou ainda os casos em que houve evid?ncia de imunodefici?ncia prim?ria, aus?ncia de cicatriz vacinal de BCG ap?s 6 meses de vida, al?m de investiga??o de TB e contato de TB. As crian?as foram identificadas e inclu?das atrav?s de autoriza??o do respons?vel, mediante explica??o do projeto e aceita??o do termo de consentimento. O projeto foi aprovado pela Comiss?o de ?tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Santa Cruz, onde foi realizada a coleta de dados dos pacientes e Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC). A vari?vel em estudo foi a rea??o de endura??o cut?nea do teste tubercul?nico, nos dois primeiros anos p?s-vacina??o, utilizando diferentes pontos de corte. Realizada uma an?lise descritiva das vari?veis. As vari?veis num?ricas foram representadas por meio de m?dia e desvio padr?o e as categ?ricas por meio de n?mero absoluto e porcentagem. Para descri??o dos dados, foram utilizados m?dias e desvio padr?o, ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para as vari?veis quantitativas; porcentagem para as vari?veis qualitativas. Para an?lise do Teste Tubercul?nico a amostra foi submetida ao teste de an?lise de vari?ncia (ANOVA), com n?vel de signific?ncia de p?0,05. Os dados analisados no Programa SPSS 17.0. Resultados: Os participantes potencialmente eleg?veis totalizaram 808, desses 90 foram selecionados a partir dos crit?rios de inclus?o/exclus?o. Dados coletados inclu?ram caracter?sticas demogr?ficas, ?ndices nutricionais, estado de vacina??o e exposi??o pr?via ? TB. TTs foram administrados e a endura??o medida ap?s 48-72 horas. Os selecionados foram de ambos os sexos, com idade variando entre 3 e 24 meses. Destes, onze foram exclu?das, pois n?o compareceram a leitura do teste tubercul?nico (TT), resultando em amostra final de 79 pacientes. A mediana das idades foi de 9,5 meses, entre os meninos, e 11 meses entre as meninas. Realizada divis?o em 3 grupos conforme faixa et?ria: entre 3-9 meses (grupo 1), 10-18 meses (grupo 2) e 19-24 meses de idade (grupo 3). Constatamos que, quando comparados os 3 grupos, evidenciamos queda na m?dia de rea??o ? tuberculina conforme a faixa et?ria progride, apresentando signific?ncia estat?stica (p= 0.041). Considerando a prov?vel aus?ncia de infec??o por Mycobacterium tuberculosis na amostra de pacientes inclu?dos no estudo, observamos que o teste tubercul?nico com rea??o mais elevada ocorre no grupo 1. A partir dos 10 meses de idade nenhum paciente demonstra rea??o ao teste tubercul?nico acima de 5 mm. O achado evidencia o decl?nio na curva de rea??o ? tuberculina j? no primeiro ano de vida. Realizada an?lise complementar excluindo os pacientes que n?o apresentaram rea??o de endura??o (TT= 0 mm), sendo exclu?dos da interpreta??o 28 pacientes. Os 51 pacientes com Teste Tubercul?nico reator foram divididos nos mesmos 3 grupos conforme faixa et?ria. Entre 3-9 meses (grupo 1), 10-18 meses (grupo 2) e 19-24 meses de idade (grupo 3), onde constatamos que quando comparados os 3 grupos, novamente evidenciamos queda na rea??o ? tuberculina conforme a faixa et?ria progride, apresentando signific?ncia (p= 0.031). Constatamos que n?o ocorreram efeitos adversos, descritos em literatura, nos pacientes que se submeteram a aplica??o do Teste Tubercul?nico. Conclus?es: A partir dos dados do estudo demonstramos que ocorre queda da rea??o de endura??o no teste tubercul?nico nos primeiros 12 meses de idade em pacientes previamente h?gidos e vacinados com BCG no per?odo neonatal. Portanto nossos resultados sugerem que o ponto de corte poderia ser modificado de 10mm para 5mm de endura??o ap?s os 12 meses de idade, melhorando a especificidade do teste diagn?stico TT para identifica??o dos casos de TB infec??o. Esta reavalia??o do ponto de corte menor nos dois primeiros anos de vida pode evitar manejos inadequados nos pacientes com contato com tuberculose.

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