Numa escola particular da cidade de São Paulo, em 2002, o professor de Física propôs um novo projeto: desenvolver uma monitoria com seus alunos do 1° ano do Ensino Médio. Alguns alunos foram selecionados e convidados a atuarem como monitores de seus colegas de turma na disciplina de Física. Sua função era estar sempre à disposição dos colegas para ajudá-los, coordenar plantões de dúvidas em horários previamente definidos e participar de outras atividades ligadas à monitoria propostas pelo professor ao longo do ano. O grupo, formado pelos monitores e o professor, se encontrava uma vez por semana para discutir assuntos relacionados à monitoria. Nos anos seguintes a experiência foi repetida com novos grupos de alunos, obtendo bons resultados, sendo que os grupos se tornavam criativos e capazes de solucionar problemas. Depois de três anos de sucesso, passamos a acompanhar os grupos nos anos de 2005 e 2006, com turmas do 3° ano do Ensino Médio. Diferente dos anos anteriores, os grupos estavam pouco engajados na tarefa de ajudar os colegas e não enfrentavam os problemas com criatividade. Assim, nos propusemos a investigar o processo de ascensão e declínio do projeto de monitoria identificando as dinâmicas grupais estabelecidas em cada uma das suas cinco edições. Para tanto, utilizamos como referencial teórico a teoria de grupos operativos de Enrique Pichon-Rivière, que leva em conta aspectos subjetivos que permeiam o trabalho coletivo. Nossos dados foram compostos pelo relato do professor referente aos anos que não acompanhamos, e gravações em vídeo dos encontros, entrevistas com os monitores e com o professor e notas de campo dos anos em que estivemos presente nas reuniões de monitoria. Constatamos que fatores como a mudança de contexto do projeto (do primeiro para o terceiro ano do ensino médio), as relações afetivas estabelecidas entre os membros do grupo e o envolvimento da instituição são fatores importantes para a implantação de um projeto inovador no ambiente escolar. / In 2002, a Physics teacher from a private school in the city of São Paulo proposed a new project: students from the first year of High School acting as tutors of their classmates. Some students were selected and invited to take part in this project by assisting their classmates from the Physics class as if they were their tutors. They were supposed to be always available to help their classmates, coordinate \"doubt sessions\" in previously defined times and join other activities suggested by the teacher throughout the year. The group, formed by the tutors and the teacher, met once a week to discuss issues related to the project. In the following years, the experience was repeated with new groups of students and it was possible to notice good results, since they became more creative and capable of solving problems. After three successful years, we started observing the groups from 2005 and 2006, with students from the third year of High School. Unlike the previous years, the groups were little engaged in the task of helping the classmates and they didn\'t face the problems with creativity. That way, we proposed to investigate the process of rising and decline of the project identifying the group activities established in each one of the five editions. For that, we used as a reference, the operative groups\' theory of Enrique Pichon-Rivière, which considers the subjective aspects that concern the collective work. Our data came from the report of the teacher about the years we didn\'t observe, video records of the meetings, interviews with the tutors and with the teacher and notes from the years that we were present during the meetings of the project. We noticed that factors like the change of context of the project (from the first to the third year of High School), the affective relationships established among the members of the group and the engagement of the institutions are important to the establishment of an innovative project in the school environment.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-29T12:38:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luizcarlosfogacajunior.pdf: 906447 bytes, checksum: f4b244e212884d30ee3837b493bbf604 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-29T19:34:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luizcarlosfogacajunior.pdf: 906447 bytes, checksum: f4b244e212884d30ee3837b493bbf604 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-29T19:37:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luizcarlosfogacajunior.pdf: 906447 bytes, checksum: f4b244e212884d30ee3837b493bbf604 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T19:37:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luizcarlosfogacajunior.pdf: 906447 bytes, checksum: f4b244e212884d30ee3837b493bbf604 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-18 / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo propor um modelo de tutoria a distância em Matemática para os níveis de ensino Fundamental e Médio oferecidos pelo Colégio Militar de Manaus (CMM) aos filhos ou dependentes de militares das Forças Armadas (Marinha, Exército e Aeronáutica) que se encontram acompanhando seus pais, estando estes a serviço da Nação no exterior ou em regiões de fronteiras brasileiras onde não existe o ensino regular ou este deixa a desejar em qualidade, ou, ainda, a realidade específica de outros países implica em estrutura curricular diferente em relação ao Brasil. A proposta visa melhorar o modelo de tutoria a distância, exercido atualmente pelos professores da Seção de Ensino a Distância do CMM (SEAD/CMM). Nessa dissertação é proposto um novo perfil para os tutores a distância e presenciais e também um modelo de capacitação para os mesmos. A tutoria a distância será exercida por militares professores de Matemática do Quadro Complementar de Oficiais do Exército (QCO), que trabalham nos Colégios Militares, os quais integram o Sistema Colégio Militar do Brasil. Serão capacitados através da disciplina Tutoria a Distância, a ser ministrada na modalidade a distância pela SEAD/CMM durante o Curso de Formação Específica, da área de Magistério, da Escola de Formação Complementar do Exército, e posteriormente num processo de formação continuada. A proposta contempla ainda a formação do tutor presencial de apoio tecnológico, os papéis dos diferentes agentes, descrição dos polos de apoio presencial, entre outros. / This dissertation aims to propose a model of distance tutoring in Mathematic education for elementary and high schools levels offered by the Military School of Manaus (CMM) to sons or dependents of military personnel of the Military Forces (Navy, Army and Air Force). These kidas are accompanying theirs parents, who are in the service of the Nation abroad or in frontier regions in Brazil, where there is no regular education or that it is lacking in quality, or even the specific reality of other countries imply different curricular structure in relation to Brazil. The proposal is seeking to improve the mentoring model, currently exercised by teachers of the Distance Learning Section of the CMM (SEaD/CMM). We propose in this dissertation a new profile for the tutors, distance and in presence, as well as a qualification model for them. Distance tutoring will be taught by QCO militaries, who are Math teachers and work in the Military Schools, which integrate the Military Education System of Brazil. They will be trained through Distance Tutoring discipline to be offered by SEaD/CMM during the Training Course of Teaching Targeted Area, at School of Complementary Training of the Army, and later on in the process of continuing education. The proposal also includes the capability of the technology support tutor, the roles of different actors, description of the local presence support, among others.

Ce travail présente une étude exploratoire de la mise en œuvre d’un dispositif pédagogique particulier (l’Accompagnement Personnalisé) en contexte scolaire (lycée public) en territoire français multilingue d’outre-mer (Saint-Martin). S’il paraît aujourd’hui difficile de penser la didactique sans recourir à une approche linguistique, il va sans dire que l’exemple de la Réforme des Lycées en France en 2010 en renouvelle considérablement la portée. Cette Réforme vise à favoriser la mise en place de nouveaux dispositifs pédagogiques par les équipes éducatives afin d’aider les élèves dans leur cursus scolaire. L’Accompagnement Personnalisé est intégré à l’emploi du temps des élèves au même titre que les autres matières d’enseignement, et relève d’un apprentissage obligatoire et fédéré de droit aux exigences curriculaires. La priorité de ce dispositif est d’assurer la gestion des changements que représente le passage du collège au lycée notamment en classe de Seconde. L’Accompagnement Personnalisé implique le recours à une polyvalence des outils et des supports didactiques lors des soixante-douze heures annuelles dispensées aux élèves, regroupés dans des effectifs réduits, à raison de deux heures hebdomadaires. L’ensemble des prescriptions de la Réforme résulte d’un programme dont la prise en charge dans un contexte socioculturel et linguistique spécifique en renouvelle le contenu. En l’occurrence, l’île franco-néerlandaise de Saint-Martin, dont la partie nord est désormais Collectivité d’Outre-Mer (COM) de la République française depuis 2007 se caractérise par une situation de multilinguisme (anglais, créole, espagnol, français) et pose la question des stratégies pédagogiques et didactiques à adopter dans le cadre de l’enseignement en général, et plus particulièrement du français dans les dispositifs de soutien scolaire. La prise en compte des spécificités langagières du public saint-martinois infléchit les pratiques possibles en invitant à un nouveau positionnement quant à la définition des finalités de tout accompagnement de l’élève plurilingue au sein de sa scolarisation.Cette étude vise à modéliser les rapports peut-être problématiques entre processus interactionnels et situations éducatives. Il s’agit à travers l’exemple de l’Accompagnement Personnalisé, de décrire comment le contenu d’enseignement, l’activité enseignante et celle de l’élève bouleversent le modèle didactique systématique, en lui imposant dans ce contexte multilingue d’enseignement, de nouveaux défis. L’enjeu de cette étude est ainsi de rendre compte de la façon dont les participants (enseignants et élèves) peuvent réorienter praxéologiquement leur point de vue en mobilisant un ensemble de ressources langagières ou non afin de produire des décisions et des réactions les uns face aux autres. La réglementation de l’Accompagnement Personnalisé délimite un faisceau de scenarii pédagogiques où la construction des actions et l’identité des acteurs se jouent dans une interaction permanente entre les prescriptions officielles et le contexte multilingue au travers d’une négociation entre enseignant(s) et élèves. Cette étude s’appuie en particulier sur trois objectifs spécifiques : - délimiter la contextualisation à travers laquelle se construit l’éducation à Saint-Martin ; - recenser un panorama des représentations associées au plurilinguisme des élèves ; - se demander dans quelle mesure l’Accompagnement Personnalisé peut-être un lieu plus ou 
moins favorable à l’expression du plurilinguisme et aux apprentissages. / This work presents an exploratory study of the implementation of the Accompagnement Personnalisé, a particular pedagogic measure used in a public high school in the multilingual French Overseas Territory of Saint-Martin, which provides a personalized programme for the pupils through individual support and mentoring. If nowadays it seems difficult to conceive of education without recourse to a linguistic approach, it goes without saying that the example of the Réforme des Lycées [High School Reform] in France (2010) broadens the scope considerably. This Réforme aims to promote the implementation of new pedagogic methods by the educational teams in order to help the pupils in their schooling. The Accompagnement Personnalisé is integrated into the pupils’ timetable on the same terms as the other subjects, and is part of the compulsory and legally enforced curricular demands. The main aim of the system is to ensure the management of transitions such as the passage from collège [secondary school] to lycée [high school], in particular into the first year of high school at 15-16 years old. The Accompagnement Personnalisé involves the use of a range of educational tools and resources during the seventy-two hours of taught periods allocated to the pupils each year, during which they are regrouped into smaller classes for two hours a week. All the dictates of the Réforme are the result of a larger programme rolled out in a specific sociocultural and linguistic context in which it plays a major part. In this case, the French-Dutch island of Saint-Martin, of which the northern part has been a French Overseas Collectivity since 2007, is characterised by a multilingual environment (English, Creoles, Spanish, French) and presents the question of which educational and didactic strategies to adopt within the framework of teaching in general, and of teaching French in particular. This consideration of the linguistic peculiarities of the Saint-Martinese population influences the choice of practices, and requires a new standpoint in terms of the definition of what any accompagnement [support] of the multilingual pupil aims to achieve within the context of their schooling.The aim of this study is to model the potentially problematic relationships between interactional processes and educative situations. Through the example of the Accompagnement Personnalisé, this study describes how the teaching content, teacher activity and pupil activity disrupt the systematic didactic model, by presenting it with new challenges when taught within this multilingual context. The challenge of this study is therefore to discover the ways in which the participants (teachers and pupils) are able to position their point of view praxeologically by bringing into play, or not, a collection of language resources in order to produce the required decisions and responses. The regulation of the Accompagnement Personnalisé delimits an accumulation of pedagogic scenarii in which the construction of the actors’ actions and identity are performed in a permanent interaction between the official requirements and the multilingual context through negotiation between teacher(s) and pupils. This study focuses particularly on three specific objectives: - to delimit the school context in which education on Saint-Martin is constructed ; - to record an overview of the representations associated with the multilingualism of the pupils ; - to explore the extent to which the Accompagnement Personnalisé may be a more favourable site for the expression of multilingualism.

Feedback is an essential component of the learning process, but in fields like computer science, which have rapidly increasing class sizes, it can be difficult to provide feedback to students at scale. Intelligent tutoring systems can provide personalized feedback to students automatically, but they can take large amounts of time and expert knowledge to build, especially when determining how to give students hints. Data-driven approaches can be used to provide personalized next-step hints automatically and at scale, by mining previous students’ solutions. I have created ITAP, the Intelligent Teaching Assistant for Programming, which automatically generates next-step hints for students in basic Python programming assignments. ITAP is composed of three stages: canonicalization, where a student's code is transformed to an abstracted representation; path construction, where the closest correct state is identified and a series of edits to that goal state are generated; and reification, where the edits are transformed back into the student's original context. With these techniques, ITAP can generate next-step hints for 100% of student submissions, and can even chain these hints together to generate a worked example. Initial analysis showed that hints could be used in practice problems in a real classroom environment, but also demonstrated that students' relationships with hints and help-seeking were complex and required deeper investigation. In my thesis work, I surveyed and interviewed students about their experience with helpseeking and using feedback, and found that students wanted more detail in hints than was initially provided. To determine how hints should be structured, I ran a usability study with programmers at varying levels of knowledge, where I found that more novice students needed much higher levels of content and detail in hints than was traditionally given. I also found that examples were commonly used in the learning process, and could serve an integral role in the feedback provision process. I then ran a randomized control trial experiment to determine the effect of next-step hints on learning and time-on-task in a practice session, and found that having hints available resulted in students spending 13.7% less time during practice while achieving the same learning results as the control group. Finally, I used the data collected during these experiments to measure ITAP’s performance over time, and found that generated hints improved as data was added to the system. My dissertation has contributed to the fields of computer science education, learning science, human-computer interaction, and data-driven tutoring. In computer science education, I have created ITAP, which can serve as a practice resource for future programming students during learning. In the learning sciences, I have replicated the expertise reversal effect by finding that more expert programmers want less detail in hints than novice programmers; this finding is important as it implies that programming teachers may provide novices with less assistance than they need. I have contributed to the literature on human-computer interaction by identifying multiple possible representations of hint messages, and analyzing how users react to and learn from these different formats during program debugging. Finally, I have contributed to the new field of data-driven tutoring by establishing that it is possible to always provide students with next-step hints, even without a starting dataset beyond the instructor’s solution, and by demonstrating that those hints can be improved automatically over time.

The purpose of this study was to provide training to peer tutors in order to teach students with severe intellectual disability to initiate communication to obtain preferred objects. A multiple probe (days) across students was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the peer implementing a naturalistic time delay to teach the communication skill. Two of the four students were able to initiate communications with the peer tutors to use objects they preferred. One student showed increasing in responding prior to the implementation of the intervention. The results showed that the peers were able to maintain the instructional procedures to teach the skill.

M.Ed. / This study focuses on a tutor development programme within an academic literacies module called Language for the Economic Sciences (LES). Coordination of the LES module encompasses tutor development as tutors are the primary facilitators of the module. LES forms part of an Extended Degree Programme within the Faculty of Economic Sciences devised to meet the needs of “underprepared” first year students at the University of Johannesburg (UJ). To this end, LES falls within the ambit of academic development at UJ as it is designed and coordinated by an Academic Development practitioner. Higher Education in South Africa has in the recent past shifted from relatively elitist to a mass system of education with the aim to foster democratic nation building. One of the major changes that has occurred is the merger of a number of institutions of higher learning. As a result of the mergers, a new type of comprehensive institution offering a broad spectrum of academic formative, as well as vocationally oriented programmes, has been established. This study focuses on the UJ, as an example of a merged institution, and will examine how teaching and learning has been effected by the changes at UJ. This research is informed by the notion that the interface between tutor and student is vital for students to attain literacy as well as academic language and skills proficiency in their chosen field. Thus, the research problem posed in this study is: What is the role of tutor development in an academic literacies module? Much of the literature on tutoring practice discusses the need to train tutors and offers various means through which this can be done. Using an Action Research design and a global analysis of the data collected, the findings of this study suggest that in addition to the appropriate, focused and rigorous training of tutors, they also need to be developed for effective tutoring to occur. Moreover, the sustained support and mentorship of both individual tutors and tutor groups allows for the maximum benefits of tutoring to be realized by all stakeholders.

The assumption underlying this study is that knowledge is constructed through interaction. Small teaching groups, or tutorials, are often regarded as a particularly effective context for learning in the setting of tertiary education in that they provide an environment for free interaction between students, and thus facilitate active learning. Factors which systematically affect the degree of participation of the individual in tutorIals -directly affect the learning experience of that individual and raise questions about the equality achieved in tutorials, in terms of opportunities for learning. This study focuses on one such type of factor: culturally acquired norms of interaction. The individual is seen as a composite of cultural identities, utilising norms acquired through socialisation and experience in appropriate contexts. Previous research has demonstrated that gendered norms of interaction and those associated with the individual's mother-tongue are particularly salient. In the educational context, norms acquired through previous experience of education are likely to be carried over to the new setting of the university. Thus these factors form the focus of this study. One flrst-year tutorial from each of five departments in the Faculties of Arts and Social Science at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, was video-recorded and the data thus obtained was analyzed for patterns of interaction in terms of gender, mother-tongue and educational background. A model of utterance types was developed to provide a structured description of the patterns found in the tutorials. Interviews and video-sessions with a sample of the tutorial members were conducted, which add a qualitative dimension to the investigation and allow for triangulation. The recorded tutorials and interviews reveal a marked awareness amongst students of the composition of tutorial groups in terms of gender and ethnicity and this composition appears to affect the relative participation of students, in that members of numerically dominant groups are more willing to participate. This is particularly clear in the case of female students. With regard to second-language (L2) speakers of English, a number of factors are highlighted which tend to decrease participation. Apart from problems with English as the medium of instruction, these students tend to be reluctant to participate due to cultural norms, according to which students, as subordinates, should not take the initiative in interaction, in order to show appropriate respect. Patterns of interaction by L2 students from racially integrated schools, however, do not conform to this set of norms as strongly. It is argued that sensitivity is required to address this situation and a number of options are presented.

A discrepancy appears to exist between the value placed on reflective journal writing by the writers of journals and the value seen by educators of that same journal writing. In this study, I explored the journal writing of six tutors working in a learning centre at a two-year community college in western Canada. I examined: (1) tutors' perspectives on the journal writing task; (2) the content and reflectivity of tutors' journals; and, (3) the accuracy of the journals in representing tutor thinking initiated by the journal writing task. The initial data collection for the study included observation of weekly in-service training sessions and examination of tutor journal entries. Tutors were interviewed about their perceptions of journal writing and their thinking around issues they wrote about in their journals. The tutor trainer was interviewed about his expectations of tutor journal writing, his reactions to tutors' journals and his perceptions of the journal writing task. After the initial data collection, the participants were given summaries of data collected in the initial phase. Tutors read the summaries and as a group discussed issues raised by the data. I interviewed the trainer about insights he had gained from the summaries. Content choices and levels of reflectivity in the tutors' journals varied widely. Factors affecting the content and levels of reflection in the tutors' journals were affected by tutors’ understanding of the journal writing task, their motivation for journal writing, their feelings of vunerability, their personal histories, their tutoring experience, their preference for writing as a mode of learning, and their purposes for writing journals. Most tutors perceived their journals as useful to them, but the tutor trainer regarded the journals as less useful. This difference in perception of the benefits of journal writing can be attributed, at least in part, to the differing levels of access of the trainer and the tutors to the benefits of journal writing. The trainer based his understanding of the benefits of journal writing on the journals themselves whereas the tutors were aware of benefits that were not apparent from studying the journals. Interviews with the tutors showed that tutors reflected more as a result of the journal writing task than was evident from their journals. The trainer’s view of the reflection initiated by the journal writing task was obscured in tutors’ journals due to the fact, that tutors reported prior reflection, provided incomplete representation of their reflective thinking, made rhetorical choices which masked their levels of reflection, and continued to reflect after completion of journal entries. Implications of the study for educators include the importance of a process approach to journal writing, the risks of assuming that journals provide an accurate picture of the reflection the task initiates, and factors for consideration in the construction of the prompt for journal writing. Implications for researchers focus on the risks of assuming that journals provide an accurate measure of the benefits of the journal writing task. Collaboration with journal writers is seen as essential for any such measure to be achieved. / Education, Faculty of / Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of / Graduate

OF PROPER CONDUCT: PRIVATE TUTORS IN STOCKHOLM AND ITS ENVIRONS 1793–1795 This paper studies private tutors in Stockholm and its environs 1793-1795 by examining work advertisements written by said tutors. It is in part a continuation of a previous study of the education market in Stockholm 1798. It utilizes Yvonne Hirdman ’s gender theory and Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of symbolic capital to analyze differences in what male and female tutors offered to teach, how they portrayed themselves and if any social groups could be ascertained. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used, where the quantitative method is partly influenced by the verb oriented-method from the Gender and Work (GaW) project and the qualitative method is influenced by hermeneutics. The study shows that most of the tutors were men, and of those men a majority were students, priests, educated men and officials. The female tutors did not use titles overall, but the subjects they offered to teach suggests most were in the mid- to upper mid layer of society. The French salon culture was dominating among the nobles at the end of the 18th century. This study argues that the salon culture was the cultural capital by which the tutors measured themselves. Because of their academic merits, men tended to use institutionalized cultural capital while women used only partly embodied cultural capital through their knowledge of the French language. Where men tended to use formal merits, women used a wider array of strategies. There were however a number of men who used strategies of weakness when faced with financial difficulties. Women taught mainly needlework and French, where female tutors offering to teach how to sew of clothes showed a shift from male professional tailors to female seamstresses. It is argued that Hirdman’s principle of segregation between men and women both affected the subjects the tutors were able to offer as well as the subjects they did offer.

Tutoring is a rapidly increasing but under-researched component of the education of immigrant students. This study examines one-on-one tutoring of Taiwanese high school immigrant students in Vancouver. Viewing tutoring as a social practice rather than an instructional tool for teaching academic content, this exploratory study attempts to understand how participants construct tutoring in the British Columbian educational context. Factors such as the patterning of tutorials, the participants' perspectives, and the wider educational context have been considered in this study. This study recruited 12 tutor-tutee pairs, 12 parents, and 10 school teachers. Tutoring interactions were tape-recorded over a ten-month period. Combining aspects of discourse analysis and qualitative research, this study used discourse analysis to study tutoring interactions and qualitative interviews to explore the participants' beliefs about tutoring and schooling. This study explored the interaction patterns of tutoring, examined the participants' assumptions and expectations, and investigated the relationship between the tutoring (informal learning) and the schooling (formal learning) process of immigrant students. The varied patterns of tutorials suggested that tutoring went beyond teaching academic content and served multiple functions for the immigrant families. The patterns focused on addressing the needs of parents and students to interact with their schools, and providing emotional and cultural support. In addition, there seemed to be conflicting voices among the participants regarding the tutorial practices. For example, participants expressed strong and opposing views about the goals of tutoring and the quantity of homework, academic content instruction and grammar instruction in tutoring and in schools. These different voices seemed to cause tensions which were explored and negotiated in tutoring interactions. Lastly, the relation between tutoring and its wider educational context was both cooperative and conflictual. For example, while tutoring offered students homework assistance, this assistance caused the school teachers to be concerned with tutor over-helping. Thus, there is a complex and interactive relationship between tutoring and the educational system. To conclude, studying tutoring as a social practice acknowledges the varied tutorial patterns, the conflicts, the dynamics, and the complexity of tutoring interactions. / Education, Faculty of / Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of / Graduate