One of the main objectives of this thesis is not only to map the life of Czech sculptor Vladimir Astl, but also explore various inspirational sources he might have used when creating social oriented pieces. Those are critical in is work. Typical avatars of plastics with social context are Žízeň (Thirst), Smutek (Sadness) or Stará žena (Old Woman), all of them from the period of 1905 - 1910. The initial chapter shortly discusses social problem which existed during the verge of 19th and 20th century and immediately influenced increasing use of social topics in art. Next chapter elaborates on these topics in more detail and focuses on changes of French society which were closely tied to the occurence of ambitious ideas to build monuments celebrating work of men. This chapter also discusses sculpture in France in more depth with focus on labor-oriented pieces from August Rodin, Jules Dalou and Henri Bouchard. The work of mentioned sculptors was dedicated to monuments celebrating labour. These formed a common inspiration source for social related themes in Czech sculpture of the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Next chapter continues to describe the foreign social tendencies and introduces a Belgian sculptor Constantin Meunier who made a significant impact on Czech lands with his pieces being...

The subject of this work is an art group of four painters that was founded in 1959 and named Experiment. Artists of this group - František Dvořák, Radoslav Kutra, Jaroslav Uiberlay and Miloslav Jemelka - were born in the late twenties of the twentieth century. They belonged to the generation of painters, who had the opportunity to study after the second world war. They also played a crucial role in the forming of artistic expression in the sixties in Czechoslovakia. The main effort of these painters was to overcome the uniformity of socialist realism. They intended to return to and evaluate the visual art produced between wars in Czechoslovakia and in Europe. The feeling of vulgarity of descriptive realism prompted many artists to establish art groups in which their ideas and thoughts were formed due to the mutual confrontation. At the turn of the fifties and sixties was established a large number of "creative groups", whose development was possible due to the Union of Czechoslovak visual artists. Although the Union still served as a strict supervisor, it also allowed many young artists to exhibit their work for the first time in public. Creative groups, along with the Experiment, which was rather small, but compact formation, had merit in the overall release of the intricate situation in the Union. The...

The study delineates a picture of the woman writer, Růžena Svobodová, as an example of possible realization of a woman in the Czech society at the turn of 19th and 20th century. The woman writer, Růžena Svobodová, is introduced here in her many activities. Attention is paid to her works of fiction, in which she views the picture of contemporary woman and her position in society. The study reveals also the area of the woman writer's literary salon and summarizes its influence on the Prague society at the turn of 19th and 20th century. Included is also a portrait of Růžena Svobodová the woman journalist, which so far has been a neglected area. The study contains also a view of the woman writer's activities in the Czech Heart charitable organisation operating during World War I.

After the Battle of White Mountain on 8 November 1620 the non-catholic-minded nobility and burghers left the country. It was not until the 1720s that common people started to go into exile in response to oppressive servitude. During the reign of Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) the Czech lands saw another wave of recatholisation.1 The non-catholic religious movement was born by the simplest people of the lowest social rank. These new exiles left especially for Slovakia, Silesia, and Saxony. Many groups of exiles from the Czech lands merged in their new environment with local protestant churches. However, one particular group of emigrants from the region of Fulnek2 (especially from Těšín and Suchdol nad Odrou), led by the carpenter Kristián David from Ženklava3 , maintained some independence and inspired the founding of the congregation in Herrnhut (Ochranow) in Upper Lusatia, and later the establishment of an independent church known as the renewed Unity of the Brethren (Moravian Church).4 The congregation formed in Herrnhut between 1722 and 1727 was strongly influenced by Count Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf. As a landowner on whose territory the said congregation arose, Zinzendorf became a sort of spiritual leader of the fraternity. He tried to keep the congregation within the Saxon Lutheran...

In some of the most established and supposedly immutable liberal democracies, diverse social groups are losing con fi dence not only in established democratic institutions, but in the idea of liberal representative democracy itself. Meanwhile, an illiberal and anti-egalitarian transformation of democracy evolves at an apparently unstoppable pace. This democratic fatigue syndrome , the present article suggests, is qualitatively di ff erent from the crises of Democracy which have been debated for some considerable time. Focusing on mature democracies underpinned by the ideational tradition of European Enlightenment, the article theorizes this Syndrome and the striking transformation of democracy in terms of a dialectic process in which the very norm that once gave birth to the democratic project - the modernist idea of the autonomous subject - metamorphoses into its gravedigger, or at least into the driver of its radical reformulation. The article further develops aspects of my existing work on second-order emancipation and simulative democracy . Taking a theoretical rather than empirical approach, it aims to provide a conceptual framework for more empirically oriented analyses of changing forms of political articulation and participation.

This study employs Bayesian Hidden Markov Models as method to explore vehicle traffic flow conditions in an urban area in Stockholm, based on sensor data from separate road positions. Inter-arrival times are used as the observed sequences. These sequences of inter-arrival times are assumed to be generated from the distributions of four different (and hidden) traffic flow states; nightly free flow, free flow, mixture and congestion. The filtered and smoothed probability distributions of the hidden states and the most probable state sequences are obtained by using the forward, forward-backward and Viterbi algorithms. The No-U-Turn sampler is used to sample from the posterior distributions of all unknown parameters. The obtained results show in a satisfactory way that the Hidden Markov Models can detect different traffic flow conditions. Some of the models have problems with divergence, but the obtained results from those models still show satisfactory results. In fact, two of the models that converged seemed to overestimate the presence of congested traffic and all the models that not converged seem to do adequate estimations of the probability of being in a congested state. Since the interest of this study lies in estimating the current traffic flow condition, and not in doing parameter inference, the model choice of Bayesian Hidden Markov Models is satisfactory. Due to the unsupervised nature of the problematization of this study, it is difficult to evaluate the accuracy of the results. However, a model with simulated data and known states was also implemented, which resulted in a high classification accuracy. This indicates that the choice of Hidden Markov Models is a good model choice for estimating traffic flow conditions.

A presente dissertação tem como foco a análise, através de um viés crítico, da proposta curatorial da 27ª Bienal de Arte de São Paulo, intitulada Como viver junto. Esta bienal é tomada como estudo de caso dentro do amplo contexto de bienais por ser considerada precursora, estabelecendo e institucionalizando algumas mudanças curatoriais, como o fim das representações nacionais. A 27ª Bienal de Arte de São Paulo liga-se a referências teóricas que se relacionam àquilo que Bruce Ferguson denomina de \"bienais discursivas\", termo que se refere ao fato de que conferências, eventos interdisciplinares, workshops, atividades educacionais e discussões públicas tem se tornado elementos cada vez mais importantes nesses projetos. Dentro do contexto desta discursividade expandida, a participação, a crítica institucional e um viés educacional têm sido estratégias recorrentes nas curadorias das bienais. Estes três elementos já estavam presentes em abordagens artísticas no mundo da arte e compõem juntos um campo discursivo composto de práticas dialógicas e relacionais que se replicam, ainda que com formatos variados, em bienais ao redor do mundo. A proposta curatorial da mostra foi estudada de forma a compreender os discursos envolvidos a partir do pensamento dos curadores e submetidos a um dado momento histórico, o que os condicionou a revelar uma conjuntura cultural. / This dissertation focuses on the analysis, through a critical bias, of the 27th São Paulo Art Biennial curatorial proposal, entitled \"Como viver junto\" [How to live together]. This biennial is taken as a case study within the broad context of biennials because it is considered a precursor one, establishing and institutionalizing some curatorial changes, such as the end of national representations. The 27th São Paulo Art Biennial is linked to theoretical references that are related to what Bruce Ferguson calls \"discursive biennials\", a term that refers to the fact that conferences, interdisciplinary events, workshops, educational activities, and public discussions have become increasingly important elements in these projects. Within the context of this expanded discursiveness, \"participation\", \"institutional critique\" and an educational bias have been recurrent strategies in biennial curatorships. These three elements were already present in artistic approaches in the art world and together form a discursive field composed of dialogic and relational practices that replicate, albeit with varied formats, in biennials around the world. The curatorial proposal of the exhibition was studied to understand the discourses involved in the thinking of the curators and submitted to a certain historical moment, which conditioned them to reveal a cultural context.

A presente pesquisa propõe um olhar reflexivo sobre os papéis exercidos pela experiência direta e pela mediação cultural na relação entre a arte contemporânea e o seu público. Buscando, para isso, apoio em teorias e proposições que primem pela participação, e apresentando um recorte das investigações artísticas de Jorge Menna Barreto como terreno fértil para o florescimento de experiências que estimulem o pensamento sensível e reflexivo. Alicerçado por uma abordagem crítica dos pressupostos de John Dewey e Nicolas Bourriaud, o conceito de experiência será delimitado com base na interação atenta entre sujeitos, obras e contextos. Por seu turno, a ideia de mediação será expandida a fim de posicionar-se como um esforço educacional não diretivo, mas provocativo e vinculado à noção de experiência aqui defendida. / This research proposes a reflexive view on the role of direct experience and cultural mediation exerted on the relation between contemporary art and its public. Searching support in theories and propositions that prioritizes participation, and presenting a clipping of the artistic investigations of Jorge Menna Barreto as a fertile field to flourish experiences which stimulate sensitive and reflexive thinking. Supported by a critical approach of the assumptions of John Dewey and Nicolas Bourriaud, the concept of experience will be delimitated based on the concerned interaction among subjects, works and contexts. The idea of mediation, in turn, will be expanded in order to be placed as an educational and non directed effort, but provocative and linked to the notion of experience defended here.

Grâce à leurs avancées techniques en termes de poids, performances et fiabilité, les machines synchrones sont de plus en plus utilisées dans le domaine de transport et en particuliers dans l’aéronautique. Les stratégies de maintenances de ces systèmes électriques sont alors indispensables afin d'éviter des surcouts liés à des temps d'arrêt non planifiés. Ce document propose une analyse des conséquences d'un défaut inter-spires intermittent naissant dans l'enroulement statorique d'une Machine Synchrone à Aimants Permanents (MSAP). Ce type de défaut correspond à l'état peu avancé d'un futur court-circuit permanent. Jusqu'à présent, les études menées se sont limitées à la détection de courts-circuits inter-spires permanents. L'objectif de cette analyse est de définir une méthode de détection de ce type de défaut qui soit facile à mettre en œuvre. A partir d'une étude analytique du courant statorique d'une MSAP contrôlée en courant en présence de court-circuit intermittent, nous avons étudié l'impact des différentes grandeurs influençant la perturbation du courant. Nous avons constaté que la forme de la perturbation créée par le défaut était toujours la même et qu'elle était la signature du défaut intermittent dans le courant. Par la suite cette étude analytique a été validée expérimentalement. Dans la partie suivante nous avons étudié la sensibilité des méthodes de détection des courts-circuits inter-spires permanents appliquées au cas du court-circuit intermittent. Ces méthodes se sont révélées inadaptées pour la détection du défaut étudié dans ce travail. Nous avons donc proposé une méthode dédiée qui est basée sur la détection de la signature du défaut et qui utilise une transformation en ondelette adaptée. Il s'agit d'une méthode de détection de forme qui permet non seulement de détecter le défaut intermittent mais aussi de le distinguer des autres types de défauts. La performance de la méthode a été validée par les résultats de simulation et de manipulation. Dans une dernière partie, une étude plus générale sur le suivi de vieillissement des enroulements est proposée. Elle est basée sur le suivi de l'évolution des courbes d'admittance hautes fréquences d'un bobinage au cours du temps en utilisant les fonctions de transfert de ce dernier. / Thanks to technical advances in terms of weight, performance and reliability, synchronous machines are increasingly used in the transport field and especially in aeronautics. The maintenance strategies of these electrical systems are essential to avoid extra costs associated with unscheduled downtime. This document offers a study on the intermittent inter-turn fault occurring in the stator winding of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) and its consequences. This type of fault correspond to the emerging state for a future permanent short circuit condition. So far, studies have been limited to the detection of continuous inter-turn short circuits. The main purpose of this analysis is to define a detection method for this type of fault easy to implement. Based on the stator current analytical study of a PMSM current controlled in presence of intermittent short circuit, we had studied the impact of different variables influencing the current disturbance. We had found that the shape of the disturbance created by the fault was always the same and that it was the fault signature in the current signal. Later this analytical study was validated experimentally. In the next part we had studied the sensitivity of continuous short circuits detection methods applied in the case of intermittent short circuit. These methods have been proved unsuitable to detect the defect studied in this work. Therefore, we had proposed a dedicated method based on the fault signature identification using an adapted wavelet transform. It is a pattern detection method able to detect the intermittent fault and to distinguish it from other types of defects. The performance of the method was validated by simulation and experimental results. In the last part, a more general study concerning the winding health monitoring is proposed. It uses transfer functions and it is based on the monitoring over time of the winding high frequencies admittance curves evolution.

More electric aircraft is an electrification scheme of aircraft system with high technical feasibility and good economy. It can reduce the weight of aircraft structure, improve maintenance efficiency and reduce fire hazards. However, the electrification of aircraft system will drastically increase the proportion of electrical equipment, the total power demand and the difficulty of fault diagnosis. This paper uses the energy management method to take up the challenge, with focus on fault diagnosis of permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs), adaptive load shedding and energy efficient aircraft design. A literature review of the concept evolution from all/more-electric aircraft to energy-optimized aircraft is presented. The main issues of the aircraft electrification process are summarized, and followed by an introduction to the current research and methods. The model of the aircraft electrical system is qualitatively and mathematically recalled, including the generator, the battery, the DC motor, the AC motor, and the electric power converter. The accuracy and computation cost of the aircraft model depends on the complexity of the subsystem models that are involved. Therefore, the level of detail that is necessary for a good precision-versus-simulation-time ratio is discussed by taking the electric system of an industrial level hybrid energy quadcoptor UAV as an example. The analysis shows that the bi-directional instruments, i.e. the electric machine, should be modeled in details while other components can be simplified. PMSMs are a group of on-board electric machines with promising future prospects because of high power density and stability. The model of PMSMs is further developed in this work, especially in the inter-turn and phase-to-phase short-circuit conditions. In case of inter-turn short-circuit fault, a winding-function-based and a fault-current-based model are separately developed. The accuracy of both models are verified and compared through experimental results. The fault-current-based modeling method is applied to the phase-to-phase short-circuit fault and experimentally examined and discussed. General condition monitoring methods require the use of a large number of sensors. A fault detection and isolation method that can have low requirement of sensor is recalled and inherited. The description of the fault phase identification index using this method is relatively imprecise, which is not applicable to the inter-turn short-circuit fault. In this work, the analytical expression of the faulty phase identification index is derived based on the fault models. A method to isolate inter-turn and phase-to-phase short-circuit faults is proposed by a combination of the current- and the voltage-signature residuals. This development expands the application scope of the original fault detection and isolation tool and improves its accuracy. The validity of this fault diagnosis method has been verified by experimental results.Load management is developed to guarantee the normal operation of critical loads by shedding some other loads in case of emergency. Generally, binary decisions are made: either something has gone wrong or everything is fine. However, different types of fault influence the working performance of the load and the entire network in different ways. There are multiple states between totally wrong and pure fine, and the load management decision should be adaptive to each state. In this work, fuzzy logic method is used to degrade the load priority according to the instantaneous working state. Combining it with the fault detection and isolation process, a fault-tolerant adaptive load management is achieved. Finally, this work discusses the aircraft design from the energy management point of view, which consists of the energy efficiency analysis and the multidisciplinary energy efficient design of the integrated aircraft system. The first thermodynamic efficiency has been widely used as a common parameter for depicting the energy utilization, i.e. the ratio of output to input power of the system. However, it ignores the irreversible increase of the entropy and cannot reveal the upper limit of the available work of the system.Based on the second thermodynamic law, this work uses the exergy parameters to analyze the energy utilization of a MEA design scheme. Based on the exergy analysis, an energy-efficient aircraft design method is proposed by optimizing the exergy lost of the whole design. The method could provide a global optimization reference for the integrated aircraft design of a MEA. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished