Le présent travail propose d’examiner le projet phénoménologique de Jean-Luc Marion en le caractérisant comme une herméneutique de l’amour. Il s’agit, ce faisant, de trouver au sein des possibles de la phénoménologie de la donation une réponse aux deux principales objections qu’elle a reçu : l’objection herméneutique (Greisch, Grondin et autres) et l’objection théologique (Janicaud, Benoist et autres). En suivant le modèle de la phénoménologie du jeune Heidegger, la phénoménologie de la donation opère comme une herméneutique en tant qu’elle doit déchiffrer le sens énigmatique du phénomène saturée et elle ne le fait qu’en s’appropriant philosophiquement d’une idée théologique : l’idée de l’amour. L’amour en tant que Grundstimmung fonctionne comme puissance de phénoménalisation de la donation. / The present work aims to examine Marion’s phenomenological project by characterizing it as a hermeneutics of love. In doing so, I will try to find within the possibilities of the phenomenology of donation an answer to the two main objections it has received: the hermeneutic objection (Greisch, Grondin, and others) and the theological objection (Janicaud, Benoist, and others). Following the young Heidegger’s phenomenology, the phenomenology of givenness operates as a hermeneutics insofar as it must decipher the enigmatic sense of the saturated phenomenon and it does so only by philosophically appropriating a theological

Dans le sillage des problématiques posées par l’anthropologie historique du savoir et par les travaux sur la matérialité des pratiques savantes, la thèse questionne la dimension cognitive des collections d’histoire naturelle de Jean Hermann (1738-1800). Dès 1762, le naturaliste crée un riche cabinet ouvert aux trois règnes de la nature. Il est associé à une bibliothèque et à un jardin botanique dont il a la charge en tant que professeur de botanique de l’université de Strasbourg. Les trois formes de collections lui servent d’équipement pour la recherche et pour l’enseignement. L’objet de l’enquête est de cerner le rôle des objets dans la production et la circulation des savoirs naturalistes. Il s’agit également d’observer la construction sociale d’une figure savante. Le travail met au jour l’importance de l’économie d’échange des objets dans la constitution des collections et le rôle du dialogue des objets - échantillons, livres, images – dans le processus d’observation. Le dispositif visuel qu’est le cabinet est au centre de la fabrique du savoir. Les collections contribuent aussi à l’émergence d’une science publique, elles sont des supports d’enseignement et elles attirent de nombreux visiteurs. / Following the issues raised by the historic anthropology of the knowledge and the material turn, the thesis questions the cognitive dimension of the collections of natural history of Jean Hermann (1738-1800). From 1762, the naturalist created a rich cabinet composed of objects from the three kingdoms of nature. The cabinet was associated with two other forms of collections: a library and a botanical garden, which he managed as professor of botany of the university of medicine from 1783. All three forms of collections were used as his equipment for research and teaching. The investigation shall determine the role of objects in the production and the circulation of the naturalistic knowledge. Its objective is also to observe the social construction of a learned figure. The study points out the importance of the economy of exchange of objects in the constitution of collections and the role of the dialogue between objects - samples, books, images – in the visualization process. The visual device of the cabinet is at the core of the process of knowledge making. Collections contributed to the emergence of a public science; they were media of teaching and attracted numerous visitors.

O mercado exige cada vez mais o aperfeiçoamento das organizações, inclusive às de pequeno porte, haja visto que as empresas de pequeno porte estão aumentando sua área de atingimento e consequêntemente necessitam de maiores controles gerenciais. No que tange ao controle econômico-financeiro, não basta o administrador apenas prestar atenção nos valores movimentados, mas sim ter cuidado especial em sua base de dados que gera as informações para as decisões, isso recai sobre o sistema de custos na empresa. O sistema de custos é formado pelos princípios e métodos que auxiliarão na formação de preços, que também além do mercado, sofre influência do fluxo de caixa que por sua vez decorre em função do ciclo operacional realizado. Por isso da necessidade do aperfeiçoamento do administrado da empresa de pequeno porte, para poder implementar uma Gestão Financeira eficaz que possua controle sobre todas essas nunces citadas. O presente trablho buscou discernir de forma objetiva a parte teórica e tembém através de um modelo a parte prática dessa integração de informações criando um modelo de Gestão Financeira. / Every more the market demand organization, control and planning by every companies, inclusive and principally by a little companies and for this points occurring is need the manager's specialization and on relation economic-financer control is the extreme importance inthe implementation of coheren and efficacious Finance Gestion, that would be obtain over in the work the condition in the concrete datum bases that obtain exit in the maintenance in the information system equality efficacious the obtain supply the cust system implanted of company, this system formed for method and beginning that produce ine mix that better if adpat in the littles companies independent in the your activity wher this cust sustem would have decision influence about prices formation to be implement and this form de cash flood united with turn capital would be influenced for the systems, custs as much as informations the form to maintain Finance Gestion conquesting the exits established and principally returning the company lucrative. All this practice to be explaned in this dissertation.

This thesis entitled “Design and Synthesis of Peptidomimics Constrained in Helical and Sheet Conformations Using a Novel Covalent Surrogate for the Peptide Main Chain Hydrogen Bond” is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1: Introduction to Ordered Conformations of Peptides and Strategies for Constraining Short Peptides in Ordered Conformations. The first chapter describes the different types of protein secondary structures and introduces the various prominent strategies developed thus far to constrain short peptides in ordered secondary structure-like conformations, with specific emphasis on helical and parallel β-sheet folds. Chapter 2: Design of Structure and General Methodology for the synthesis of Novel H-Bond Surrogate Constrained Cyclic α-Helical Mimics Here we develop the first design of the propyl linker as a covalent surrogate for the peptide H-bond. The first synthetic methodology is described for the synthesis of constraining shortest peptide sequences (tripeptides) in α-helix-like conformations. The Macrolactamization strategy proved to work best as the final step for cyclization. All residues of the turn are completely retained in the constrained sequence, unlike any other earlier method. More importantly, there are no metal involved as catalysts in any of the synthetic transformations, hence removing the problem of metal-bound cyclic structures – which have otherwise rendered these structures non-usable as drug leads in the earlier models. Gly-rich peptides have been constrained as extreme cases of highest chain entropy and least helix propensity. Both secondary and tertiary amide containing peptides have been synthesized using this protocol. Note that the macrolactamization was found to be better than the Fukuyama-Mitsunobu N-alkylation protocol for the final cyclization step. Chapter 3: Synthesis of C-terminal Extended HBS-Constrained Helical Turn Mimics – Validation of the Versatility of Current synthetic protocol The developed cyclization protocol is extended towards the synthesis of C-terminal extended α-helical turn mimics using a solution phase peptide synthesis procedure. Peptides which extend belong the helical turn by a high entropy Gly-residue at the C-terminal are synthesized. The versatility of the synthetic methodology to accommodate sterically constrained amino acid residues – in the form of phenylalanine residue – at any of the positions i+1, i+2 or i+3 of the constrained helical turn is demonstrated. The synthesized are easily isolated without need for column chromatography, in high purity and good yields – this is due to the presence of the N-terminal amino group, salts of which are easily triturated to remove all other organic impurities. Chapter 4: Synthesis and CD conformational analyses of HBS constrained α-Helical turn mimics containing residues with improved helical propensities Alanine residue has the highest helix propensity among all other natural α-amino acid residues. Its enthalpic contribution to the helical conformation is 1 kcal/mol more than that for the Gly residue, which has the least propensity. Incorporation of Ala residue in the Gly-rich cyclic sequences in either the middle of constrained tripeptide or as the C-terminal extended residue has been accomplished. Comparison of the CD spectra of the synthesized cyclic α-helical turn peptides reveals that a tertiary amide linkage is essential for the propyl linker at the C-terminal amino appendage, for helicity to be observed. Helicity improves upon introduction of the first extended residue. The constrained and C-terminal extended α-helical turn mimics show consistently high helicity irrespective of the helix propensities of the component residues showing that the covalent propyl linker surrogate for the H-bond overwhelms the natural propensities of individual amino acid residues towards enabling stabilization of the helical turn and offer far better structural organization to this cause. Chapter 5: Synthesis of shortest HBS-constrained 310 and - helical peptide analogues The unique versatility of the novel covalent propyl linker surrogate for the peptide H-bond is exhibited by its ability to constrain dipeptides in 310-helix like structures. This is the first and the only HBS model that can achieve this synthetic target as the synthetic protocol allows the conservation of both the residues as is in the constrained helical turn. Similarly, the trapping of a pentapeptide in a C-terminal extended rare and unstable -helix like cyclic structure using the current HBS linker is achieved. Considering the high entropic cost for cyclizing such a long 16-membered chain into a constrained structure, this again exhibits the versatility of the currently developed HBS design and the currently developed synthetic methodology. Chapter 6: First design and synthesis of novel H-bond surrogate constrained parallel β-sheet mimics H-bonding interactions stabilize another prevalently observed secondary structure, other than helical structures, namely the -sheets. The parallel -sheets that almost qualify for super secondary structures due to the high contact orders in them are thought to mimic in models, unlike the easier antiparallel -sheets. Here we replace the inter-strand peptide H-bond between parallel -strands to create excised templates as parallel -sheet nucleators. The propyl linker acts as a dynamic linker in these models and the two amino groups are protected with bulky sulphonamides, in order to provide Thorpe-Ingold effect to the peptide chain. The protocol for synthesizing these models has been described and the different analogues that are synthesized thus have been described. This is the first instance of synthesis of parallel -sheet mimics using the covalent surrogates for the peptide H-bond.

Orientador: Lúcio Lourenço Prado / Banca: Ubirajara Rancan de Azevedo Marques / Banca: Paulo Roberto Licht dos Santos / Resumo: A pesquisa pretende abordar os escritos da década de 1760, da filosofia kantiana, com o intuito de apontar quais os elementos de cunho crítico presentes nesses escritos, que desembocam na obra Sonhos de um visionário explicados por sonhos da metafísica (1766). No ano de 1763, com o Único argumento possível para uma demonstração da prova da existência de Deus e com o Ensaio para introduzir a noção de grandezas negativas em filosofia, Kant aponta para o papel da experiência na existência do simples possível e para o papel da oposição real para os acontecimentos da ordem fenomenal. Tem-se, por parte de Kant, uma preocupação com o estatuto da metafísica tradicional que se apoia em provas não concretas e busca, por meio de inferência e pelo princípio de contradição, mostrar a ordem do mundo e a existência do real. Nesse sentido, Kant começa a engendrar uma crítica ao racionalismo de cunho dogmático, em especial à escola Leibniz-wolffiana, tendo como influências as inovações da ciência newtoniana e o ceticismo de David Hume. Assim, é possível encontrar nos Sonhos de um visionário pistas que conduzem à interpretação da obra como um fechamento da filosofia pré-crítica de Kant, abrindo as portas para o criticismo presente na Dissertação de 1770, segundo o próprio autor (Carta a Tieftrunk em 1797). Tendo em vista a década de sessenta como um suposto período que configura o criticismo kantiano, a investigação busca, ainda, apontar os elementos que desembocam nos Sonhos e, a partir desse escrito, mostrar as consequências desses elementos para o contexto da própria Dissertação de 1770 e da Crítica da razão pura (1781). Ao final, esboçaremos uma reflexão acerca da existência ou não de um marco que separa a filosofia kantiana em período précrítico e crítico, tentando, ao menos, interpretar os escritos anteriores à Crítica da razão pura como escritos pré-Crítica e não mais como escritos / Abstract: This research intends to approach some Kantian philosophy written from 1760's decade, with the aim of pointing out what are the critical nature elements present on them, which culminate in the work Dreams of a Spirit-Seer elucidated by dreams of metaphysics (1766). In 1763, with The only possible argument in support of a demonstration of the existence of god (Beweisgrund) and with the Attempt to introduce the concept of negative magnitudes into philosophy, Kant points the role of experience in existence of the simple possibile and to the role of the truth opposition to the happenings in a phenomenical order. It has, from Kant position, a worry about the metaphysical traditional constitution that supports itself on not concrete proofs and seeks, throughout inferences and by contradiction principle, to show the order of the world and the existence of the real. In this sense, Kant begins to engender a criticism to dogmatic rationalism, in special to Wolffian-Leibniz school, supporting your ideas on innovation of Newtonian science and Humean skepticism. In so far, it is possible find out, at Dreams of a Spirit-Seer, "clues" that leads to its interpretation as a closure of the Kantian pre-critic philosophy and opening the doors to the criticism present in the Dissertation of 1770, according own author (Letter to Tieftrunk in 1797). In the end, we will sketch a reasoning on the existence, or not, of a landmark that separates Kantian philosophy in pre-critical period and a critical one, trying to, at least, understand the previous written to Critic of Pure Reason as pre-critical written and not as a critical ones / Mestre

O mercado exige cada vez mais o aperfeiçoamento das organizações, inclusive às de pequeno porte, haja visto que as empresas de pequeno porte estão aumentando sua área de atingimento e consequêntemente necessitam de maiores controles gerenciais. No que tange ao controle econômico-financeiro, não basta o administrador apenas prestar atenção nos valores movimentados, mas sim ter cuidado especial em sua base de dados que gera as informações para as decisões, isso recai sobre o sistema de custos na empresa. O sistema de custos é formado pelos princípios e métodos que auxiliarão na formação de preços, que também além do mercado, sofre influência do fluxo de caixa que por sua vez decorre em função do ciclo operacional realizado. Por isso da necessidade do aperfeiçoamento do administrado da empresa de pequeno porte, para poder implementar uma Gestão Financeira eficaz que possua controle sobre todas essas nunces citadas. O presente trablho buscou discernir de forma objetiva a parte teórica e tembém através de um modelo a parte prática dessa integração de informações criando um modelo de Gestão Financeira. / Every more the market demand organization, control and planning by every companies, inclusive and principally by a little companies and for this points occurring is need the manager's specialization and on relation economic-financer control is the extreme importance inthe implementation of coheren and efficacious Finance Gestion, that would be obtain over in the work the condition in the concrete datum bases that obtain exit in the maintenance in the information system equality efficacious the obtain supply the cust system implanted of company, this system formed for method and beginning that produce ine mix that better if adpat in the littles companies independent in the your activity wher this cust sustem would have decision influence about prices formation to be implement and this form de cash flood united with turn capital would be influenced for the systems, custs as much as informations the form to maintain Finance Gestion conquesting the exits established and principally returning the company lucrative. All this practice to be explaned in this dissertation.

O objeto da presente pesquisa constitui-se na análise imanente dos pressupostos da \"guinada linguístico-pragmática\" de Jürgen Habermas verificada no interior de sua magnum opus - a Teoria do agir comunicativo, publicada em 1981. O objetivo a que nos propusemos alcançar é a elucidação do modo peculiar como Habermas absorve as aquisições teóricas da pragmática linguística (em especial J. L. Austin e J. R. Searle) visando a construção de sua teoria da comunicação, cujo ponto central é a postulação do consenso entre sujeitos capazes de linguagem e ação como o \"fim último\" ou télos do agir comunicativo. A hipótese teórica - ou de trabalho -, que acreditamos ter sido confirmada ao longo de nossa pesquisa, é a de que Habermas, mesmo sendo um árduo defensor da razão e do \"projeto da modernidade\", compartilha ponto comum com os pensadores do período que se convencionou designar pós-modernidade: o chamado \"idealismo linguístico\", isto é, apreensão dos atos comunicativos como entidades autônomas, porque separados das relações materiais e sociais dos homens. / The object of this research is the immanent analysis of the Jürgen Habermas \"linguistic-pragmatic turn\" presuppositions, verified in his magnum opus - The Theory of Communicative Action, published in 1981. The goal we set ourselves to achieve is to elucidate the peculiar way as Habermas absorbs the theoretical acquisitions of linguistic pragmatics (especially J. L. Austin and J. R. Searle) for the construction of a theory of communication, whose focal point is the postulation of consensus between subjects capable of speech and action as the telos of communicative action. The theoretical hypothesis that we believe have been confirmed throughout our research is that Habermas, despite being a vehement defender of reason and the \"Project of modernity\", shares common ground with the thinkers of that period is conventionally designate postmodernity: the so-called \"linguistic idealism\", i. e. the seizure of communicative acts as autonomous entities, because separed of socials and materials relations of men

Les systèmes de dialogue incrémentaux sont capables d’entamer le traitement des paroles de l’utilisateur au moment même où il les prononce (sans attendre de signal de fin de phrase tel un long silence par exemple). Ils peuvent ainsi prendre la parole à n’importe quel moment et l’utilisateur peut faire de même (et interrompre le système). De ce fait, ces systèmes permettent d’effectuer une plus large palette de comportements de prise de parole en comparaison avec les systèmes de dialogue traditionnels. Cette thèse s’articule autour de la problématique suivante : est-il possible pour un système de dialogue incrémental d’apprendre une stratégie optimale de prise de parole de façon autonome? Tout d’abord, une analyse des mécanismes sous-jacents à la dynamique de prise de parole dans une conversation homme-homme a permis d’établir une taxonomie de ces phénomènes. Ensuite, une nouvelle architecture permettant de doter les systèmes de dialogues conventionnels de capacités de traitement incrémentales de la parole, à moindre coût, a été proposée. Dans un premier temps, un simulateur de dialogue destiné à répliquer les comportements incrémentaux de l’utilisateur et de la reconnaissance vocale a été développé puis utilisé pour effectuer les premier tests de stratégies de dialogue incrémentales. Ces dernières ont été développées à base de règles issues de l’analyse effectuée lors de l’établissement de la taxonomie des phénomènes de prise de parole. Les résultats de la simulation montrent que le caractère incrémental permet d’obtenir des interactions plus efficaces. La meilleure stratégie à base de règles a été retenue comme référence pour la suite. Dans un second temps, une stratégie basée sur l’apprentissage par renforcement a été implémentée. Elle est capable d’apprendre à optimiser ses décisions de prise de parole de façon totalement autonome étant donnée une fonction de récompense. Une première comparaison, en simulation, a montré que cette stratégie engendre des résultats encore meilleurs par rapport à la stratégie à base de règles. En guise de validation, une expérience avec des utilisateurs réels a été menée (interactions avec une maison intelligente). Une amélioration significative du taux de complétion de tâche a été constatée dans le cas de la stratégie apprise par renforcement et ce, sans dégradation de l’appréciation globale par les utilisateurs de la qualité du dialogue (en réalité, une légère amélioration a été constatée). / Incremental dialogue systems are able to process the user’s speech as it is spoken (without waiting for the end of a sentence before starting to process it). This makes them able to take the floor whenever they decide to (the user can also speak whenever she wants, even if the system is still holding the floor). As a consequence, they are able to perform a richer set of turn-taking behaviours compared to traditional systems. Several contributions are described in this thesis with the aim of showing that dialogue systems’ turn-taking capabilities can be automatically improved from data. First, human-human dialogue is analysed and a new taxonomy of turn-taking phenomena in human conversation is established. Based on this work, the different phenomena are analysed and some of them are selected for replication in a human-machine context (the ones that are more likely to improve a dialogue system’s efficiency). Then, a new architecture for incremental dialogue systems is introduced with the aim of transforming a traditional dialogue system into an incremental one at a low cost (also separating the turn-taking manager from the dialogue manager). To be able to perform the first tests, a simulated environment has been designed and implemented. It is able to replicate user and ASR behaviour that are specific to incremental processing, unlike existing simulators. Combined together, these contributions led to the establishement of a rule-based incremental dialogue strategy that is shown to improve the dialogue efficiency in a task-oriented situation and in simulation. A new reinforcement learning strategy has also been proposed. It is able to autonomously learn optimal turn-taking behavious throughout the interactions. The simulated environment has been used for training and for a first evaluation, where the new data-driven strategy is shown to outperform both the non-incremental and rule-based incremental strategies. In order to validate these results in real dialogue conditions, a prototype through which the users can interact in order to control their smart home has been developed. At the beginning of each interaction, the turn-taking strategy is randomly chosen among the non-incremental, the rule-based incremental and the reinforcement learning strategy (learned in simulation). A corpus of 206 dialogues has been collected. The results show that the reinforcement learning strategy significantly improves the dialogue efficiency without hurting the user experience (slightly improving it, in fact).

Reading and understanding literature does not necessarily have to be an individual act. The aim of this essay is to investigate what happens when six students read a text by Kazuo Ishiguro A Family Supper and then discuss it in a communicative situation. The essay bases its ideas on the sociocultural theory and the reader-response theory. The sociocultural perspective argues that people develop and progress during social interaction, moreover by communicating with other people and by being inspired and subsequently educated through taking part in different social contexts. My idea with this essay is to observe a literary discussion in a group. The observation emphasizes both the individual contribution to the literary discussion and the function of the group. By analyzing the participation of the individual students, I reached the conclusion that the students deal with literature in many different ways. Some focus only on the text and the plot, others discuss social issues in connection to the text and some only respond to the others’ arguments. When studying the group, I looked at the balance in the group, the turn taking between the members and the level of participation. The reader-response theory bases its idea on the reader and the text and the fact that they are connected in a mutual transaction. Every reader brings his or her experiences to the understanding of the text and thereby a text can have multiple alternative interpretations considering the amount of readers. The analysis section in this essay consists of several parts, such as an individual reflection, a group discussion and an individual evaluation.

The job interview is a gatekeeping encounter and it is crucial that the recruitment process is conducted in a fair and just way. Potential gendered verbal behaviour might affect an interviewer's impression and judgement of the interviewee. Previous research has shown that men and women differ in several ways in verbal communication, both as regards formal and informal encounters. In the present paper, a corpus study on forty job interviews is conducted with the aim to find out whether there are any differences between men and women when it comes to turn-length and the use of boosters, hedges, fillers and pauses. The results show that in the majority of the features under scrutiny, there is no statistically significant difference. These results do not go in line with earlier research on gendered verbal behaviour. Proposed explanations for these results are that the female interviewer might have encouraged a less typically gendered verbal behaviour and that younger generations have developed a less gendered conversational style compared to older generations. However, due to the limitations of the present study, no empirical conclusion can be drawn regarding this and further research needs to be conducted in order to fully explain these research findings.