The dissertation seeks to modify, update and bring back the tradition of political theory which based its understanding of political in the state and the society mainly on the perspective of the military dimension. The dissertation argues this forgetfulness creates serious obstacles when trying to understand contemporary military changes and their wider implications. Historical turn of political science is seen as a way to make this update real. Historical notion of Military revolution is seen as specific conceptual “tool” that will make this turn. Using historiographical analysis development of military revolution, changing character of war, transformation of armed forces and development of American civil-military, military and police relations are discussed. American case is analysed because by being the most militarily advanced Western state this country had to felt first the effect of changes in state and society caused by military transformation. / Disertacijoje siekiama išsiaiškinti, kodėl buvo užmiršta mastymo tradicija, kuri politinius veiksmus valstybėje ir visuomenėje aiškina remdamasi karine perspektyva. Ši mastymo tradicija gali būti „atrasta“ pasitelkus istorinę perspektyvą bei istorikų pasiūlyta Karinės revoliucijos (angl. military revolution) idėja. Darbe apžvelgiama „karingų“ politikos teorijų raida ir priežastys, kodėl jos buvo užmirštos aptarimui. Pasitelkus istoriografinę analizę yra detaliai aptariama Karinės revoliucijos idėjos raida, karo pobūdžio kaita, karinės organizacijos transformacija. Istoriškai valstybės karinėje srityje kopijuodavo dominuojančios, paradigminės valstybės karines (technologines, konceptualines, socialines) praktikas. Todėl darbe yra aptariama JAV kariškių ir civilių santykių bei Amerikos kariuomenės ir policijos institucijų sąveikos būklė, nes manoma, jog būdamos stipriausia karinė galybė pasaulyje JAV anksčiau už kitas Vakarų valstybes patiria pokyčius, aptariamus šioje disertacijoje.

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Darbas skirtas sukurti pasaulio modelio modulio dalį, susijusią su resursų kūrimu. Darbo metu atlikta šios dalies poreikių analizė bei sukurtas realizacijos projektas. Remiantis šiuo projektu buvo sukurta pasaulio modulio dalis atsakinga už pasaulio modelio resursus, gebanti resursus klasifikuoti, bei atlikti resursų kūrimo, trynimo, panaudojimo veiksmus. / The purpose of work is to create part of world model module which is associated with resource creation. In the course of this work requirements for this part of module were analyzed and an implementation project was made. Using this project a part of world model was created, which is responsible for resources of world modelį, that is able to classify the resources as well as perform resource creation, deletion, using actions.

Darbas skirtas sukurti žaidimo variklio pasaulio modelį palaikantį modulį. Darbo metu buvo atlikta žaidimo pasaulio modelio poreikių analizė ir suprojektuotas pasaulio modelį palaikantis modulis. Pagal šį projektą buvo sukurtas pasaulio modelį palaikantis įrankis bei jo efektyvumą kontroliuojantis pagalbinis įrankis. Sukurtas įrankis leidžia realizuoti ne vieną kosminio žingsninio strateginio žaidimo pasaulio modelį, turintį kiek įmanoma mažiau apribojimų. / The purpose of this work is to create a module that supports the world concept, for the game engine. In the course of this work requirements for different world models were analyzed and the appropriate module design project was created. Using this project, a module for supporting different world concepts and a tool that increases its efficiency were created. Developed tool allows you to create more than one space turn-based strategy game world model, with minimal restrictions.

Disertacijoje siekiama išsiaiškinti, kodėl buvo užmiršta mastymo tradicija, kuri politinius veiksmus valstybėje ir visuomenėje aiškina remdamasi karine perspektyva. Ši mastymo tradicija gali būti „atrasta“ pasitelkus istorinę perspektyvą bei istorikų pasiūlyta Karinės revoliucijos (angl. military revolution) idėja. Darbe apžvelgiama „karingų“ politikos teorijų raida ir priežastys, kodėl jos buvo užmirštos aptarimui. Pasitelkus istoriografinę analizę yra detaliai aptariama Karinės revoliucijos idėjos raida, karo pobūdžio kaita, karinės organizacijos transformacija. Istoriškai valstybės karinėje srityje kopijuodavo dominuojančios, paradigminės valstybės karines (technologines, konceptualines, socialines) praktikas. Todėl darbe yra aptariama JAV kariškių ir civilių santykių bei Amerikos kariuomenės ir policijos institucijų sąveikos būklė, nes manoma, jog būdamos stipriausia karinė galybė pasaulyje JAV anksčiau už kitas Vakarų valstybes patiria pokyčius, aptariamus šioje disertacijoje. / The dissertation seeks to modify, update and bring back the tradition of political theory which based its understanding of political in the state and the society mainly on the perspective of the military dimension. The dissertation argues this forgetfulness creates serious obstacles when trying to understand contemporary military changes and their wider implications. Historical turn of political science is seen as a way to make this update real. Historical notion of Military revolution is seen as specific conceptual “tool” that will make this turn. Using historiographical analysis development of military revolution, changing character of war, transformation of armed forces and development of American civil-military, military and police relations are discussed. American case is analysed because by being the most militarily advanced Western state this country had to felt first the effect of changes in state and society caused by military transformation.

This dissertation analysed the interactions between instructors and students in a language classroom in Russia. Using video-recorded data, instructor interviews, and student assessments from English classes at a private language school for children in the Urals region of Russia, a Conversation Analytic [CA] framework was employed to determine: how the talk (specifically turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and repairs) was sequentially organised; if and how the institutional setting constrained the talk; and if previously determined 'universal' structures of talk applied to this Russian academic discourse. This research also tested the hypotheses that the 'universal' structures of talk would apply regardless of gender, but would be used differently by the boys and girls, and by the instructors interacting with them. The relevance of the participants' institutional identities or gender to the interaction was also examined. The analysis showed that the participants did orient to their institutional identities of instructor or student, and the institutional setting did constrain the organisation of talk. The instructors' responses to the interviews and 'student assessment' questionnaires showed that they generally had positive attitudes toward girls and mixed attitudes toward boys. While the underlying sequences, the universal 'rules' of interaction, applied to interactions with both boys and girls, how (and how frequently) the sequences were used did vary by gender (i.e., typically 'male' and 'female' speech styles). Also, some of the organisation of talk showed that the instructors did orient to the students' genders in the classroom. This research is significant as the first CA study of the sequential organisation of talk in an institutional setting in Russia. In general, this research contributes to the CA findings on the organisation of talk in different languages, cultures, and settings; specifically, it provides the first point of comparison of Russian classroom interactions, from a CA perspective, with the large corpus of data already collected in classrooms in the Western tradition of education. Finally, this research is significant as it provides a thorough microanalysis of the relativity of gender-specific verbal behaviour; the analysis also shows how the instructors behave verbally, and in this way produce gender-specific communication styles. / Slavic Linguistics

O mercado exige cada vez mais o aperfeiçoamento das organizações, inclusive às de pequeno porte, haja visto que as empresas de pequeno porte estão aumentando sua área de atingimento e consequêntemente necessitam de maiores controles gerenciais. No que tange ao controle econômico-financeiro, não basta o administrador apenas prestar atenção nos valores movimentados, mas sim ter cuidado especial em sua base de dados que gera as informações para as decisões, isso recai sobre o sistema de custos na empresa. O sistema de custos é formado pelos princípios e métodos que auxiliarão na formação de preços, que também além do mercado, sofre influência do fluxo de caixa que por sua vez decorre em função do ciclo operacional realizado. Por isso da necessidade do aperfeiçoamento do administrado da empresa de pequeno porte, para poder implementar uma Gestão Financeira eficaz que possua controle sobre todas essas nunces citadas. O presente trablho buscou discernir de forma objetiva a parte teórica e tembém através de um modelo a parte prática dessa integração de informações criando um modelo de Gestão Financeira. / Every more the market demand organization, control and planning by every companies, inclusive and principally by a little companies and for this points occurring is need the manager's specialization and on relation economic-financer control is the extreme importance inthe implementation of coheren and efficacious Finance Gestion, that would be obtain over in the work the condition in the concrete datum bases that obtain exit in the maintenance in the information system equality efficacious the obtain supply the cust system implanted of company, this system formed for method and beginning that produce ine mix that better if adpat in the littles companies independent in the your activity wher this cust sustem would have decision influence about prices formation to be implement and this form de cash flood united with turn capital would be influenced for the systems, custs as much as informations the form to maintain Finance Gestion conquesting the exits established and principally returning the company lucrative. All this practice to be explaned in this dissertation.

The aim of this thesis is to critically assess the diplomatic performance of the European Union (EU) in its neighbourhood, namely in Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus after the inauguration of the European External Action Service (EEAS). The Lisbon Treaty announced the need for a stronger, more efficient, more coherent EU in world politics. This implied, inter alia, that in third countries, the former Commission representations have been transformed into Union Delegations that represent the EU. Besides this, the Treaty changes opened an opportunity for coordination between national and EU level diplomacy in order to obtain a more effective collective effort. These changes where focused on EU s overall performance, which has been a salient issue on the agenda of European policy-makers. The issue of the EU s performance in the wider Eastern Europe remains poignant, not least because of current developments in its neighbourhood (such as the crisis in Ukraine, Moldova s downturn in its democratization efforts or the inclusion of Belarus on the list of most repressive countries in the world). While the Brussels-based part of the EEAS has captured the attention of both academic and non-academic literature, this thesis turns its focus to the performance and diplomatic practice of the EU in third countries, i.e Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus. When talking about European diplomatic performance abroad, a key focus in the thesis is on practices through which the details of everyday practices that form and shape the performance of any actor is explored. In order to do so, the investigation conducted for this research is guided by three assumptions on the use of EU diplomacy in overcoming its foreign policy dilemmas. Looking at performance, then, implies examining EU diplomatic practices against pre-set goals; evaluating the cooperation between member-states (MS) embassies and Union Delegations towards formulating and implementing a common approach ; and, conducting a screening of diplomatic capabilities on the ground. Findings show that the EU delegations represent the EU as a whole, became communication hubs on the ground and took the lead on cooperation with the EU MS embassies. Empirical evidence revealed that, in practice, the Delegations continued to conduct aid-driven diplomacy, as a legacy from the former Commission representations. And, that the coexistence of national and EU diplomacy was marked, at times, by MS opting out of the common approach in favour of parallel actions. While the Delegations in these countries have grown in size and, most importantly, have diplomats as staff members; the development of the Delegations also came with an intra- and inter-institutional tension on the ground that echoed Brussels institutional dynamics. Lastly, a comparative evaluation of EU diplomatic performance in Eastern Europe more generally uncovered multistakeholder diplomacy, burden-sharing, bloc diplomacy, unilateral diplomatic actions and interest-driven diplomacy as key drivers and dividers in EU s attempt to address its foreign policy dilemmas.

[pt] Esta dissertação analisa o perfil de pequenas e médias indústrias do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo na administração do capital de giro. Para tanto, foi conduzida uma pesquisa de campo com questionário estruturado para uma amostra significativa destes dois estados. A pesquisa visava identificar comportamentos padrão na utilização de 7 ferramentas de administração de capital de giro selecionadas, além de delinear grupos de empresas com características e condutas semelhantes. O resultado obtido por tal pesquisa foi a identificação de quatro grupos distintos de empresa com relação ao gerenciamento do capital de giro: empresas com foco na gestão do crédito, empresas com foco na gestão financeira, empresas com foco na gestão de estoques e empresas sem foco específico na gestão do capital de giro. Adicionalmente, foram confirmadas semelhanças de comportamento frente a condições parecidas a que as empresas são submetidas. / [en] This essay analyses the outline of small and medium industries in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo on working capital management. With this purpose, a survey using structured questionnaire was conducted in a valid sample of those two states. The research intended to identify patterns on the usage of 7 selected working capital management routines and beside that categorize groups of firms with similar characteristics and behavior. The results obtained with the research was the identification of four different types of companies with regard to their working capital management routines: firms focused upon credit management, firms focused upon cash management, firms focused upon stock management and firms with no focus on any specific working capital management routine. In addition, similarities in behavior among firms were confirmed when they were put through similar conditions.

[pt] Este estudo examina, mediante o uso de indicadores de liquidez tradicionais, Rentabilidade e o Modelo Fleuriet, a administração do capital de giro das empresas. Dentro da gestão financeira é necessário analisar o capital de giro e se os seus níveis são adequados, excessivos ou insuficientes. Esta análise deve ajudar-nos a entender que ter um capital de giro suficiente é uma garantia para a estabilidade da empresa e o permite conduzir as suas operações em uma base mais econômica e sem restrições financeiras, tornando possível confrontar emergências e perdas sem o perigo de uma crise financeira. Essa metodologia foi aplicada a uma amostra composta de empresas brasileiras e peruanas pertencentes a seis setores industriais. Estas empresas são de capital aberto e tiveram ações negociadas na Bolsa de Valores de seus países, no período compreendido entre os anos de 2000 a 2007. O resultado da análise mostrou que os índices econômico-financeiros tradicionais explicam a rentabilidade da empresa. O índice que apresentou melhor resultado foi o Índice de liquidez corrente. Já na abordagem do Modelo Fleuriet para gerenciamento dinâmico do capital de giro, as empresas foram classificadas de acordo com a estrutura financeira estabelecida por esse modelo. Verificou-se que a maior freqüência para as empresas brasileiras foram as de tipo V, as quais são sólidas, financeiramente e têm capital de giro positivo, alem de um saldo de tesouraria positivo. A necessidade de capital de giro positiva mostra que as empresas devem gerenciar suas políticas de capital de giro eficientemente e efetivamente. No caso das empresas peruanas, o tipo III, insatisfatório, teve a freqüência maior. Neste caso apresentam um capital de giro positivo, uma necessidade de capital de giro também positiva e um saldo de tesouraria negativo. Mostrando que as empresas têm uma dependência de empréstimos de curto prazo para o financiamento de suas operações. / [en] This study examines, by the means of traditional liquidity indicators and the Fleuriet model, the working capital management of firms. Within financial management, it is necessary to analyze working capital and whether its levels are adequate, excessive, or insufficient. This analysis should help us to understand that having sufficient working capital is a guarantee for the stability of the firm and permits it to conduct its operations on a more economic basis and without financial restrictions, making it possible to confront emergencies and losses without a financial crisis. This methodology was applied to a sample composed of Brazilian and Peruvian enterprises from six industrial sectors. These firms have their shares traded on the stock exchange of their respective countries, in the period from 2000 to 2007. The result of the analysis was that the traditional financial-economic indicators explained corporate profitability. The indicator that presented the best result was that of current liquidity. Using the approach of the Fleuriet model for dynamic working capital management, the companies were classified according to the financial structure established by this model. The greatest frequency for Brazilian firms was of type V, which are solid financially with positive working capital, aside from a positive Treasury position. The positive necessity for working capital shows that firms must manage their working capital policies efficiently and effectively. In the case of the Peruvian firms, type III, insatisfactory, had the greatest frequency. In this case are presented a positive working capital, a necessity for working capital also positive, and a negative treasury balance. This shows firms with a dependence on short-term loans for their financing.