Inaug.-Diss.--Freiburg i. B. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 244-263.

Ce travail qui est une recherche qualitative sur l'ethnicité au Rwanda nous a montré que les critères d'autodéfinition, d'auto-attribution ou d'attribution par les autres à une catégorie ethnique ainsi que la dichotomisation « nous » versus « eux » font que les Hutu, les Twa et les Tutsi sont groupes ethniques distincts malgré la communauté de culture et d'espace géographique. La recherche nous a montré ensuite que les drames répétitifs (pogromes, exils, génocide) qui ont endeuillé le peuple rwandais pendant plusieurs décennies ne sont pas dus à une haine atavique ou viscérale entre les Hutu et les Tutsi mais à une idéologie raciste dont les origines remontent aux temps de la colonisation. La recherche nous a montré enfin que le problème ethnique se pose chaque fois que le pouvoir monopolisé par une poignée de politiciens (Hutu ou Tutsi suivant les époques), commence à être mis en cause. In this work I use qualitative documentary research to explore the problem of ethnicity in Rwanda. I find out that self-definition, self-attribution, and attribution by others, as well as the dichotomization of “us versus them” are sufficient criteria f categorize the Hutus, Tutsis, and Twas as distinct ethnic groups in spite of the community of culture (language, custom, and religion) and of geographic space.My research also shows that the continual conflicts (pogroms, exile, and genocide) that have plagued Rwandan people for several decades are not due to an atavistic or visceral hatred between Hutus and Tutsis, but rather the result of a racist ideology whose roots lie deep in the colonial period. This work has allowed me to confirm the thesis of my research, that the “problem of ethnicity in Rwanda is stoked by an elite (whether Tutsi or Hutu depending on the era) who set their sights on seizing and maintaining power”.

Ce travail qui est une recherche qualitative sur l'ethnicité au Rwanda nous a montré que les critères d'autodéfinition, d'auto-attribution ou d'attribution par les autres à une catégorie ethnique ainsi que la dichotomisation « nous » versus « eux » font que les Hutu, les Twa et les Tutsi sont groupes ethniques distincts malgré la communauté de culture et d'espace géographique. La recherche nous a montré ensuite que les drames répétitifs (pogromes, exils, génocide) qui ont endeuillé le peuple rwandais pendant plusieurs décennies ne sont pas dus à une haine atavique ou viscérale entre les Hutu et les Tutsi mais à une idéologie raciste dont les origines remontent aux temps de la colonisation. La recherche nous a montré enfin que le problème ethnique se pose chaque fois que le pouvoir monopolisé par une poignée de politiciens (Hutu ou Tutsi suivant les époques), commence à être mis en cause. In this work I use qualitative documentary research to explore the problem of ethnicity in Rwanda. I find out that self-definition, self-attribution, and attribution by others, as well as the dichotomization of “us versus them” are sufficient criteria f categorize the Hutus, Tutsis, and Twas as distinct ethnic groups in spite of the community of culture (language, custom, and religion) and of geographic space.My research also shows that the continual conflicts (pogroms, exile, and genocide) that have plagued Rwandan people for several decades are not due to an atavistic or visceral hatred between Hutus and Tutsis, but rather the result of a racist ideology whose roots lie deep in the colonial period. This work has allowed me to confirm the thesis of my research, that the “problem of ethnicity in Rwanda is stoked by an elite (whether Tutsi or Hutu depending on the era) who set their sights on seizing and maintaining power”.

Thesis advisor: Donald Fishman / The purpose of this thesis is two-fold: to analyze the corporate responses of three major airplane crashes that occurred in the 1990s, and to examine how the strategies that each airline used and the nature of the crisis environments both served to help, and hurt, the companies’ futures. ValuJet Flight 592, Trans World Airlines Flight 800 and EgyptAir Flight 990 will be analyzed through the lens of two prominent crisis communication theories, Fink’s stage analysis theory and Benoit’s image restoration strategies, in order to provide a comprehensive assessment of each crisis. I will then give insight as to the effectiveness of each airline in response to its crash, keeping in mind the unique environment that surrounded each situation. ValuJet made poor crisis management decisions that, when combined with its lack of satisfactory safety standards both before and after the crash of Flight 592, irreparably damaged the airline’s public image. TWA, like ValuJet, made errors in its strategy choices after the crash of Flight 800, but was able to escape blame and restore public confidence because of the heavy media focus on the unsuccessful criminal investigation. EgyptAir made appropriate crisis management choices after the crash of Flight 990, and also took advantage of the tense political situation in which no obvious regulating presence exerted authority, and thus successfully evaded responsibility for its crash. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Communication Honors Program. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Communication.

We have characterized the spectroscopic orbit of the TWA 3A binary and provide preliminary families of probable solutions for the TWA 3A visual orbit, as well as for the wide TWA 3A-B orbit. TWA 3 is a hierarchical triple located at 34 pc in the similar to 10 Myr old TW Hya association. The wide component separation is 1."55; the close pair was first identified as a possible binary almost 20 years ago. We initially identified the 35-day period orbital solution using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy that angularly resolved the A and B components. We then refined the preliminary orbit by combining the infrared data with a reanalysis of our high-resolution optical spectroscopy. The orbital period from the combined spectroscopic solution is similar to 35 days, the eccentricity is similar to 0.63, and the mass ratio is similar to 0.84; although this high mass ratio would suggest that optical spectroscopy alone should be sufficient to identify the orbital solution, the presence of the tertiary B component likely introduced confusion in the blended optical spectra. Using millimeter imaging from the literature, we also estimate the inclinations of the stellar orbital planes with respect to the TWA 3A circumbinary disk inclination and find that all three planes are likely misaligned by at least similar to 30 degrees. The TWA 3A spectroscopic binary components have spectral types of M4.0 and M4.5; TWA 3B is an M3. We speculate that the system formed as a triple, is bound, and that its properties were shaped by dynamical interactions between the inclined orbits and disk.

The Cardiovascular diseases may evocated the high percentual risk of sudden cardiac death in whole world. In several western countries is the number of death higher then number of cancer death. In this time is used a lot of methods for prediction of sudden cardiac death with focus on ECG T-wave alternance. The aim of the theses was to do stronger relation and cooperation with Internal Cardiac Clinic of Faculty Hospital Brno Bohunice on the risk analysis of sudden cardiac death. Secondly, we met the methods used for detection and quantification of simulated TWA. Last but not least was necessary to find TWA detection methods improvement and process the data on real signals obtained from Faculty Hospital Brno Bohunice. First part of the Thesis is focused on summary of pathologic artifacts in ECG signal, which are important for sudden cardiac risk stratification. There are described further known detection and quantification methods for TWA analysis. An interesting part for clinical practice is analysis of TWA trend in time and looking for the best method, which is able to catch and track the short TWA trend changes. Second part describes the new methods improvements, which were tested with interesting outputs. Further, there was developed method for TWA presence statement probability evaluation.

Brennstoffzellentechnologien gelten als effizient, lokal CO2-neutral und können vielfältig eingesetzt werden. Dennoch stellen sie bislang keine kostengünstige Lösung dar und kommen in PKW selten vor. Um Entwicklungs- und Produktionskosten zu reduzieren und gleichzeitig eine höhere Systemsichtbarkeit zu erreichen, widmen sich die Autoren der Erstellung eines Modularisierungskonzepts für ein Brennstoffzellensystem zu dessen Nutzung in verschiedenen Anwendungen. Ziel ist es, ein modulares Brennstoffzellensystemkonzept zu entwickeln, das den Anforderungen aus der Kopplung verschiedener Anwendungsszenarien gerecht wird. Unter Berücksichtigung der Bauraumanforderungen sowie mechanischer und elektrischer Schnittstellen zwischen den Modulen und den Anwendungen wird ein Design für das Integrationskonzept des modularen Brennstoffzellensystems vorgeschlagen. Der Target Weighing Ansatz (TWA) wird herangezogen, um Leichtbaupotenziale auf Systemebene zu erkennen und zu bewerten. Zur Optimierung ausgewählter Komponenten wird die Methode der Topologieoptimierung angewandt, um bei gegebener Massenreduktion die Steifigkeit zu maximieren. Thermische Simulationen zeigen zudem die Wärmeabfuhr der Brennstoffzellen aus dem System unter Last. / Fuel cell technologies are considered efficient, locally CO2-neutral and can be used in a variety of ways. Nevertheless, they have not yet been a cost-effective solution and are rarely used in passenger cars. In order to reduce development and production costs and at the same time to achieve higher system visibility, the authors are dedicated to the creation of a modularization concept for a fuel cell system for its use in various applications. The aim is to develop a modular fuel cell system concept that meets the requirements arising from the coupling of different application scenarios. Considering the installation space requirements as well as me-chanical and electrical interfaces between the modules and the applications, a design for the integration concept of the modular fuel cell system is proposed. The Target Weighing Approach (TWA) is used to identify and evaluate lightweighting potentials on system level. The topology optimization method is applied to optimize selected components to maximize stiffness for a given mass reduction. Thermal simulations also show the heat dissipation of the fuel cells from the system under load.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird, ausgehend vom Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik des Lichtbogendrahtspritzens, das Verwenden von chromreichen Fe-Basislegierungen zur Herstellung von korrosionsbeständigen und gleichzeitig tribologisch geeigneten Zylinderlaufbahnbeschichtungen für Verbrennungsmotoren untersucht und qualifiziert. Der Einfluss der gewählten Werkstoffe und die durch die Beschichtung resultierenden Schichteigenschaften werden anhand von Ergebnissen der Tribologie- und Korrosionstests verglichen. Die Bewertung liefert einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Mechanismen bei der Herstellung solcher Funktionsschichten. Es werden sowohl materialografische als auch diverse andere Charakterisierungsmethoden herangezogen. Ergänzt werden die Ergebnisse durch die Voraussage des motorischen Verhaltens und der anschließenden motorischen Qualifizierung des neuen Beschichtungssystems sowie die darauf folgenden Befundungen, welche der Bestätigung der theoretischen und im Laborumfeld ermittelten Erkenntnisse zum tribologischen und korrosiven Verhalten solcher Systeme dienen. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Diskussion und einem Ausblick und gibt Empfehlungen für weiterführende Vertiefungen auf diesem Gebiet. / In the presented work it has been researched and qualified based on the knowledge about twin wire arc spray deposition states, the utilization of iron base chromium materials as a corrosion resistance and tribological useful cylinder liner coating for engine applications. The influence of the material selection and the produced twin wire arc coating properties has been compared with the results of the tribology and corrosion test. The comparison allows the understanding of the circumstances and relation by producing such functional coatings. Several materialographic-, tribological and corrosion tests have been done. In addition, the testing results were confirmed by a real engine application and a final analyses of the coating after engine run which delivers more information to understand the theory and laboratory testing results. The work discusses the achieved results and gives a forecast for further investigations in this field of science.

Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka lärares upplevda grad av och syn på autonomi i sin yrkesutövning, inom områdena kompetens-utveckling och klassrumspraktik samt skolan som helhet. I studien ses dessa tre områden som del av övergripande skolutveckling, något som utvecklas i bakgrundskapitlet. Autonomi – i studien definierat som det professionella manöverutrymme inom vilket lärare kan påverka och fatta beslut – och dess potentiella relevans som verktyg inom kompetens-utveckling, och därmed skolutveckling, utgår från self-determination theory, där autonomi tillsammans med kompetens och social tillhörighet ses som centralt för inre motivation. Tidigare forskning visar att lärare värderar sin autonomi högt, men att de inte alltid åtnjuter den, och denna studie bekräftar detta: högst autonomi återfinns i klassrumskontexten, medan lägst grad av inflytande återfinns inom ramen för kompetensutveckling. Det är också inom området kompetensutveckling som störst glapp mellan upplevd och önskad autonomi uttrycks, något som tyder på en underutnyttjad potential. Denna studie bygger på ett mindre dataunderlag (från en enkätundersökning där 70 grundskollärare från två skolor deltog) vilket gör att dess resultat i första kan ses som indikatorer på utgångspunkter för fortsatta och fördjupade studier. / The purpose of this study is to examine which level of autonomy teachers experience and which level they desire in the contexts of professional development, classroom and the school as a whole. In this study, teacher’s professional development is seen as being a part of the overall school development, which is addressed in the background chapter. Autonomy – in the study defined as the degree of professional leeway in which teachers can influence and make decisions – and its potential relevance as a tool in professional development, is grounded in self-determination theory, where autonomy together with competence and social relatedness is seen as central to intrinsic motivation. Earlier research shows that teachers value their autonomy highly, but that they do not always experience it, and this study confirms that: the highest level of autonomy is found within the context of the classroom, while the lowest level of autonomy is found within the context of professional development. It is also in the latter context that the largest difference between experienced and desired level of autonomy is found, something that might suggest an underused potential. This study is based on smaller sample (the survey had 70 participants from two elementary schools), and its results should therefore primarily be seen as indicators, or stepping stones, for continuing and deepened studies.

With 30 million citizens gaining access to U.S. healthcare through the Affordable Care Act by 2016, healthcare managers need preanalytic employees to ensure quality healthcare services can be provided. The purpose of this qualitative single case study explored strategies used to retain preanalytic employees. The target population consisted of 10 clinical laboratory managers in a single community-based clinical laboratory in the mid-southern United States, selected because of prior success in improved employee retention strategies. The conceptual framework grounding this study was the theory of work adjustment. Data triangulation occurred from using semistructured interviews and company documents. All interpretations from the data were subjected to member checking to ensure the trustworthiness of findings. Using the modified van Kaam method for data analysis, 3 themes included increasing employee training to enhance their roles as stakeholders, provide employee recognition and reward programs, and emphasizing to managers the importance of quality patient care. The application of the findings may contribute to social change by providing healthcare managers with new insights and strategies to retain preanalytic employees, reduce organizational costs associated with recruiting, replacing, and training of new employees, and potentially trained staff that provide quality healthcare services to community citizens.