Introdução: Os músculos da mastigação masseter, temporal, pterigóideo medial e pterigóideo lateral são componentes essenciais do sistema estomatognático. A mastigação decorre da movimentação destes músculos. Além da função fisiológica, os músculos da mastigação estão envolvidos na disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) que é importante causa de dor, sons articulares e função mandibular irregular ou limitada. As DTM representam a maior causa de dor não dental na região orofacial, sendo a causa muscular a mais prevalente. O conhecimento detalhado da composição estrutural e funcional dos músculos da mastigação é fundamental para a compreensão dos mecanismos da DTM muscular. Objetivos: Analisar a distribuição da expressão das isoformas de miosina (rápida e lenta) e, a quantidade de fibras híbridas nos músculos temporal e masseter em material de autópsia da 1a a 9a décadas. Casuística e métodos: Foram estudadas 37 amostras dos músculos temporal e masseter (20 amostras do sexo masculino e 17 do sexo feminino) de autópsias do Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos de São Paulo com intervalo pós-mortem de até 18 horas, de ambos os gêneros e com idades divididas por décadas (1a a 9a décadas). Resultados: Não houve diferença estatística significante na porcentagem de fibras rápidas, lentas e híbridas no músculo masseter e temporal quanto ao gênero, quanto à porcentagem de fibras rápidas e lentas na amostra total e nos grupos de jovens, adultos e idosos. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante apenas na porcentagem de fibras rápidas do grupo de idosos, onde o masseter apresentou maior número de fibras rápidas. Foi encontrada diferença significante entre os grupos estudados na porcentagem de fibras híbridas no músculo masseter, onde o grupo jovem apresentou mais fibras híbridas do que o adulto e este grupo mais que o grupo idoso. Também houve diferença significante entre os grupos estudados na porcentagem de fibras híbridas no músculo temporal, onde o grupo jovem apresentou mais fibras do que o grupo adulto e idoso. Conclusão: Ao longo das nove décadas a percentagem de fibras lentas foi similar a percentagem de fibras rápidas nos músculos masseter e temporal. Quando a análise foi realizada separadamente comparando-se os músculos masseter e temporal houve diferença estatística (p=0,023*) no grupo idoso com predomínio de fibras rápidas no músculo masseter. Observou-se fibras híbridas presentes desde a primeira década (1 mês de vida) persistindo até a nona década com predomínio no grupo jovem, presença decrescente ao longo das décadas no músculo masseter (p < 0,001*). No músculo temporal observou-se predomínio de fibras híbridas no grupo jovem em relação aos grupos adulto e idoso (p = 0,011*) / Introduction: The masticatory muscles: masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid are essential components in the estomatognatic system. The mastication occurs through the function of these muscles, which provide direct contact between the upper and inferior arcades. In addition to their fisiologic function, the maticatory muscles are involved in the temporomandibular disfunction (TMD), which is an important cause of the pain, joint sounds and irregular or limited mandibular function .The TMD are seen as a distinct subgroup of reumatologic.and skeletal muscle disorders. They are the main cause of non dental pain in the orofacial area, being the muscular etiology as the most prevalent. The detailed understanding of structural and functional composition of the masticatory muscles is paramount to comprehend TMD due to muscle disorder. Objective: To analyze the muscle fiber type distribution concerning fast and slow myosin expression, and the amount of hybrid fibers in temporalis and masseter muscles in autopsy samples from 1st to 9th decades of age. Casuistics and methods: Tirthy seven temporalis and masseter muscles samples were studied (20 from male and 17 from female) from Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos of São Paulo. The specimens were divided by gender and ages. The samples were collected up to 18 hours post-mortem. Results: The percentage of slow muscle fiber in masseter and temporalis muscles were similar to the percentage of fast muscle fibers, when the samples were analyzed in the totality. However, when they were grouped in three different subgourp of ages: yound, adult and old, elder subjects presented more fast than slow muscle fibers in masseter. There was no significant gender difference in masseter and temporalis muscles concerning fast and slow muscle fiber distribution. Significant difference of hybrid fiber distribution was observed among the young, adult and old groups. Young subjects presented more hybrid fibers than adult, who presented more than elder subjects in masseter. In temporalis, hybrid fibers were more observed within young group than adult or elder group. The presence of hybrid fiber was confirmed with the immunostaining of a single muscle fiber. Conclusion: Slow and fast muscle fiber distribution is similar in both masseter and temporalis muscles in both gender subjects along the nine decades of age. However, when the samples was grouped in three subgroup of ages, fast muscle fibers significantly predominate (p=0.023) in masseter among the old group. Hybrid fibers were observed through out the first to nineth decade of age. The frequency of hybrid fibers decreased significantly (p<0.001) with aging in masseter. In contrast, hybrid fibers were more observed among young than adult or old groups (p=0.011) in temporalis

本文分析近年盛行的電子遊戲實況活動。從分心、不專注於電玩的現象開始，本文以「如何玩」這個提問來引導論證「嬉玩」與「遊戲」這組概念在分析上的效力，藉此，本文論證了電玩實況活動中的心智狀態與活動是游移在電玩活動與嬉鬧互動，在嚴肅遊戲與嬉戲玩耍之間游移，這樣的分神狀態之中也產生了有樂趣、具有實效的遊戲性。 從技術架構的觀點來看，以即時串流的技術為基礎，電玩實況活動結合了即時傳輸與即時互動。使用者所獲致的遊戲聆賞經驗以及互動是即時且與他人同步，便也構成了網路媒介之下的共時經驗，實況中以電玩活動為對象的起鬨也便具共在的實感。本文從聊天室起鬨、技術戲耍挪用等現象中論證了基於遊戲性旨趣的共謀嬉玩。嘲諷、干擾的對抗性是為了製造分神的條件，從中產生張力並獲致遊戲性，而包括實況主在內的所有參與者，皆是在這樣的分神狀態中嬉玩，維繫歡騰的共感情緒。 電子遊戲具有將遊戲性限定在其中的封閉性質，也因此對於電玩的遊戲經驗多有私密、個人的想像，即時串流的電玩實況活動便是打開了這樣的封閉性質。透過網路媒介將人匯聚在遊戲活動周圍，不僅共享了電玩活動本身的樂趣，也在即時串流之下共時的互動跟聆賞經驗中以遊戲為對象群聚嬉戲。這樣的網路活動之所以盛行，顯示了人對遊戲性的需求不僅是來自遊戲中，也來自與他人玩在一起的連結共感，電玩實況便是實現了這樣的需求。 / Taking the prevailing "video game live streaming" activities as research object, this thesis takes "play" and "game" as a set of core concepts, and begins the exploration into their conceptual effect. Setting out the arguments with "How to Play" question, this thesis concludes that the mentality and activities in video game live streaming are in an "in-between" condition. Between video game activity and playful disturbance, seriousness and playfulness, there are gameplay with actual effect. Taking the technical conditions into consideration, video game live streaming consists of live media transportation and live interaction. Users' experiences synchronize with each other, thus contribute to the "togetherness" mediated through the Internet, and also the carnivalistic interactions and disturbance in the live channel. From the fuss and disturbance in the chatroom to the appropriation of streaming "plugins", this thesis argues that these actions conducted by streamer and users contribute to the "distractive" scenario, and the conducts are all based on "the interest of play". Different from serious and immersive mentality which is deemed as the fundamental of playing and gaming, the gameplay in live stream is based on distraction, which is the core condition that brings tension and thus playfulness. All the users in video game live streaming, the streamer included, are connected and forged into a synchronized togetherness by this kind of distractive, carnivalistic playfulness. Digital video games have tributes of enclosure, which require concentration, seriousness and absorption. Video game live streaming opens up this kind of enclosure, and brings people in and around the video game activities. In the live channel, users experience the joy and fun of the game itself together in a synchronized way, and also act on the interest of play, creating distraction and disturbance that bring to playful experiences, and that explains why this kind of Internet activity prevails. This thesis shows that the need of gameplay comes not only from game activities themselves, but also from the desire to "play together". In a digital age, video game live streaming is just the fulfillment of this kind of desire.

Since the inception of Twitch and the early stages of the growth of live streaming, it has been imperative to maintain interactivity between the broadcaster/streamer and the viewers. Interactivity separates live streaming as a media consumption format from traditional media consumption formats such as television or on-demand videos. But due to the exponential growth of Twitch the number of concurrent viewers on streams have increased as well. This higher viewer count decreases interactivity as the chat gets crowded and it is virtually impossible to get your message across to either the streamer or the other viewers. This study investigates how the interactivity can be increased between viewers by categorizing them into smaller sub-communities. The sub-communities in the context of this study mean temporary sub-chats which have a relatively lower number of viewers. There are various factors upon which the categorization of viewers can be decided. During this study three possible approaches were discussed which include categorization based upon an automated topic identification system, manual creation of sub-communities and geo-location categorization. The results indicate that an automated topic identification system that generates temporary sub-communities is a probable solution to increase inter-viewer interactivity and the best approach to implement this feature is the automated approach. The results also state that the hyperpersonal mode of communication encourages viewers to engage more with other viewers, hence it needs to be maintained even after the implementation of the sub-community feature.

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This thesis explores the use of emotes in a synchronous environment where hundreds to thousands of people communicate with each other in different discourse communities. The thesis performs a study on emote use based on the frequencies they are used and their different CMC features in these communities to acquire knowledge on the contextual basis of emote use in synchronous environments. By using various corpus tools and implementing both a quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, the results show that the frequency of messages that use emotes varies based on the discourse community that is involved in the use of the emotes. The different CMC features are covered by the basis of the discourse community’s behavior, where there is also some involvement based on the size of the different discourse communities on Twitch.

The research in this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of Twitch’s current advertising option, which includes mid-roll, pre-roll, and sponsored streams. It will focus on usefulness of content, brand credibility, purchase intent, and streamer credibility. Twitch has seen a surge in growth and attention in recent years, with an average of 31 million daily visitors and 1.3 trillion minutes watched globally in 2021 alone (Twitch Sales, 2022). However, despite Twitch’s growing popularity as an entertainment and entrepreneurship platform, little research has been conducted on the impact of its advertising options on brand perception. This study seeks to address this gap in literature by examining the effect of mid-roll, pre-roll, and sponsored streams on Twitch’s unique community-driven audience. To achieve this, the study employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. First, a pre-survey was administered to participants to gather data on demographics, video game usage, and experience with Twitch.tv. Participants were then shown a 5-minute video containing different types of Twitch ads. After viewing the video, participants completed a post-survey to measure perception of their purchase intent and brand credibility. Overall, the study aims to provide valuable insights for marketers and advertisers looking to leverage the growing popularity of Twitch as an advertising platform.

Today, the video game industry is larger than the sports and film industries combined, and the largest streaming platform Twitch with an average of 2.8 million concurrent viewers offers the possibility for gaming and non-gaming brands to market their products. Estimating streamers’ viewership is central in these marketing campaigns, but no large-scale studies have been conducted to predict viewership previously. This paper evaluates three different machine learning algorithms with regard to the three different error metrics MAE, MAPE and RMSE; and presents novel features for predicting viewership. Different models are chosen through recursive feature elimination using k-fold cross-validation with respect to both MAE and MAPE separately. The models are evaluated on an independent test and show promising results, on par with manual expert predictions. None of the models can be said to be significantly better than another. XGBoost optimized for MAPE obtained the lowest MAE error score of 282.54 and lowest MAPE error score of 41.36% on the test set, in comparison to expert predictions with 288.06 MAE and 83.05% MAPE. Furthermore, the study illustrates the importance of past viewership and streamer variety to predict future viewership.

L’objectif de ce travail était de déterminer i) l’influence du niveau de force absolue sur la durée du temps de maintien, et les altérations neuromusculaires subséquentes chez un même individu à l’issue d’un exercice réalisé à la même intensité relative, avec un ou deux membres ; ii) l’influence de la commande nerveuse sur la capacité de production de force de chacun des muscles extenseurs du genou lors de contractions unilatérales (UL) vs. bilatérales (BL); iii) l’évolution des mécanismes d’activation pendant une série de contractions sous-maximales évoquées par électromyostimulation (EMS).Les résultats de la première étude confirment que le temps limite est dépendant du niveau de force absolu pour un même individu, la durée de la contraction en UL étant 20% plus longue qu’en BL. De plus, une corrélation a été trouvée entre la force lors d’une contraction maximale volontaire (CMV) et le temps limite en UL et BL. Toutefois, d’autres mécanismes semblent être également mis en jeu, car dans un cas les mécanismes sont d’origine nerveux et musculaire (UL), alors que dans l’autre cas les mécanismes sont seulement nerveux (BL). Les résultats de la deuxième étude montrent que la force maximale développée lors d’une contraction BL est inférieure à la somme des forces des contractions UL (i.e. présence d’un déficit bilatéral). Les temps d’apparition des pics de force lors des CMV de chacune des jambes ne sont pas différents de celui de la CMV BL, mais la force développée au cours de celle-ci est inférieure à la somme des CMV de chacune des jambes durant la CMV BL, c'est-à-dire à la force maximale produite par chacune des jambes lors de la CMV BL. Néanmoins, aucune différence d’activité EMG, d’amplitude d’onde M, de doublet et de niveau d’activation n’a été observée entre les conditions UL et BL. Les résultats de la troisième étude montrent que l’estimation de la commande descendante, par la technique de la secousse surimposée, lors d’un effort sous-maximal fatigant présente des biais méthodologiques. Toutefois, l’estimation des mécanismes nerveux par les deux méthodes classiques (niveau d’activation volontaire (NAV) et ratio d’activation centrale (CAR)) reste néanmoins pertinente pendant des contractions maximales volontaires. L’ensemble de nos travaux met en évidence l’intervention de mécanismes d’origine nerveux différents entre les contractions UL et BL / The aim of this work was to determine i) the influence of the level of absolute force on the duration of the endurance time, and subsequent neuromuscular alterations in same individual at the end of an exercise performed at the same relative intensity, with one or two legs, ii) the influence of central drive on the force capacity production of the knee extensor muscles during unilateral (UL) vs. bilateral (BL) contractions, iii) activation mechanisms evolution for a serie of submaximal evoked contractions by electrostimulation (EMS). The results of the first study confirm that the endurance limit depends on the level of absolute force for the same individual, contraction duration for UL is 20% longer than for BL. In addition, a correlation was found between the maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) and the endurance time in UL and BL. However, other mechanisms also appear to be involved, because in one case the mechanisms are nervous and muscular (UL), while in other cases the mechanisms are only nervous (BL). The results of the second study show that maximal force developed during BL contraction is less than the sum of the forces of UL contraction (i.e. a bilateral deficit). The timing of MVC peak force production during each leg of MVC are not different from that of BL MVC, but the force developed during the latter is less than the sum of MVC in both legs during the BL MVC, i.e. the maximum force produced by each leg during BL MVC. However, no difference in EMG activity, M-wave amplitude, doublet and level of activation was observed between UL and BL conditions. The results of the third study show that the estimation of the central drive, by the technique of superimposed twitch during a submaximal fatiguing effort presents methodological bias. However, estimation of neural mechanisms with both conventional methods (voluntary level activation (VAL) and central activation ratio (CAR)) remains relevant during maximal voluntary contractions. This work évidences the presence of different nervous mechanisms between UL and BL contractions

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